CSRP3

Last updated

CSRP3
Protein CSRP3 PDB 2O10.png
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases CSRP3 , CLP, CMD1M, CMH12, CRP3, LMO4, MLP, cysteine and glycine rich protein 3
External IDs OMIM: 600824; MGI: 1330824; HomoloGene: 20742; GeneCards: CSRP3; OMA:CSRP3 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

8048

13009

Ensembl

ENSG00000129170

ENSMUSG00000030470

UniProt

P50461

P50462

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_003476
NM_001369404

NM_001198841
NM_013808

RefSeq (protein)

NP_003467

NP_001185770
NP_038836

Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 19.18 – 19.21 Mb Chr 7: 48.48 – 48.5 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Cysteine and glycine-rich protein 3 also known as cardiac LIM protein (CLP) or muscle LIM protein (MLP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSRP3 gene. [5]

Contents

CSRP3 IS a small 194 amino acid protein, which is specifically expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. [6] [7] In rodents, CSRP3 has also been found to be expressed in neurons. [8]

Gene

The CSRP3 gene was discovered in rat in 1994. [5] In humans it was mapped to chromosome 11p15.1, [9] [10] where it spans a 20kb genomic region, organized in 6 exons. The full length transcript is 0.8kb, [9] [11] while a splice variant, originating from the alternative splicing of exons 3 and 4, was recently identified and designated MLP-b. [12]

Structure

MLP contains two LIM domains (LIM1 and LIM2), each being surrounded by glycine-rich regions, and the two separated by more than 50 residues. [13] LIM domains offer a remarkable ability for protein-protein interactions. [14] Furthermore, MLP carries a nuclear localization signal at amino acid positions 64-69 [15] MLP can be acetylated/deacetylated at the position 69 lysine residue (K69), by acetyltransferase (PCAF) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), respectively. [16] In myocytes, MLP has the ability to oligomerize, forming dimers, trimers and tetramers, an attribute that impacts its interactions, localization and function. [17]

Protein interactions and localization

MLP has been identified to bind to an increasing list of proteins, exhibiting variable subcellular localization and diverse functional properties. In particular, MLP interacts with proteins at the:

  1. Z-line, including telethonin (T-cap), alpha-actinin (ACTN), cofilin-2 (CFL2), calcineurin, HDAC4, MLP-b as well as to MLP itself; [11] [12] [16] [18] [19] [20] [21]
  2. costameres, where it binds to zyxin, integrin linked kinase (ILK) and beta1-spectrin; [18] [22] [23]
  3. intercalated discs, where it associates with the nebulin-related anchoring protein (NRAP); [24]
  4. nucleus, where it binds to the transcription factors MyoD, myogenin and MRF4. [25]

M-line as well as plasma membrane localization of MLP has also been observed, however, the protein associations mediating this subcellular distribution are currently unknown. [17] [26] These diverse localization patterns and binding partners of MLP suggest a multitude of roles relating both to the striated myocyte cytoskeleton and the nucleus. [27] The role of MLP in each of these two cellular compartments appears to be dynamic, with studies demonstrating nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, driven by its nuclear localization signal, over time and under different conditions. [27]

Function

In the nucleus, MLP acts as a positive regulator of myogenesis and promotes myogenic differentiation. [5] Overexpression of MLP enhances myotube differentiation, an effect attributed to the direct association of MLP with muscle specific transcription factors such as MyoD, myogenin and MRF4 and consequently the transcriptional control of fundamental muscle-specific genes. [5] [12] [25] In the cytoplasm, MLP is an important scaffold protein, implicated in various cytoskeletal macromolecular complexes, at the sarcomeric Z-line, the costameres, and the microfilaments. [11] [12] [16] [18] [19] [20] [21] At the Z-line, MLP interacts with different Z-line components [11] [12] [16] [18] [19] [20] [21] [28] [29] and acts as a scaffold protein promoting the assembly of macromolecular complexes along sarcomeres and actin-based cytoskeleton [11] [22] [24] [30] [31] Moreover, since the Z-line acts as a stretch sensor, [32] [33] [34] [35] MLP is believed to be involved in mechano-signaling processes. Indeed, cardiomyocytes from MLP transgenic or knock-out mouse exhibit defective intrinsic stretch responses, due to selective loss of passive stretch sensing. [11] [26] At the costameres, another region implicated in force transmission, MLP is thought to be contributing in mechanosensing through its interactions with β1 spectrin and zyxin. However, the precise role of MLP at the costameres has not been extensively investigated yet.

