Brachaspis robustus

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Robust grasshopper
ORTH Acrididae Brachaspis robustus.png
Brachaspis robustus illustrated by Des Helmore
Status NZTCS NE.svg
Nationally Endangered (NZ TCS)
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Caelifera
Family: Acrididae
Genus: Brachaspis
Hutton, 1898 [1]
Species:
B. robustus
Binomial name
Brachaspis robustus
Bigelow, 1967
NZAcrididae6.png
The distribution of B. robustus in New Zealand

Brachaspis robustus is a nationally endangered species of grasshopper [2] endemic to the Mackenzie Basin of the South Island of New Zealand. [3] The genus Brachaspis is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Although a grasshopper, it is a poor jumper, relying on camouflage to hide from predators. It is threatened by introduced mammals such as stoats, hedgehogs, and rats. [4]

Contents

The New Zealand entomologist Dr Tara Murray told North & South magazine in 2019: “They can actually jump, they just don’t land very well. On a hot day, an adult male can jump up to 1.5m, multiple times. Females are bulkier, so they don’t jump as far. These grasshoppers freeze as a first defence. If they do jump, it often ends as a back flop, belly flop or general ‘thock’ on the ground.” [4]

Species description

B. robustus is extremely well camouflaged, often relying on visual crypsis as passive defense against predation. It is also sexually dimorphic; adult males have a body length of 18–22 mm (0.71–0.87 in.) and adult females 38–42 mm (1.5–1.7 in.). [5] Males are estimated to have 5 instars and females 6, [5] the same as several other sub-alpine and alpine grasshopper species within New Zealand. [6] The wings on B. robustus are very small, between 1–2 millimetres (0.039–0.079 in), making this species flightless like most of New Zealand grasshoppers. There are three known colour morphs for adult B. robustus: 'Grey', 'Orange' and 'Black'. The most common colour morph is 'Grey' at approximately 60% of adult B. robustus; 'Orange' is about 40%, and the very rare 'Black' is less than 0.5%.

B. robustus nymph is visually cryptic when surrounded by rocky habitat. Robust grasshopper nymph on rocks.jpg
B. robustus nymph is visually cryptic when surrounded by rocky habitat.

Distribution

B. robustus is only known from the Tekapo, Pukaki and Ohau river catchments in the Mackenzie Basin. [4] It can be found as far south as Lake Benmore (44°20′29″S 170°12′42″E) and as far north as the upper Fork Stream (43°58′24″S 170°24′04″E). The altitudinal distribution of Brachaspis robustus is between 352 m (1,155 ft) on the lower Ohau River and 1,060 m (3,480 ft) the upper Fork Stream. Detailed searches since 1980 have been carried out throughout the Mackenzie Basin and a good understanding of its current distribution is now known. [7]

Life History

A mating pair of B. robustus showing that the female is much larger than the male. Male and female robust grasshopper.jpg
A mating pair of B. robustus showing that the female is much larger than the male.

The lifespan of B. robustus is approximately two years. Eggs are laid from early summer to mid autumn. Adult females probably lay two egg batches a season, each containing between 20–32 eggs. The majority of nymph emergence occurs in mid-summer, but early instar B. robustus have been seen later in the season. Because of the timing of emergence, it is thought eggs require a winter period in order to develop fully. This not an uncommon requirement for New Zealand grasshoppers. [8] [9] The nymphs then overwinter, often surviving temperatures well below 0 °C, and reach adulthood the following summer. Adult males will copulate with multiple females and vice versa, suggesting this species has a promiscuous mating system. The ratio of male to female B. robustus alters over New Zealand summer: at the start of the summer in November the ratio is 56% male and 44% female. By December females (57%) outnumber males (43%). For the rest of summer, males predominate: in January at 54% male to 46% female, and in March 82% male and only 18% female. [10]

Habitat and Diet

Brachaspis robustus is always found in very rocky areas (stony floodplain terraces, fluvio-glacial outwash, recent fluvial outwash, and rocky braided river), and is never found in vegetation. [11] It is a generalist herbivore and is known to eat Anthosachne scabra (syn. Elymus rectisetus) and Poa pratensis , the herb Achillea millifolium , and unidentified mosses and lichens. [12] Faeces analysed during spring suggested that moss and lichen are important in its diet; this might reflect their ability to absorb moisture at night. Food succulence is important in grasshopper diets, and mosses and lichens may provide a means of withstanding the aridity and drought of the Mackenzie Basin. [12]

Conservation

Two species of grasshopper are listed for protection under the Wildlife Act 1953 of New Zealand: B. robustus and Sigaus childi . [13] Sigaus takahe is also indirectly protected as it is only known from the Murchison Mountains Specially Protected (Takahē) Area.

