Bioenergy in Turkey

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Bioenergy forms a small part of the Turkish energy sector. There is unrealised potential to generate bioenergy using waste from the country's vast agricultural sector and forest resources. The possibility of expanding biogas, biofuel and bioethanol production and use has been suggested to supplement Turkey's energy needs, reduce dependency on fossil fuel imports and cut greenhouse gas emissions.

Contents

Overview

Turkey is highly dependent on fossil fuels for its energy needs, contributing to increasing greenhouse gas emissions and raising concerns over energy security. [1] Since 1980, Turkey has considered using biomass for energy and heating, and in the 2010s included a biomass component in its target of achieving 20% renewable energy by 2023. [1] The economic biomass potential of Turkey is 32 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe)/year. [2] Total biomass production is estimated to reach 52.5 Mtoe by 2030. [3] An estimated 6.5 million homes in Turkey use biomass as their main source of heating fuel. [3]

Waste from the country's vast agricultural sector has potential as a source of heat and energy, [4] [5] and could reduce dependency on foreign fuel imports. [1] [6] [4] Bio-waste from Marmara Region has potential to generate almost half its energy needs. [6] The country's rich forest resources have also been proposed as a source of renewable bioenergy. [7] Forest residues (wood chips and pellets) from industrial activities are also a potential source of biomass - their use in energy generation could reduce Turkeys' greenhouse gas emissions by 1.5% and save $0.5 billion annually by reducing the need for fossil fuel imports. [8] Sources of biomass energy include grain dust, wheat straw, and hazelnut shell. [2] [ better source needed ] Biomass as an energy source is advantageous due to its ability to be readily available all year round. [3] [ need quotation to verify ]

Tupraş intends to make sustainable aviation fuel. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage has been suggested[ by whom? ] to remove residual greenhouse gas emissions after net zero in 2053. [9]

There are drawbacks to using biomass as energy in Turkey. These include but are not limited to: availability (seasonally and geographically), production (based on climate conditions), and cost of transportation. Overall, the cost of biomass waste varies depending on Turkey's economic status and crop production. [3] As of 2022 there are no reliable production or export statistics. [10]

Biogas

Manure from animal agriculture in Turkey has potential to generate significant biogas for energy. Igdir inekleri 4.jpg
Manure from animal agriculture in Turkey has potential to generate significant biogas for energy.

There is significant biogas generation potential in Turkey. [11] More than eighty five million tons of animal waste is produced annually in Turkey. This could be used to produce over 1.8 million tons of oil equivalent (toe). With plant waste included the potential raises to over 5.3 million tons of oil equivalent (toe). [12] A 2022 study estimated the country's biogas potential at 7 billion m3 per year. [13] However, only 85 biogas facilities with 36 plants are currently[ when? ] in operation in Turkey. [11] Eastern and Central Anatolia have the greatest potential for electricity generation from animal waste. [14] The world's largest landfill gas power plant began operating in 2020 in Istanbul. [15]

Biofuel

One percent of fuel requirements in Turkey are produced by biofuels, with an estimated increase of seven percent in 2023. [16]

Biojet production is hoped to be certified in 2022. [17] A biodiesel plant is planned. [18] [ needs update ] The European Union and Ministry of Industry and Technology funded the establishment of a biorefinery in Istanbul, which converts processes algae biomass into biofuel and other products. [19]

Bioethanol

Sugar beets are the main source of bioethanol production in Turkey. Pancar .jpg
Sugar beets are the main source of bioethanol production in Turkey.

In 2011, Turkish Energy Regulatory Agency (EMRA) mandated biofuel blending for bioethanol (2%) and biodiesel (1%). [20] Approximately 1.5 million tons of biodiesel and 3 million tons of bioethanol are produced in Turkey. [3] Sugar beets are the main source of bioethanol production in Turkey, followed by corn and wheat, with a yearly production of 15, 4.3 and 20 tons per year, respectively. [21] [16] [ better source needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biogas</span> Gases produced by decomposing organic matter

Biogas is a gaseous renewable energy source produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste, wastewater, and food waste. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms or methanogens inside an anaerobic digester, biodigester or a bioreactor. The gas composition is primarily methane and carbon dioxide and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane and hydrogen can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used in fuel cells and for heating purpose, such as in cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biofuel</span> Type of biological fuel produced from biomass from which energy is derived

Biofuel is a fuel that is produced over a short time span from biomass, rather than by the very slow natural processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as oil. Biofuel can be produced from plants or from agricultural, domestic or industrial biowaste. Biofuels are mostly used for transportation, but can also be used for heating and electricity. Biofuels are regarded as a renewable energy source. However, the use of biofuel has been controversial because of the several disadvantages associated with the use of it. These include for example : the "food vs fuel" debate, biofuel production methods being sustainable or not, leading to deforestation and loss of biodiversity or not.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biorefinery</span> Refinery that converts biomass to energy and other beneficial byproducts

