Quercus garryana

Last updated

Oregon white oak
Lone oak.jpg
Mature Oregon white oak
Quercus garryana 1 (brewbooks).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
Subgenus: Quercus subg. Quercus
Section: Quercus sect. Quercus
Species:
Q. garryana
Binomial name
Quercus garryana
Quercus garryana range map 1.png
Natural range
Synonyms [2]
List
  • Quercus douglasii var. neaie(Liebm.) A.DC.
  • Quercus garryana var. jacobi(R.Br.ter) Zabel
  • Quercus jacobiR.Br.ter
  • Quercus neaeiLiebm.
  • Quercus patulaHansen
  • Quercus breweriEngelm.
  • Quercus oerstedianaR.Br.ter

Quercus garryana is an oak tree species of the Pacific Northwest, with a range stretching from southern California to southwestern British Columbia. [3] It is commonly known as the Garry Oak, Oregon white oak or Oregon oak. It grows from sea level to an altitude of 690 feet (210 metres) in the northern part of its range, and from 980 to 5,900 ft (300 to 1,800 m) in the south of the range in California. [4] The eponymous Nicholas Garry was deputy governor of the Hudson's Bay Company.

Contents

Description

The shrub-like form of Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana var. breweri) growing in serpentine soils in southwest Oregon. Quercus garryana var breweri.jpg
The shrub-like form of Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana var. breweri) growing in serpentine soils in southwest Oregon.
As the fruit matures, the involucre hardens and becomes a shallow receptacle that contains an acorn. Quercus garryana 3786.JPG
As the fruit matures, the involucre hardens and becomes a shallow receptacle that contains an acorn.

Quercus garryana is typically of medium height, growing slowly to around 80 feet (24 metres) and occasionally as high as 100 ft (30 m), or in shrub form to 10 to 15 ft (3.0 to 4.6 m) tall. The trunks grow to 3 feet (0.91 m) thick, exceptionally 5 ft (2 m). The bark is gray and fissured. [5] It has the characteristic oval profile of other oaks when solitary, but is also known to grow in groves close enough together that crowns may form a canopy. The leaves are deciduous, 2–6 inches (5.1–15 cm) long and 1–3 inches broad, with 3–7 deep lobes on each side, darker green on top and finely haired below. [5] The flowers are catkins, the fruit a small acorn [lower-alpha 1] 3⁄4–1 inch (rarely 1 1⁄2 inches) long and 1⁄2–3⁄4 inch broad, with shallow, scaly cups. Its fall color is unspectacular, with many trees turning plain brown. Other individuals may have subtle mixtures of brown, green and yellow, or in less common cases a fairly bright 'peas and corn' effect.

The Oregon white oak is commonly found in the Willamette Valley hosting the mistletoe Phoradendron flavescens . [5] It is also commonly found hosting galls created by wasps in the family Cynipidae. 'Oak apples', green or yellow ball of up to 5 cm in size, are the most spectacular. [7] They are attached to the undersides of leaves. One common species responsible for these galls is Cynips maculipennis. Other species create galls on stems and leaves. Shapes vary from spheres to mushroom-shaped to pencil-shaped.

Individual specimens can grow to around 500 years in age, such as those on Sauvie Island near Portland, Oregon. [5]

Oregon white oak leaves Quercus garryana.jpg
Oregon white oak leaves

Taxonomy

Taxonomic history

David Douglas was the first non-native person who recorded the species (1820s) and named it after Nicholas Garry, who was deputy governor of the Hudson's Bay Company from 1822 to 1835 and a supporter of Douglas. [5]

Varieties

There are three varieties:

Distribution

In Oregon, the tree grows on the west side of the Cascade Range, primarily in the Willamette, Umpqua and Rogue River valleys, and along the Columbia River Gorge, as well as in canyons adjacent to the gorge. [9] [10]

In California, the garryana variety grows in the foothills of the Siskiyou and Klamath Mountains, the Coast Ranges of Northern California, and of the west slope of the Cascades. The semota variety grows in the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges as far south as Los Angeles County. [8]

In Washington, the tree grows on the west side of the Cascade Range, particularly in the Puget Sound lowlands, the northeastern Olympic Peninsula, Whidbey Island, the Chehalis river valley, and the San Juan Islands. It also grows in the foothills of the southeastern Cascades and along the Columbia River Gorge. [9] [10]