As early as the 1960s, B. robustus was noted as rare and in need of conservation action. [14] In 1993, it was estimated that there were only approximately 800 adults in the wild. [12] By the end of 2009/2010 summer it was estimated that this had declined to approximately 600 adults. In 1993, most adults were found in three key very large populations and only a few sub-populations; by 2010, numerous new sub-populations have been discovered, but the three key populations from 1993 were now very sparse and made up of numerous sub-populations. Introduced mammalian predators are one of the known threats to B. robustus. [15]

In December 2017, 20 B. robustus were fitted with radio transmitters which operated for 3–12 days to determine their home range for future translocations. [16] In July 2018 a 440 ha area in the Mackenzie Basin known as the "Tekapo Triangle" was transferred to the control of the Department of Conservation and set aside as a reserve for B. robustus. [4] [17] Six pairs were taken into captivity in an attempt to breed them. [16] [18]

Type information

Related Research Articles

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<i>Sigaus homerensis</i> Species of grasshopper

Sigaus homerensis is a grasshopper endemic to the southern South Island of New Zealand. It is known only from three isolated populations in Fiordland.

<i>Sigaus childi</i> Species of grasshopper endemic to New Zealand and classified as critically endangered

Sigaus childi is an endangered protected species of grasshopper known only from the Alexandra district of the South Island of New Zealand. It is one of just two species of grasshopper listed for protection under the New Zealand Wildlife Act 1953. It is currently classified as "At Risk, Naturally Uncommon" by the Department of Conservation. The genus Sigaus is endemic to New Zealand.

<i>Sigaus villosus</i> Species of grasshopper

Sigaus villosus is New Zealand's largest grasshopper. It is only found in the central mountains of the South Island. The genus Sigaus is endemic to the New Zealand. Like all of New Zealand sub-alpine and alpine grasshoppers S. villosus has a 2 or 3 years life cycle. The eggs must ‘overwinter’ before they will hatch. Hoppers are found throughout the year and adult grasshoppers can be found throughout the New Zealand summer between December and April. Adult S. villosus do not overwinter.

<i>Alpinacris tumidicauda</i> Species of grasshopper

Alpinacris tumidicauda is a species of grasshopper only known from Otago and Southland, New Zealand. The genus Alpinacris is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. A. tumidicauda was described in 1967 by Robert Sidney Bigelow, with a type locality of Obelisk in the Old Man Range (45°19′22″S169°12′27″E). A male holotype and paratype are deposited in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Like all of New Zealand sub-alpine and alpine grasshoppers, A. tumidicauda has a 2- or 3-year life cycle. The eggs must "overwinter" before they will hatch. Hoppers are found throughout the year, and adult grasshoppers can be found throughout the New Zealand summer between December and April. The adult A. tumidicauda do not overwinter.

<i>Sigaus</i> Genus of grasshoppers

Sigaus of grasshoppers in the tribe Catantopini that isendemic to New Zealand, and all but one species is endemic to the South Island: Sigaus piliferus is the only North Island representative and is the type species. There are eight species in the genus; all are flightless, and many are coloured for camouflage against rocky ground. Sigaus minutus and S. childi are threatened with extinction.

<i>Sigaus australis</i> Species of grasshopper

Sigaus australis is the most common alpine grasshopper found in New Zealand. It can be found in the southern half of the South Island above the tree line. Sigaus australis was described in 1897 by Frederick Hutton. Like all of New Zealand sub-alpine and alpine grasshoppers S. australis has a 2 or 3 years life cycle. Individuals can survive the cold by freezing solid at any life stage, at any time of the year. Sigaus australis adults are relatively large grasshoppers. The genus Sigaus is endemic to New Zealand.

<i>Alpinacris crassicauda</i> Species of grasshopper

Alpinacris crassicauda is a species of grasshopper only known from West Coast Region and Tasman Region, New Zealand. The genus Alpinacris is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. A. crassicauda was described in 1967 by Robert Sidney Bigelow, with a type locality of Lead Hills, Boulder Lake. A male holotype and paratype are deposited in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Like all of New Zealand sub-alpine and alpine grasshoppers A. crassicauda has a 2 or 3 years life cycle. The eggs must ‘overwinter’ before they will hatch. Hoppers are found throughout the year and adult grasshoppers can be found throughout the New Zealand summer between December and April. The adult A. crassicauda do not overwinter.

<i>Phaulacridium marginale</i> Species of grasshopper

Phaulacridium marginale is a small species of short-horned grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is endemic to New Zealand where it is found in low elevation open habitat throughout North Island, South Island, Stewart Island and on many smaller islands.