A biorefinery is a refinery that converts biomass to energy and other beneficial byproducts. The International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 42 defined biorefining as "the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of bio-based products and bioenergy ". As refineries, biorefineries can provide multiple chemicals by fractioning an initial raw material (biomass) into multiple intermediates that can be further converted into value-added products. Each refining phase is also referred to as a "cascading phase". The use of biomass as feedstock can provide a benefit by reducing the impacts on the environment, as lower pollutants emissions and reduction in the emissions of hazard products. In addition, biorefineries are intended to achieve the following goals:

  1. Supply the current fuels and chemical building blocks
  2. Supply new building blocks for the production of novel materials with disruptive characteristics
  3. Creation of new jobs, including rural areas
  4. Valorization of waste
  5. Achieve the ultimate goal of reducing GHG emissions
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioenergy</span> Energy made from recently-living organisms

Bioenergy is energy made or generated from biomass, which consists of recently living organisms, mainly plants. Types of biomass commonly used for bioenergy include wood, food crops such as corn, energy crops and waste from forests, yards, or farms. The IPCC defines bioenergy as a renewable form of energy. Bioenergy can either mitigate or increase greenhouse gas emissions. There is also agreement that local environmental impacts can be problematic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy crop</span> Crops grown solely for energy production by combustion

Energy crops are low-cost and low-maintenance crops grown solely for renewable bioenergy production. The crops are processed into solid, liquid or gaseous fuels, such as pellets, bioethanol or biogas. The fuels are burned to generate electrical power or heat.

The United States produces mainly biodiesel and ethanol fuel, which uses corn as the main feedstock. The US is the world's largest producer of ethanol, having produced nearly 16 billion gallons in 2017 alone. The United States, together with Brazil accounted for 85 percent of all ethanol production, with total world production of 27.05 billion gallons. Biodiesel is commercially available in most oilseed-producing states. As of 2005, it was somewhat more expensive than fossil diesel, though it is still commonly produced in relatively small quantities.

Renewable Fuels are fuels produced from renewable resources. Examples include: biofuels, Hydrogen fuel, and fully synthetic fuel produced from ambient carbon dioxide and water. This is in contrast to non-renewable fuels such as natural gas, LPG (propane), petroleum and other fossil fuels and nuclear energy. Renewable fuels can include fuels that are synthesized from renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar. Renewable fuels have gained in popularity due to their sustainability, low contributions to the carbon cycle, and in some cases lower amounts of greenhouse gases. The geo-political ramifications of these fuels are also of interest, particularly to industrialized economies which desire independence from Middle Eastern oil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biomass (energy)</span> Biological material used as a renewable energy source

Biomass, in the context of energy production, is matter from recently living organisms which is used for bioenergy production. Examples include wood, wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues including straw, and organic waste from industry and households. Wood and wood residues is the largest biomass energy source today. Wood can be used as a fuel directly or processed into pellet fuel or other forms of fuels. Other plants can also be used as fuel, for instance maize, switchgrass, miscanthus and bamboo. The main waste feedstocks are wood waste, agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, and manufacturing waste. Upgrading raw biomass to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods, broadly classified as thermal, chemical, or biochemical.

Biofuel is fuel that is produced from organic matter (biomass), including plant materials and animal waste. It is considered a renewable source of energy that can assist in reducing carbon emissions. The two main types of biofuel currently being produced in Australia are biodiesel and bioethanol, used as replacements for diesel and petrol (gasoline) respectively. As of 2017 Australia is a relatively small producer of biofuels, accounting for 0.2% of world bioethanol production and 0.1% of world biodiesel production.

On April 25, 2006, Executive Order S-06-06, the Bioenergy Action Plan was issued by the then governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger, outlining a set of target goals which would establish the increasing use and production of biofuels and biopower for both electricity generation and substitution of natural gas and petroleum within the state of California. The plan asked multiple state agencies to work towards the advancement of biomass programs in California. The order would also help provide statewide environmental protection, mitigation and economic advancement. The plan was passed on July 7, 2006, with progress reports issued in 2007 and 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biofuel in Sweden</span> Use of renewable fuels from living organisms in Sweden

Biofuels are renewable fuels that are produced by living organisms (biomass). Biofuels can be solid, gaseous or liquid, which comes in two forms: ethanol and biodiesel and often replace fossil fuels. Many countries now use biofuels as energy sources, including Sweden. Sweden has one of the highest usages of biofuel in all of Europe, at 32%, primarily due to the widespread commitment to E85, bioheating and bioelectricity.

Second-generation biofuels, also known as advanced biofuels, are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of non-food biomass. Biomass in this context means plant materials and animal waste used especially as a source of fuel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Renewable energy in Finland</span> Overview of renewable energy in Finland

Renewable energy in Finland grew to 38.7% of total final energy consumption by year end 2014, achieving joint second position with Latvia in terms of renewable energy consumption by share amongst the EU-28 countries, behind its neighbour Sweden in first position on a 52.6% share. The 2014 share in Finland breaks down as renewable energy providing 52% of the heating and cooling sector, 31.4% of the electricity sector and 21.6% of the transport sector. By 2014, Finland had already exceeded its 2020 target for renewable energy use under the EU renewable energy directive as shown in the table of country targets.

