| Brasidas | |
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| Brasidas cavernosus , from Mount Pulog (PSG No. 377), left female, right male | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Superfamily: | Bacilloidea |
| Family: | Heteropterygidae |
| Subfamily: | Obriminae |
| Tribe: | Obrimini |
| Genus: | Brasidas Rehn, J.A.G. & Rehn, J.W.H., 1939 |
| Species | |
| Synonyms | |
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Brasidas is a genus of stick insects that is native to the Philippines and is named after the Spartan general Brasidas [1]
The representatives of this genus correspond in the habitus typical representatives of the Obrimini and are similar in appearance to Obrimus species. A pair of very conspicuous holes or pits in the metasternum is characteristic of this genus. Similar indentations can otherwise only be found in the representatives of the genus Euobrimus . The males of the previously known species are about 4.5 to 72 centimetres (1.8 to 28.3 in) in length, and are significantly smaller than the approximately 7.2 to 12.0 centimetres (2.8 to 4.7 in) long females. In egg-laying adult females, the abdomen in the middle is clearly thickened in height and width. A secondary ovipositor at the end of the abdomen surrounds the actual ovipositor. It is ventral formed from the eighth sternite, here named subgenital plate [2] or operculum and dorsally from the eleventh tergum, which is referred to here as the supraanal plate or epiproct. [3] [4]
The distribution area of the genus extends to the islands Samar, Luzon, Mindanao, Leyte, Siargao and Rapu-Rapu. In Mindanao, representatives of the genus occur in all provinces of the island. On Luzon, the genus is found in the provinces Aurora, Albay and Sorsogon and here, for example. at Mount Pulog (not to be confused with Mount Pulag located in the north of Luzon), as well as on the offshore island of Rapu-Rapu. In Samar, species occur in the provinces Eastern Visayas and Samar. [4] [5] [6] [7]
The eggs are laid in the ground by the females with the ovipositor. Typical of the eggs, which are usually 4 to 6 millimetres (0.16 to 0.24 in) long and 2 to 3 millimetres (0.079 to 0.118 in) wide, is the bulging dorsal area and the sloping lid (operculum). Because of this construction, Brasidas eggs have a clearly recognizable opercular angle. [4]
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| Relationship of the Obrimus, Euobrimus and Brasidas species examined so far according to Bank et al (2021) [6] , *names changed according to Hennemann (2023) [7] |
In 1939, James Abram Garfield Rehn and his son John William Holman Rehn published an extensive work in which, among other things, they established the genus Brasidas. In this they placed two already known species, which until then had been counted in the genus Obrimus. They also described four new Brasidas species and one new subspecies. The newly described species Brasidas samarensis was established as type species. The description of Brasidas acanthoderus was made on a female nymph. In the same work, Rehn and Rehn described the genus Euobrimus, whose type species Euobrimus atherura was established. A common autapomorphic feature of both genera are the metasternal holes, which, according to Rehn and Rehn, differ in their shape and expression. While in Euobrimus they are said to be completely rimmed (literally “cingulate”), in Brasidas they are described as semi-rimmed (literally “semi-cingulate”). [4]
As early as 2004, Oliver Zompro mentioned the need to carry out studies at the species level in order to clarify the status of the genus Euobrimus and Brasidas. [8] Also Frank H. Hennemann et al. point out in 2016 that both genera are probably synonym to each other. [9] This assumption was confirmed by Sarah Bank et al. research published in 2021 based on genetic analysis to clarify the phylogeny of the Heteropterygidae. Although the examined Euobrimus and Brasidas species were found in a common clade, there are no separate clades that would justify the existence of two genera. Obrimus was identified as sister genus to Euobrimus and Brasidas. [6] Hennemann synonymized Euobrimus with Brasidas in 2023, described four new species, synonymized some of the species previously listed as Brasidas or Euobrimus and transferred one species ( Obrimus quadratipes ) to the genus in which it was originally described. He also showed that, among others, Bank et al. species listed as Brasidas foveolatus belong to Brasidas lacerta . [7]
The species described so far are: [1] [7]
The genus is present through several representatives in the terrariums of enthusiasts. The first species to be introduced in 2002 was Brasidas samarensis, which is listed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 235, but is apparently no longer in breeding. [10]
In 2008, a species from Mount Apo on the island of Mindanao was imported under the name Brasidas foveolatus, which was identified by Hennemann in 2023 as Brasidas lacerta. The breeding stock that is most widespread in terrariums must be correctly called Brasidas lacerta 'Mt. Apo'. It is listed in the PSG list under the number 301 and the name Brasidas foveolatus foveolatus. [11] [10] [7] Additional specimens were later imported (around 2010) from the neighboring province where this breeding line was found, more precisely from the vicinity of Nabunturan. They were initially called Brasidas sp. 'Nabunturan' after their location and also belong to Brasidas lacerta. The same applies to specimens collected in October 2012 by Francis Seow-Choen and Ian Abercrombie near Valencia in the province of Bukidnon. According to where it was found, it was named Brasidas sp. 'Bukidnon'. [12]
In October 2011, Thierry Heitzmann, who lives in the Philippines, collected four pairs of another species on the island of Rapu-Rapu. The very large animals were initially named Brasidas sp. 'Rapu-Rapu'. After three of the four pairs died, the fourth female laid enough eggs to be able to send some to Europe. In 2012, the Swiss Philipp Heller managed to hatch some specimens from these, successfully raise them and pass them on. [13] According to Sarah Bank et al. and Hennemann it is Brasidas cavernosus . [6] [7] Even before the summer of 2011, Heitzmann also collected on Luzon in the province of Sorsogon on Mount Pulog animals that are now also classified as Brasidas cavernosus. The resulting strain, which was temporarily in breeding, was initially named Euobrimus lacerta ('Mt. Pulog'). [6] [7] [14] [15] While the first-mentioned strain received the PSG number 362 from the Phasmid Study Group and was still called Brasidas sp. 'Rapu-Rapu', the other strain was given the PSG number 377 and is still referred to there as Euobrimus lacerta. [10]
The Heteropterygidae is a family of stick insects belonging to the suborder Euphasmatodea. Species can be found in Australasia, East and Southeast Asia. More than 130 valid species have been described.
Pylaemenes is a genus of stick insects in the family Heteropterygidae and subfamily Dataminae. It combines small to medium-sized, often brightly colored Phasmatodea species. Their representatives are found in large parts of Southeast Asia.
Datamini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Dataminae from the order of the Phasmatodea. The representatives of this subfamily are on average not as large as those of the other two subfamilies belonging to the family of Heteropterygidae.
Heteropterygini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Heteropteryginae. With 19 representatives described, this subfamily includes the fewest species of the three subfamilies, but includes the largest and most striking species of the family.
The genus Dares, which is mainly native to Borneo, combines relatively small and mostly dark-colored Phasmatodea species.
Haaniella is a genus of the Phasmatodea family Heteropterygidae from Southeast Asia.
The genus Tisamenus native to the Philippines combines small to medium-sized species of stick insects.
Aretaon is a genus of stick insects native to Borneo and the Philippine island Palawan.
Trachyaretaon is a genus of stick insects native to the Philippines.
Obrimus is a stick insect genus native to the Philippines. It is type genus for the tribe and the subfamily in which it is listed.
Eubulides is a stick insect genus native to the Philippines.
Aretaon asperrimus is a species of insect in the Aretaon genus of the Phasmatodea order. The sometimes used common name thorny stick insect is a bit misleading, since the species does not correspond to the typical stick-like habitus and many other species are thorny as well.
Tisamenus serratorius is a stick insect species that occurs on the Philippine island Luzon.
Brasidas samarensis is stick insect species from the family Heteropterygidae. Occasionally it is named Samar stick insect according to their origin. In addition is the type species of the genus Brasidas, which was named after the Spartan officer Brasidas.
Brasidas foveolatus is a species of stick insects from the family Heteropterygidae native to the Philippine archipelago Mindanao.
Trachyaretaon echinatus is the type species of the genus Trachyaretaon in the order of the stick insects.
Haaniella saussurei is a species of stick insect native to Borneo and a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae. The occasionally used common name Saussure's Haaniella refers to the species name.
The genus Euobrimus is a Philippines-native stick insect genus that is very similar or synonymous with the genus Brasidas.
Brasidas cavernosus is a representative of the stick insects native to the Philippine island Luzon. It is considered one of the largest species in the subfamily Obriminae.
Brasidas lacerta is a stick insect species from the family Heteropterygidae which is endemic Mindanao. Due to its extreme variability and the spinier nymphs compared to the adults, the species has been described under other names, resulting in a total of seven synonyms.
