Status and future of California oak woodlands
Blue oak woodlands cover about 2,939,000 acres (11,890 km2) of the state, and of this area about 79%, or 2,322,000 acres (9,400 km2), shows no evidence of past cutting of trees. [3] Recent research by the University of Arkansas Tree-Ring Laboratory has studied several unlogged stands of blue oak woodlands, and suggests that the state may harbor over 500,000 acres (2,000 km2) of such old growth forests. This would make California's oak woodlands some of the most extensive old growth forests left in the state. However, most oaks of full tree size are more than one hundred years old, and few saplings are ever produced, because cattle often tear the plants to pieces. [2]
The Oaks 2040 survey estimates that 750,000 acres (3,000 km2) of California oak woodlands are seriously threatened by 2040 as a burgeoning state population makes ever more use of the wildland. [4] This comprehensive survey includes oak woodland maps and inventory data for the ten oak types found in California. By evaluating this new information against current State of California economic growth projections, the location and extent of oak woodlands most at risk of development are identified.
Management practices, such as the grazing (or the lack thereof) can lower soil fertility and nutrient level. A study performed by the University of California, Davis found that the prominent presence of oak trees in California oak woodlands creates areas of soil that are optimal for new growth. [5]
The Bureau of Land Management partnered with the California Biodiversity Council to carry out the Agreement on Biological Diversity, started in 1991, to protect and expand the following oakland wood areas: King Range National Conservation Area, Cache Creek Management Area, Yuba River Watershed in Inimim Forest, Consumes River Preserve, and Fort Ord. The methods used to ensure a healthy future for the California oak woodlands include maintenance and restoration of old-growth forests, watershed management and improvement, protection of water quality, protection of wildlife species that have cultural and environmental value to the area, restoration of valley oaks, and the habitat maintenance of “special status botanical species” and select endangered species. [6]
Ecology of California oak woodlands
The composition and characteristics of California oak woodlands varies across the state, but are defined by three main oak species throughout coastal regions: coastal live oak, Englemann oak, and Oregon white oak. [9] [10] The concentration of each of these oak species correlates with the location of the woodland throughout California. [11]
In southern and central areas, the predominant oak species is coastal live oak which grow on coastal valleys and foothills. In drier regions within this range, coastal wild oak is associated with foothill pine, valley oak and blue oak; whereas wetter areas are defined by tanoak, canyon live oak and California bay. Coastal live oak woodland found in Southern California is associated with valley oak similar to drier northern sites, but also sees interior live oak, Coulter pine and California black walnut.
Outside of the southern ranges of coastal wild oak are small areas of oak woodland characterized by Englemann oak. These sites can coincide with coastal live oak, however they can also occur as stands composed almost entirely of Englemann oak.
Northern, wetter regions of California are populated with oak woodlands formed from Oregon white oak. These woodlands are associated interior live oak and canyon live oak similar to coastal live oak woodlands, but differ with Pacific madrone and California black oak.
The variety of canopy density which results from the diversity of tree species found in different woodland regions causes a wide range of understory grass and shrub density, and plant type. An example of this can be seen by the commonality of annual grasses in open woodlands, a phenomenon that is not seen in dense woodland areas. [10]
All three oak species which characterize California oak woodlands can be defined as "long-lived, slow-growing trees." [10]
The frequent fires seen within the region have resulted in species such as coastal live oak and Englemann oak (which grow in drier, more fire prone regions) to have developed a resistance to low-intensity fires. This resiliency has resulted in coastal live oak emerging as the predominant species in cleared regions, as the trees have higher fitness to survive compared to less resistant, deciduous oaks. The same cannot be said for Oregon white oak, which populate traditionally wetter, less fire-prone regions, resulting in the trees having little built-up fire resistance. Because of the lack of fires in these northern regions, white oaks can have the threat of being outgrown by conifers growing in the understory.
California oak woodland habitats contain some of the most wildlife in California. More than half of the species of terrestrial vertebrates in California are found in oak woodlands. This includes more than 120 species of mammals, 147 species of birds, and 60 species of amphibians or reptiles. The most diversity occurs when there is both multiple levels of vegetation heights and varied spacing between vegetation to create complex habitat structure both vertically and horizontally because there are more places for species that live in different layers of the vegetation. [12]
Among these species, the California quail (Callipepla californicus), Beechey ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), Botta pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae mewa), Audubon cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii vallicola), deer (Odocoileus spp), bobcat (Lynx rufus californicus), coyote (Canis latrans) and the Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis oreganus) can commonly be found in California oak woodlands. [9]
Aspects of the California oak woodland that are important for wildlife of these habitats are habitat corridors, snags and downed wood. [13] Natural vegetation create habitat corridors that connect the patches of habitat that host species. Habitat corridors provide protection and food for animals that migrate between patches such as deer, mountain lions, bobcats, or gray foxes. [12]
Snags are the standing wood that is left when trees die and are home to wood-eating insects that are food for animals such as birds. Snags provide temporary refuge for small birds, bats, swallows, salamanders, and lizards. Similarly, downed wood provide refuge for animals that require moist areas, such as amphibians, cover for nesting of multiple species of birds, and areas for dens for larger snags. [12]