China has set the goal of attaining one percent of its renewable energy generation through bioenergy in 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Algae fuel</span> Use of algae as a source of energy-rich oils

Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. When made from seaweed (macroalgae) it can be known as seaweed fuel or seaweed oil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biofuels by region</span> Use of biofuel as energy source across the world

The use of biofuels varies by region. The world leaders in biofuel development and use are Brazil, United States, France, Sweden and Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</span>

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is the process of extracting bioenergy from biomass and capturing and storing the carbon, thereby removing it from the atmosphere. BECCS can be a "negative emissions technology" (NET). The carbon in the biomass comes from the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) which is extracted from the atmosphere by the biomass when it grows. Energy ("bioenergy") is extracted in useful forms (electricity, heat, biofuels, etc.) as the biomass is utilized through combustion, fermentation, pyrolysis or other conversion methods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Renewable energy in New Zealand</span>

Approximately 40% of primary energy is from renewable energy sources in New Zealand. Approximately 80% of electricity comes from renewable energy, primarily hydropower and geothermal power.

Biofuels play a major part in the renewable energy strategy of Denmark. Denmark is using biofuel to achieve its target of using 100% renewable energy for all energy uses by 2050. Biofuels provide a large share of energy sources in Denmark when considering all sectors of energy demand. In conjunction with Denmark's highly developed renewable energy resources in other areas, biofuels are helping Denmark meet its ambitious renewable energy targets.

In 2021 biomass such as woodchips provided 9 percent of Ukraine’s heat production, for example for heating public buildings.

References

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  4. 1 2 "BEFS Assessment for Turkey: Sustainable bioenergy options from crop and livestock residues" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  5. ↑ "From waste to energy: Turkey looks to biomass to achieve 'green growth'". UNIDO . 30 August 2021. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  6. 1 2 Ocak, Semra; Acar, Sevil (2021-12-01). "Biofuels from wastes in Marmara Region, Turkey: potentials and constraints". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28 (46): 66026–66042. Bibcode:2021ESPR...2866026O. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-15464-3. ISSN   1614-7499. PMID   34324148. S2CID   236478622.
  7. ↑ Sarıkoç, Selçuk (2020-07-08), "Bioenergy Potential of Turkey's Forest Sources, Biomass Energy Conversion Methods, Products, and Applications", Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications, IntechOpen, ISBN   978-1-83881-001-6 , retrieved 2024-01-18
  8. ↑ Balcioglu, Gulizar; Jeswani, Harish K.; Azapagic, Adisa (2023-05-20). "Energy from forest residues in Turkey: An environmental and economic life cycle assessment of different technologies". Science of the Total Environment. 874: 162316. Bibcode:2023ScTEn.874p2316B. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162316 . ISSN   0048-9697. PMID   36813199.
  9. ↑ "Net Zero 2053: A Roadmap for the Turkish Electricity Sector" (PDF).
  10. ↑ "Concern grows that increased Turkish biomass exports originate from Russia". Bioenergy Insight Magazine. 9 December 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  11. 1 2 "Assessment of actual framework conditions and potentials for Biogas investments in Turkey" (PDF). Turkish-German biogas project.
  12. ↑ "Biogas Energy In Turkey".
  13. ↑ Aksay, Mehmet Volkan; Tabak, Abdulsamed (2022-11-01). "Mapping of biogas potential of animal and agricultural wastes in Turkey". Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 12 (11): 5345–5362. doi:10.1007/s13399-022-02538-6. ISSN   2190-6823. S2CID   247503461.
  14. ↑ Caliskan, Meltem; Tumen Ozdil, Naime Filiz (2021-09-01). "Potential of Biogas and Electricity Production from Animal Waste in Turkey". BioEnergy Research. 14 (3): 860–869. Bibcode:2021BioER..14..860C. doi:10.1007/s12155-020-10193-w. ISSN   1939-1242. S2CID   225007329.
  15. ↑ "Istanbul completes first phase of world's biggest landfill gas power plant". Balkan Green Energy News. 2020-09-17. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
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  17. ↑ "Türkiye'de biyokütle santralleri 2021'deki elektrik üretiminin yüzde 2,3'ünü karşıladı" [Biomass power plants in Turkey met 2.3 percent of electricity production in 2021]. Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). 7 January 2022.
  18. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2014-11-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ↑ "New €6 million project in Istanbul is turning algae into bio-jet fuel". euronews . 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
  20. ↑ Boluk, Gulden; Koc, A. Ali (2013). "The Implications of Biofuel Policy in Turkey". International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. Mersin. 3: n/a. ProQuest   1439843299.
  21. ↑ (PDF) http://www.thefarmsite.com/reports/contents/TurkeySugar9May2014.pdf.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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