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Names | |||
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Preferred IUPAC name Butanal | |||
Other names Butyraldehyde | |||
Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol) | |||
ChEBI | |||
ChEMBL | |||
ChemSpider | |||
ECHA InfoCard | 100.004.225 | ||
EC Number |
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KEGG | |||
PubChem CID | |||
RTECS number |
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UNII | |||
UN number | 1129 | ||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |||
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Properties | |||
C4H8O | |||
Molar mass | 72.107 g·mol−1 | ||
Appearance | Colorless liquid | ||
Odor | Pungent, aldehyde odor | ||
Density | 0.8016 g/mL | ||
Melting point | −96.86 °C (−142.35 °F; 176.29 K) | ||
Boiling point | 74.8 °C (166.6 °F; 347.9 K) | ||
Critical point (T, P) | 537 K (264 °C), 4.32 MPa (42.6 atm) | ||
7.6 g/100 mL (20 °C) | |||
Solubility | Miscible with organic solvents | ||
log P | 0.88 | ||
−46.08·10−6 cm3/mol | |||
Refractive index (nD) | 1.3766 | ||
Viscosity | 0.45 cP (20 °C) | ||
2.72 D | |||
Thermochemistry [2] | |||
Heat capacity (C) | 163.7 J·mol−1·K−1 (liquid) 103.4 J·mol−1·K−1 (gas) | ||
Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 246.6 J·mol−1·K−1 (liquid) 343.7 J·mol−1·K−1 (gas) | ||
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | −239.2 kJ·mol−1 (liquid) −204.8 kJ·mol−1 (gas) | ||
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | 2470.34 kJ·mol−1 | ||
Hazards | |||
GHS labelling: | |||
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Danger | |||
H225, H319 [3] | |||
P210, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338 [3] | |||
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
Flash point | −7 °C (19 °F; 266 K) | ||
230 °C (446 °F; 503 K) | |||
Explosive limits | 1.9–12.5% | ||
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LD50 (median dose) | 2490 mg/kg (rat, oral) | ||
Safety data sheet (SDS) | Sigma-Aldrich | ||
Related compounds | |||
Related aldehyde | Propionaldehyde Pentanal | ||
Related compounds | Butan-1-ol Butyric acid, isobutyraldehyde | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). |
Butyraldehyde, also known as butanal, is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)2CHO. This compound is the aldehyde derivative of butane. It is a colorless flammable liquid with an unpleasant smell. It is miscible with most organic solvents.
Butyraldehyde is produced almost exclusively by the hydroformylation of propylene:
Traditionally, hydroformylation was catalyzed by cobalt carbonyl but rhodium complexes are more common. The dominant technology involves the use of rhodium catalysts derived from the water-soluble ligand tppts. An aqueous solution of the rhodium catalyst converts the propylene to the aldehyde, which forms a lighter (less dense) immiscible phase. About 6 billion kilograms are produced annually in this manner. Butyraldehyde can be produced by the catalytic dehydrogenation of n-butanol. At one time, it was produced industrially by the catalytic hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde, which is derived from acetaldehyde. [4]
Butyraldehyde undergoes reactions typical of alkyl aldehydes, and these define many of the uses of this compound. Important reactions include hydrogenation to the alcohol, oxidation to the acid, and base-catalyzed condensation. In the presence of a base, two equivalents of butyraldehyde undergoe aldol condensation to give 2-ethylhexenal. This unsaturated aldehyde is then partially hydrogenated to form 2-ethylhexanal, a precursor to plasticizers such as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. [4]
Butyraldehyde is a component in the two-step synthesis of trimethylolpropane, which is used for the production of alkyd resins. [5]
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