In British Columbia, the Garry oak grows on the Gulf Islands and southeastern Vancouver Island, from west of Victoria along the east side of the island up to the Campbell River area. There are also small populations along the Fraser River on the British Columbia mainland. [4] The northernmost population of Garry oak can be found just below 50°N on Savary Island, in the northern stretches of the Strait of Georgia. [11] The Garry oak is the only oak native to British Columbia, and one of only two oaks (along with the bur oak) native to western Canada. [12]

Ecology

It is a drought-tolerant tree. Older specimens are often affected by heart rot. [5]

The acorns are consumed by wildlife and livestock. [6] David Douglas recorded that bears consumed them. [13]

In British Columbia, the Garry oak can be infested by three nonnative insects: the jumping gall wasp Neuroterus saltatorius, the oak leaf phylloxeran, and the spongy moth. [4]

While the invasive plant disease commonly called sudden oak death attacks other Pacific Coast native oaks, it has not yet been found on the Oregon white oak. Most oak hosts of this disease are in the red oak group, while Oregon white oak is in the white oak group. [14]

Quercus garryana woodlands

Oregon white oak is the only native oak species in British Columbia, Washington, and northern Oregon. In these areas, oak woodlands are seral, or early-successional; they depend on disturbance to avoid being overtaken by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The disturbance allowing oak to persist in an area that would otherwise succeed to coniferous forest was primarily fire. Natural wildfires are relatively common in the drier portions of the Pacific Northwest where Oregon white oak is found, but fire suppression has made such events much less common. In addition, early settlers' records, soil surveys, and tribal histories indicate that deliberate burning was widely practiced by the indigenous people of these areas. Fire perpetuated the grasslands that produced food sources such as camas, chocolate lily, bracken fern, and oak; and that provided grazing and easy hunting for deer and elk. Mature Oregon white oaks are fire-resistant, and so would not be severely harmed by grass fires of low intensity. Such fires prevented Douglas-fir and most other conifer seedlings from becoming established, allowing bunch grass prairie and oak woodland to persist. Fire also kept oak woodlands on drier soils free of a shrub understory. Wetter oak woodlands historically had a substantial shrub understory, primarily snowberry. [15]

Gall on Oregon white oak, Sonoma County Gallrazorback.jpg
Gall on Oregon white oak, Sonoma County

Oregon white oak woodlands in British Columbia and Washington are critical habitats for a number of species that are rare or extirpated in these areas, plant, animal, and bryophyte: [15] [16] [17]

An Oregon white oak grove Oregon oak grove.jpg
An Oregon white oak grove

Quercus garryana woodlands create a landscape mosaic of grassland, savanna, woodland, and closed-canopy forest. This mosaic of varied habitats, in turn, allows many more species to live in this area than would be possible in coniferous forest alone. Parks Canada states that Garry oak woodlands support more species of plants than any other terrestrial ecosystem in British Columbia. [18] It grows in a variety of soil types, for instance, rocky outcrops, glacial gravelly outwash, deep grassland soils, and seasonally flooded riparian areas. [15] [16]

The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 encouraged settlement of Washington and Oregon by the United States and marked the beginning of the end of regular burning by native peoples of the area. [15] : Perdue  The arrival of Europeans also reduced the number of natural fires that took place in Oregon white oak habitat. With fire suppression and conversion to agriculture, oak woodlands and bunch grass prairies were invaded by Douglas-fir, Oregon ash ( Fraxinus latifolia ), and imported pasture grasses. Oaks were logged to clear land for pasture, and for firewood and fence posts. Livestock grazing trampled and consumed oak seedlings. By the 1990s, more than half the Oregon white oak woodland habitat in the South Puget Sound area of Washington was gone. [15] On Vancouver Island, more than 90% was gone, [16] and on Whidbey Island up to 99% of native understory Oregon white oak habitat is gone. [19] Remaining Oregon white oak woodlands are threatened by urbanization, conversion to Douglas-fir woodland, and invasion by shrubs, both native and nonnative (Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius , sweetbriar rose Rosa eglanteria , snowberry Symphoricarpos albus , Indian plum Oemleria cerasiformis , poison-oak Toxicodendron diversilobum , English holly Ilex aquifolium , bird cherry Prunus avens ). [10] Conversely, oak groves in wetter areas that historically had closed canopies of large trees are becoming crowded with young oaks that grow thin and spindly, due to lack of fires that would clear out seedlings. [15]

Chionodes petalumensis caterpillars feed on oak leaves, including those of Quercus garryana [20] and valley oak (Q. lobata). [21]

Conservation

Oregon white oaks and their ecosystems are the focus of conservation efforts, including communities such as Tacoma, Washington, where an Oak Tree Park has been established; Oak Bay, British Columbia, which is named after the tree; and Corvallis, Oregon, which has protected the oak savannah remnants around Bald Hill. [22] Oak Harbor, Washington, named after the tree [23] and home to Smith Park that contains a dense grove of mature Garry Oak trees, is actively pursuing conservation of the city's namesake tree with the formation of the Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society. [24] [25] [26]

In Southwest Washington, significant acreages of Oregon white oaks are preserved in the Scatter Creek Wildlife Area, in sites such as the Scatter Creek Unit, which contain some of the few remaining areas of south Puget Sound prairie. [27]

In Oak Bay, British Columbia, a fine of up to $10,000 may be issued for each Garry oak tree cut or damaged. [28]

Uses

The mildly sweet (but perhaps unpalatable) acorns are edible, ideally after leaching. [6] [29] The bitterness of the toxic tannic acid would likely prevent anyone from eating enough to become ill. [29] Native Americans ate the acorns raw and roasted, also using them to make a kind of flour. [5]

The hardwood is hard and heavily ring-porous. It has distinctive growth rings and prominent rays. Heartwood can be a deep chocolate brown color and sapwood will vary from golden brown to nearly white. This makes it particularly attractive to woodworkers, however it can be difficult to use in woodworking without experiencing warping and cracking. [30] Although it was popularly used around the turn of the 20th century, [5] historically, the tree has not been regarded as having significant commercial value and is frequently destroyed as land is cleared for development. The wood is suitable for making fence posts. With similar qualities to those of other white oaks, the wood has been used experimentally in Oregon for creating casks in which to age wine.[ citation needed ] In Washington, it has been used for aging single malt whiskey since the 2010s. [31] [32] Oregon white oak barrels are said to give the product "burnt sugar notes, marshmallow sweetness, and a light floral character that showcases the best of the Garry oak". [33] When used as firewood, Oregon white oak produces 28 million British thermal units per cord (2.3 MWh/m3) burned. [34]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whidbey Island</span> Island in Puget Sound in Washington, United States

Whidbey Island is the largest of the islands composing Island County, Washington, in the United States, and the largest island in Washington state. Whidbey is about 30 miles (48 km) north of Seattle, and lies between the Olympic Peninsula and the I-5 corridor of western Washington. The island forms the northern boundary of Puget Sound. It is home to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island. The state parks and natural forests are home to numerous old growth trees.

<i>Quercus kelloggii</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus kelloggii, the California black oak or Kellogg oak, is an oak in the red oak section native to western North America. Although genetically separated from them for more than 20 million years, its leaves are remarkably similar in appearance to several other members of the red oak section including the red oak and the black oak found in eastern and central North America.

<i>Gaultheria shallon</i> Species of flowering plant

Gaultheria shallon is an evergreen shrub in the heather family (Ericaceae), native to western North America. In English, it is known as salal, shallon, or gaultheria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temperate rainforest</span> Forests in the temperate zone

Temperate rainforests are rainforests with coniferous or broadleaf forests that occur in the temperate zone and receive heavy rain.

<i>Quercus douglasii</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus douglasii, known as blue oak, is a species of oak endemic to California, common in the Coast Ranges and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. It is California's most drought-tolerant deciduous oak, and is a dominant species in the blue oak woodland ecosystem. It is occasionally known as mountain oak and iron oak.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oak savanna</span> Lightly forested grassland where oak trees are dominant

An oak savanna is a type of savanna—or lightly forested grassland—where oaks are the dominant trees. The terms "oakery" or "woodlands" are also used commonly, though the former is more prevalent when referencing the Mediterranean area.

<i>Acer macrophyllum</i> Species of maple

Acer macrophyllum, the bigleaf maple or Oregon maple, is a large deciduous tree in the genus Acer. It is native to western North America. In addition to uses by animals, it is of some culinary and woodworking interest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California mixed evergreen forest</span> Plant community in California and Oregon, US

California mixed evergreen forest is a plant community found in the mountain ranges of California and southwestern Oregon.

<i>Holodiscus discolor</i> Species of flowering plant

Holodiscus discolor, commonly known as ocean spray or oceanspray, creambush, or ironwood, is a shrub of western North America.

<i>Aesculus californica</i> Species of plant

Aesculus californica, commonly known as the California buckeye or California horse-chestnut, is a species of buckeye native to California and southwestern Oregon.

ȽÁU,WELṈEW̱/John Dean Provincial Park, formerly John Dean Provincial Park, is a small, densely vegetated provincial park on the Saanich Peninsula of southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The park is located on and around ȽÁU,WELṈEW̱, a small mountain in the traditional territory of Wsanec First Nations, itself situated 20 km north of Victoria, the provincial capital city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California Floristic Province</span> Region of uniform plant variety in the western United States and Mexico

The California Floristic Province (CFP) is a floristic province with a Mediterranean-type climate located on the Pacific Coast of North America with a distinctive flora similar to other regions with a winter rainfall and summer drought climate like the Mediterranean Basin. This biodiversity hotspot is known for being the home of the Sierran giant sequoia tree and its close relative the coast redwood. In 1996, the Province was designated as a biodiversity hotspot allowing it to join ranks among 33 other areas in the world with many endemic species. To be named a biodiversity hotspot, an area has to contain species and plant life that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. The California Floristic Province is home to over 3,000 species of vascular plants, 60% of which are endemic to the province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California oak woodland</span> Plant community found in the western United States and Mexico

California oak woodland is a plant community found throughout the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion of California in the United States and northwestern Baja California in Mexico. Oak woodland is widespread at lower elevations in coastal California; in interior valleys of the Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges and Peninsular Ranges; and in a ring around the California Central Valley grasslands. The dominant trees are oaks, interspersed with other broadleaf and coniferous trees, with an understory of grasses, herbs, geophytes, and California native plants.

<i>Quercus chrysolepis</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus chrysolepis, commonly termed canyon live oak, canyon oak, golden cup oak or maul oak, is a North American species of evergreen oak that is found in Mexico and in the western United States, notably in the California Coast Ranges. This tree is often found near creeks and drainage swales growing in moist cool microhabitats. Its leaves are a glossy dark green on the upper surface with prominent spines; a further identification arises from the leaves of canyon live oak being geometrically flat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Willamette Valley (ecoregion)</span> Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion of the United States

The Willamette Valley ecoregion is a Level III ecoregion designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington. Slightly larger than the Willamette Valley for which it is named, the ecoregion contains fluvial terraces and floodplains of the Willamette River system, scattered hills, buttes, and adjacent foothills. It is distinguished from the neighboring Coast Range, Cascades, and Klamath Mountains ecoregions by lower precipitation, lower elevation, less relief, and a different mosaic of vegetation. Mean annual rainfall is 37 to 60 inches, and summers are generally dry. Historically, the region was covered by rolling prairies, oak savanna, coniferous forests, extensive wetlands, and deciduous riparian forests. Today, it contains the bulk of Oregon's population, industry, commerce, and agriculture. Productive soils and a temperate climate make it one of the most important agricultural areas in Oregon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Cascades Slopes and Foothills</span> Temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of the United States

The Eastern Cascades Slopes and Foothills ecoregion is a Level III ecoregion designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the U.S. states of Oregon, Washington, and California. In the rain shadow of the Cascade Range, the eastern side of the mountains experiences greater temperature extremes and receives less precipitation than the west side. Open forests of ponderosa pine and some lodgepole pine distinguish this region from the Cascades ecoregion, where hemlock and fir forests are more common, and from the lower, drier ecoregions to the east, where shrubs and grasslands are predominant. The vegetation is adapted to the prevailing dry, continental climate and frequent wildfire. Volcanic cones and buttes are common in much of the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puget Sound region</span> Coastal area in the U.S. state of Washington

The Puget Sound region is a coastal area of the Pacific Northwest in the U.S. state of Washington, including Puget Sound, the Puget Sound lowlands, and the surrounding region roughly west of the Cascade Range and east of the Olympic Mountains. It is characterized by a complex array of saltwater bays, islands, and peninsulas carved out by prehistoric glaciers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecology of the North Cascades</span> Ecosystems of the Cascade mountain range in northern Washington state and southern British Columbia

The Ecology of the North Cascades is heavily influenced by the high elevation and rain shadow effects of the mountain range. The North Cascades is a section of the Cascade Range from the South Fork of the Snoqualmie River in Washington, United States, to the confluence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers in British Columbia, Canada, where the range is officially called the Cascade Mountains but is usually referred to as the Canadian Cascades. The North Cascades Ecoregion is a Level III ecoregion in the Commission for Environmental Cooperation's classification system.

<i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus</i> Species of flowering plant

Symphoricarpos oreophilus is a North American species of flowering plant in the Caprifoliaceae, or honeysuckle family, known by the common name mountain snowberry. It has a wide distribution in western Canada, the United States, and northwestern Mexico. It is found in mountainous areas such as the Cascades, the Sierra Nevada, the Rockies, and the Sierra Madre Occidental from British Columbia to the Copper Canyon region of Chihuahua, from the coastal states as far inland as the Black Hills, the Oklahoma Panhandle, and trans-Pecos Texas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scatter Creek Wildlife Area</span>

The Scatter Creek Wildlife Area is a multi-unit protected area and wildlife reserve in southern Thurston County, Washington. Covering seven units, the area is owned and managed by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW).

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ These are often abundant in alternating years. [6]

Citations

  1. ↑ Beckman, E. (2016). "Quercus garryana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T194133A2302183. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T194133A2302183.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  3. ↑ "What is a Garry Oak?". Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 "GOERT". Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 229–234. ISBN   978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC   1141235469.
  6. 1 2 3 Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. pp. 399–400. ISBN   0394507614.
  7. ↑ Haggard, Peter and Judy (2006). Insects of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN   978-0-88192-689-7.
  8. 1 2 USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Quercus garryana var. garryana". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  9. 1 2 "Burke Herbarium". University of Washington. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 Franklin and Dyrness (1988). Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. ISBN   0-87071-356-6.
  11. ↑ "Sand Dune Ecosystems on Savary Island, B.C" (PDF). Savary Island Land Trust. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  12. ↑ "Oak | the Canadian Encyclopedia".
  13. ↑ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 426.
  14. ↑ APHIS. "Phytophthora ramorum host list". USDA. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dunn and Ewing (1997). Ecology and Conservation of the South Puget Sound Landscape. Seattle: The Nature Conservancy.
  16. 1 2 3 Lea; Miles; McIntosh (2006). "Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team Colloquium" (PDF).
  17. ↑ "Garry Oak Ecosystem Plants". Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  18. ↑ Parks Canada. "Garry Oak Ecosystems" . Retrieved 7 February 2011.
  19. ↑ "Why Are Oaks Disappearing?". Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  20. ↑ Tatum, J. B. Chionodes petalumensis. Archived 2016-10-29 at the Wayback Machine Butterflies and Moths of Southern Vancouver Island. 2007.
  21. ↑ C. petalumensis: Host plants. Natural History Museum, London.
  22. ↑ Barnes, Marc (November 2003). "Bald Hill Oak Restoration". Oregon Oak Communities Working Group. Archived from the original on September 12, 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  23. ↑ Renninger, Laura. "Local Garry Oak History". Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  24. ↑ Newberry, Ron (April 11, 2015). "Group aims to save Garry oaks". Sound Publishing. Whidbey News Times. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  25. ↑ "Preservation". Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  26. ↑ King 5 Staff (29 November 2016). "Oak Harbor Tries to Stay True to Its Roots". King 5 News. Retrieved 17 October 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ "Wildlife Areas | Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife".
  28. ↑ "Trees on Your Property - An Information Guide to Oak Bay's Tree Protection Bylaw" (PDF). Oak Bay B.C. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  29. 1 2 Nyerges, Christopher (2017). