Brick Renaissance is the Northern European continuation of brick architecture after Brick Romanesque and Brick Gothic. Although the term Brick Gothic is often used generally for all of this architecture, especially in regard to the Hanseatic cities of the Baltic, the stylistic changes that led to the end of Gothic architecture did reach Northern Germany and northern Europe with delay, leading to the adoption of Renaissance elements into brick building. Nonetheless, it is very difficult for non-experts to distinguish transitional phases or early Brick Renaissance, as the style maintained many typical features of Brick Gothic, such as stepped gables. A clearer distinction only developed at the transition to Baroque architecture. In Lübeck, for example, Brick Renaissance is clearly recognisable in buildings equipped with terracotta reliefs by the artist Statius von Düren, who was also active at Schwerin (Schwerin Castle) and Wismar (Fürstenhof).
More clearly recognisable as Renaissance are brick buildings strongly influenced by the Dutch Renaissance style, such as Reinbek Castle at Reinbek near Hamburg, the Zeughaus at Lübeck, or Friedrichstadt in Schleswig-Holstein.
Place | Building | Main period of construction | Special features | Image |
Mir | Mir Castle | 15th-16th century | Late 16th century additions to Gothic structure | |
Place | Building | Main period of construction | Special features | Image |
Copenhagen | Børsen | 1619–1640 | Dutch Renaissance style (architects Hans and Lorents van Steenwinckel) renaissance | |
Rosenborg Castle | 1606–1624 | Built in the Dutch Renaissance style by Architects Bertel Lange and Hans van Steenwinckel | ||
Hillerød | Frederiksborg Palace | 1602–1620 | Dutch Renaissance style (architects Hans and Lorents van Steenwinckel) | |
Place | Building | Main period of construction | Special features | Image |
Friedrichstadt | Market Square | early 17th century | Plastered brick | |
Lübeck | Mühlentor | 1550s (model) | ||
Schiffergesellschaft | 1535–1538 | |||
Zeughaus | 1594 | |||
Reinbek | Castle | 1572–1576 | ||
Place | Building | Main period of construction | Special features | Image |
Ferrara | Castello Estense | 1385–1450, early 16th century | The castle essentially presents the appearance given to it by Girolamo da Carpi in the second half of the 16th century | |
Milan | Castello Sforzesco | 14th century, 1450 | ||
Town/city | Building | Main period of construction | Special features | Image |
Vytėnai | Panemunė Castle | 1604–1610 | ||
Raudondvaris | Raudondvaris Castle | 16th century, 1615 | Rebuilt 1653–1664 | |
Siesikai | Siesikai Castle | c. 1517 | ||
Jonava | St. Anne's Church in Skaruliai | c. 1622 | ||
Place | Building | Main period of construction | Special features | Image |
Brochów | Fortified church | 1551–1561, 1596 | Gothic-renaissance church established by Jan Brochowski and his family as a three-nave church with three side towers | |
Bydgoszcz | Church of the Assumption of Mary | 1582–1645 | ||
Gdańsk | Green Gate | 1564–1568 | Example of the Flemish mannerism in the city inspired by the Antwerp City Hall (architect Regnier van Amsterdam) [1] | |
Old Arsenal | 1602–1605 | Built in Dutch/Flemish mannerism by Anthonis van Obbergen, Jan Strakowski and Abraham van den Blocke [2] | ||
Gołąb | Church of St. Catherine and St. Florian | 1628–1638 | Polish mannerism style | |
Grocholin | Fortified manor house | 16th century | Built for Wojciech Baranowski, is a rare example of defense housing architecture in northern Poland [3] | |
Piotrków Trybunalski | Royal Castle | 1512–1519 | Gothic-renaissance | |
Płock | Płock Cathedral Dome | 1531–1534 | Romanesque cathedral, rebuilt several times | |
Pułtusk | Collegiate Church Pułtusk vault | 1551–1556 | Renaissance frescoes on the vault cover more than 1000 square meters in total [4] (brick church built between 1449 and the first half of the 16th century) | |
Sandomierz | Town Hall | 14th century | Rebuilt in the renaissance style in the 16th century | |
Supraśl | Orthodox Monastery - Church of the Annunciation | 1503–1511 | Gothic-renaissance, destroyed in 1944 by retreating German army, [5] rebuilt since 1985 | |
Tarnów | Mikołajowski House | 15th century | Rebuilt in the renaissance style in 1524 | |
Town Hall | 14th century | Rebuilt in the renaissance style in the 16th century | ||
Zamość | Zamość Fortress | 1579–1618 | ||
Place | Building | Main period of construction | Special features | Image |
Kristianstad | Holy Trinity Church (Swedish: Helga Trefaldighetskyrkan) | 1617–1628 | The city of Kristianstad was founded by king Christian IV of Denmark in 1614 at a time when Scania was part of the Kingdom of Denmark (until 1658). | |
Mariefred | Gripsholm Castle | 1537– | Built on the site of a medieval castle, which is partly preserved in the current castle. | |
Stockholm | Swedish House of Nobility (Swedish: Riddarhuset) | 1641–1675 | The building is more or less unchanged since its construction. | |
Trolle Ljungby | Trolle Ljungby Castle | 1620s–1630s | The castle was mainly constructed when Scania was part of the Kingdom of Denmark (until 1658). | |
Renaissance architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 14th and early 16th centuries in different regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture. Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities. The style was carried to Spain, France, Germany, England, Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact.
Wismar is a port and Hanseatic city in Northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It is located about 45 kilometres east of Lübeck and 30 kilometres north of Schwerin, and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Its natural harbour, located in the Bay of Wismar, is protected by a promontory. The population was 42,219 in 2013. It is the capital of the district of Nordwestmecklenburg.
Bydgoszcz is a city in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers.
Güstrow is a town in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is capital of the Rostock district; Rostock itself is a district-free city and regiopolis.
St. Mary's Church, or formally the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is a Brick Gothic Roman Catholic church located in central Gdańsk, Poland. With its volume between 185,000 m3 and 190,000 m3 it is currently one of the two or three largest brick churches in the world. Only San Petronio Basilica in Bologna, comprising 258,000 m3 is larger, Munich Frauenkirche and Ulm Minster also comprise 185,000 to 190,000 m3.
Schwerin Castle, is a schloss located in the city of Schwerin, the capital of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state, Germany. It is situated on an island in the city's main lake, Lake Schwerin.
The Wawel Royal Castle is a castle residency located in central Kraków, Poland, and the first UNESCO World Heritage Site in the world. Built at the behest of King Casimir III the Great, it consists of a number of structures from different periods situated around the Italian-styled main courtyard. The castle, being one of the largest in Poland, represents nearly all European architectural styles of medieval, renaissance and baroque periods. The Wawel Royal Castle and the Wawel Hill constitute the most historically and culturally significant site in the country.
The German Renaissance, part of the Northern Renaissance, was a cultural and artistic movement that spread among German thinkers in the 15th and 16th centuries, which developed from the Italian Renaissance. Many areas of the arts and sciences were influenced, notably by the spread of Renaissance humanism to the various German states and principalities. There were many advances made in the fields of architecture, the arts, and the sciences. Germany produced two developments that were to dominate the 16th century all over Europe: printing and the Protestant Reformation.
Brick Gothic is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northwest and Central Europe especially in the regions in and around the Baltic Sea, which do not have resources of standing rock, but in many places many glacial boulders. The buildings are essentially built using bricks. Buildings classified as Brick Gothic are found in Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Kaliningrad, Sweden and Finland.
The architecture of Germany has a long, rich and diverse history. Every major European style from Roman to Postmodern is represented, including renowned examples of Carolingian, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Modern and International Style architecture.
Kliczków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osiecznica, within Bolesławiec County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Kliczków is the location of a notable castle dating from 1297.
The architecture of Denmark has its origins in the Viking period, richly revealed by archaeological finds. It became firmly established in the Middle Ages when first Romanesque, then Gothic churches and cathedrals sprang up throughout the country. It was during this period that, in a country with little access to stone, brick became the construction material of choice, not just for churches but also for fortifications and castles.
The architecture of Poland includes modern and historical monuments of architectural and historical importance.
Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland dominated between 1550 and 1650, when it was finally replaced with baroque. The style includes various mannerist traditions, which are closely related with ethnic and religious diversity of the country, as well as with its economic and political situation at that time. The mannerist complex of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska and mannerist City of Zamość are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The architecture of Warsaw has influenced and reflected the history of Polish architecture. The city of Warsaw features prominent buildings in a variety of styles by many important architects. Warsaw's palaces, churches and mansions display a richness of color and architectural details. Buildings are representatives of nearly every European architectural style and historical period. The city has wonderful examples of architecture from the gothic, renaissance, baroque and neoclassical periods, all of which are located within easy walking distance of the town centre.
Franciscus Pahr was an Italian architect who worked in Silesia and Sweden from the 1550s. He is remembered above all for his work in Uppsala where he contributed to the cathedral and castle. He refurbished the Upsala castle completely after the fire of 1572. Pahr was from a family of architects who worked in Germany and Sweden during the later part of 16th century and were instrumental in introducing Renaissance architecture to northern Europe. One of the first projects in this genre in Germany was Pahr's work at Uppsala.
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
Belarusian Gothic is the architectural style of ecclesiastical buildings constructed during the 15th and 16th centuries in parts of modern Belarus, Lithuania and eastern Poland. The term is disputed and considered a product of Belarusian nationalism, and used by Belarusian historians only. It describes the fact that in the Slavic regions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, many of them forming present day Belarus, some Gothic buildings were built for Eastern Orthodox congregations and landlords. Although these buildings have features typical of Gothic architecture such as lofty towers, flying buttresses, pointed arches and vaulted ceilings, they also contain elements not typically considered Gothic by Central and Western European standards.
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