<i>Phaulacridium otagoense</i> Species of grasshopper

Phaulacridium otagoense is an endemic New Zealand grasshopper found at low elevation throughout the central South Island.

<i>Eyprepocnemis plorans</i> Species of grasshopper

Eyprepocnemis plorans, the lamenting grasshopper, is a species of insect in the family Acrididae. It is the type species of the genus Eyprepocnemis, and is found in Africa, parts of the Middle East, and southern Europe. It typically inhabits wetlands and other moist habitats.

<i>Sigaus minutus</i> Species of grasshopper

Sigaus minutus is a species of short-horned grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is one of the smallest and rarest species of grasshopper in New Zealand, found only in the Mackenzie district of South Island. There are nine species within the genus Sigaus described by Bigelow (1967), all endemic to New Zealand. The population status of Sigaus minutus is declining according to threat assessments made by orthopteran experts in 2010.

<i>Brachaspis nivalis</i> Species of insect

Brachaspis nivalis, is an alpine short-horned grasshopper, endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Brachaspis nivalis is brachypterous and flightless, therefore they travel by hopping. They bask during the day so need open habitat.

<i>Brachaspis</i> Genus of insects

Brachaspis is a genus of grasshoppers belonging to the family Acrididae.

<i>Brachaspis collinus</i> Species of grasshopper

The Green Rock-hopper grasshopper, Brachaspis collinus is an alpine species of short-horned grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in New Zealand in the mountains of northern South Island, above the tree line and as high as 2000 m asl. In New Zealand alpine grasshoppers can freeze solid at any time of the year and are alive when they thaw out when temperatures rise.

References

  1. ↑ Hutton, F.W. 1898. Notes on the New Zealand. Proc. Trans. NZ Inst. 31: 44-50
  2. ↑ Pawson, S. M., and R. M. Emberson. 2000. The conservation status of invertebrates in Canterbury. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
  3. ↑ Trewick, Steven A. (2001-01-01). "Identity of an endangered grasshopper (Acrididae: Brachaspis): Taxonomy, molecules and conservation". Conservation Genetics. 2 (3): 233–243. doi:10.1023/A:1012263717279 – via Researchgate.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Noted. "How a remarkable native insect is being saved". Noted. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  5. 1 2 White, E. G. 1994. Ecological research and monitoring of the protected grasshopper Brachaspis robustus in the Mackenzie Basin. Pages 1-50. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
  6. ↑ Hudson, L. 1970. Identification of the immature stages of New Zealand alpine Acridid grasshoppers (Orthoptera). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Biological Sciences 12:185-208.
  7. 1 2 Morris, S.J. 2005. The resurvey of the old historic Brachaspis robustus sites in the Mackenzie Basin. Department of Conservation, Twizel, New Zealand.
  8. ↑ Mason, P. C. 1971. PhD Thesis: Alpine grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the southern alps of Canterbury, New Zealand University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
  9. ↑ Harper, G. M. 1972. MSc Thesis: The life history and laboratory rearing of Phaulacridium marginale (Walker)(Orthoptera: Acrididae). University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
  10. ↑ Morris, S.J. 2005. Setting up of monitoring sites for Brachaspis robustus in the Mackenzie Basin. Department of Conservation, New Zealand.
  11. ↑ Morris, S.J. Grasshopper Identification Sheet - Brachaspis robustus. Department of Conservation, Alexandra, New Zealand.
  12. 1 2 3 4 White, E.G. 1994: Ecological research and monitoring of the protected grasshopper Brachaspis robustus in the Mackenzie Basin. Dept. of Conservation, Wellington, N.Z.
  13. ↑ "Schedule 7 Terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates declared to be animals". Parliamentary Counsel Office/Te Tari Tohutohu Pāremata. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  14. ↑ Bigelow, R. S. 1967. The grasshoppers of New Zealand, their taxonomy and distribution. University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
  15. ↑ Schori, J. C., Maloney, R. F., Steeves, T. E. & Murray, T. J. (2018) Evidence that reducing mammalian predators is beneficial for threatened and declining New Zealand grasshoppers. DOI 10.1080/03014223.2018.1523201
  16. 1 2 "UC researchers welcome news of grasshopper sanctuary". University of Canterbury. 26 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  17. ↑ "River-based grasshopper protection boosted". Environment Canterbury Regional Council. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  18. ↑ Monk, Ashleigh (19 August 2018). "Let's get it on: Grasshopper breeding project a world first". The Star. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  19. 1 2 Morris, S.J. 2010: Monitoring Brachaspis robustus ~ 2009/2010 Summer. Department of Conservation, Twizel.
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