At the microfilaments, MLP is implicated in actin remodeling (or actin dynamics) through its interaction with cofilin-2 (CFL2). Binding of MLP to CFL2 enhances the CFL2-dependent F-actin depolymerization, [19] with a recent study demonstrating that MLP can act directly on actin cytoskeleton dynamics through direct binding that stabilizes and crosslinks actin filaments into bundles. [36]

Additionally, MLP is indirectly related to calcium homeostasis and energy metabolism. Specifically, acetylation of MLP increases the calcium sensitivity of myofilaments and regulates contractility, [16] while the absence of MLP causes alterations in calcium signaling (intracellular calcium handling) with defects in excitation-contraction coupling. [37] [38] [39] Furthermore, lack of MLP leads to local loss of mitochondria and energy deficiency. [40]

Animal studies

In rodents, MLP is transiently expressed in amacrine cells of the retina during postnatal development. [41] In the adult nervous system it is expressed upon axonal injury, [42] where it plays an important role during regenerative processes, functioning as an actin cross-linker, thereby facilitating filopodia formation and increasing growth cone motility. [8]

Clinical significance

MLP is directly associated with striated muscle diseases. [43] Mutations in the CSRP3 gene have been detected in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) [e.g. G72R and K69R], and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) [e.g. L44P, S46R, S54R/E55G, C58G, R64C, Y66C, Q91L, K42/fs165], while the most frequent MLP mutation, W4R, has been found in both of these patient populations. [11] [15] [26] [44] [45] [46] [47] Biochemical and functional studies have been performed for some of these mutant proteins, and reveal aberrant localization and interaction patterns, leading to impaired molecular and cellular functions. For example, the W4R mutation abolishes the MLP/T-cap interaction, leading to mislocalization of T-cap, Z-line instability and severe sarcomeric structural defects. [11] The C58G mutation causes reduced protein stability due to enhanced ubiquitin-dependent proteasome degradation [44] while the K69L mutation, which is within the predicted nuclear localization signal of MLP, abolishes the MLP/α-actinin interaction and causes altered subcellular distribution of the mutant protein, showing predominant perinuclear localization. [47] Alterations in the protein expression levels of MLP, its oligomerization or splicing have also been described in human cardiac and skeletal muscle diseases: both MLP protein levels and oligomerization are down-regulated in human heart failure, [17] [20] while MLP levels are significantly changed in different skeletal myopathies, including facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, nemaline myopathy and limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B. [48] [49] [50] Moreover, significant changes in MLP-b protein expression levels, as well as deregulation of the MLP:MLP-b ratio have been detected in limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and dermatomyositis patients. [12]

Animal models

Animal models are providing insight into MLP's function in striated muscle. Ablation of Mlp (MLP-/-) in mice affects all striated muscles, although the cardiac phenotype is more severe, leading to alterations in cardiac pressure and volume, aberrant contractility, development of dilated cardiomyopathy with hypertrophy and progressive heart failure. [31] [37] [51] At the histological level there is dramatic disruption of the cardiomyocyte cytoarchitecture at multiple levels, and pronounced fibrosis. [24] [31] [39] [52] Other cellular changes included alterations in intracellular calcium handling, local loss of mitochondria and energy deficiency. [37] [38] [39] Crossing MLP-/- mice with phospholamban (PLN) -/-, or β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) -/-, or angiotensin II type 1a receptor (AT1a) -/-, or β-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 inhibitor (bARK1) -/- mice, as well as overexpressing calcineurin rescued their cardiac function, through a series of only partly understood molecular mechanisms. [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] Conversely crossing MLP-/- mice with β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) -/- mice was lethal, while crossing MLP-/- mice with calcineurin -/- mice, enhanced fibrosis and cardiomyopathy. [53] [54] A gene knockin mouse model harboring the human MLP-W4R mutation developed HCM and heart failure, while ultrastructural analysis of its cardiac tissue revealed myocardial disarray and significant fibrosis, increased nuclear localization of MLP concomitantly with reduced sarcomeric Z-line distribution. [26] Alterations in MLP nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, which are possibly modulated by changes in its oligomerization status, have also been implicated in hypertrophy and heart failure, independently of mutations. [17] [27] Studies in Drosophila revealed that genetic ablation of Mlp84B, the Drosophila homolog of MLP, was associated with pupal lethality and impaired muscle function. [28] Mechanical studies of Mlp84B-null flight muscles indicate that loss of Mlp84B results in decreased muscle stiffness and power generation. [58] Cardiac-specific ablation of Mlp84B caused decreased lifespan, impaired diastolic function and disturbances in cardiac rhythm. [59] Overall, these animal models have provided critical evidence on the functional significance of MLP in striated muscle physiology and pathophysiology.

Notes

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paxillin</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">TNNI3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">ACTC1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpha-actinin-2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">PDLIM3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Actin-associated LIM protein (ALP), also known as PDZ and LIM domain protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDLIM3 gene. ALP is highly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle, where it localizes to Z-discs and intercalated discs. ALP functions to enhance the crosslinking of actin by alpha-actinin-2 and also appears to be essential for right ventricular chamber formation and contractile function.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000030470 – Ensembl, May 2017
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  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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  6. ↑ Gehmlich K, Geier C, Milting H, Fürst D, Ehler E (2008). "Back to square one: what do we know about the functions of muscle LIM protein in the heart?". Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility. 29 (6–8): 155–8. doi:10.1007/s10974-008-9159-4. PMID   19115046. S2CID   9251900.
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  23. ↑ Postel R, Vakeel P, Topczewski J, Knöll R, Bakkers J (June 2008). "Zebrafish integrin-linked kinase is required in skeletal muscles for strengthening the integrin-ECM adhesion complex". Developmental Biology. 318 (1): 92–101. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.024. PMID   18436206.
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  27. 1 2 3 Boateng SY, Senyo SE, Qi L, Goldspink PH, Russell B (October 2009). "Myocyte remodeling in response to hypertrophic stimuli requires nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of muscle LIM protein". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 47 (4): 426–35. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.04.006. PMC   2739242 . PMID   19376126.
  28. 1 2 Clark KA, Bland JM, Beckerle MC (June 2007). "The Drosophila muscle LIM protein, Mlp84B, cooperates with D-titin to maintain muscle structural integrity". Journal of Cell Science. 120 (Pt 12): 2066–77. doi:10.1242/jcs.000695. PMID   17535853. S2CID   23791613.
  29. ↑ Clark KA, Kadrmas JL (June 2013). "Drosophila melanogaster muscle LIM protein and alpha-actinin function together to stabilize muscle cytoarchitecture: a potential role for Mlp84B in actin-crosslinking". Cytoskeleton. 70 (6): 304–16. doi:10.1002/cm.21106. PMC   3716849 . PMID   23606669.
  30. ↑ Arber S, Caroni P (February 1996). "Specificity of single LIM motifs in targeting and LIM/LIM interactions in situ". Genes & Development. 10 (3): 289–300. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.3.289 . PMID   8595880.
  31. 1 2 3 Arber S, Hunter JJ, Ross J, Hongo M, Sansig G, Borg J, Perriard JC, Chien KR, Caroni P (February 1997). "MLP-deficient mice exhibit a disruption of cardiac cytoarchitectural organization, dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure". Cell. 88 (3): 393–403. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81878-4 . PMID   9039266. S2CID   16597001.
  32. ↑ Frank D, Frey N (March 2011). "Cardiac Z-disc signaling network". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (12): 9897–904. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R110.174268 . PMC   3060542 . PMID   21257757.
  33. ↑ Gautel M (February 2011). "The sarcomeric cytoskeleton: who picks up the strain?". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 23 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2010.12.001. PMID   21190822.
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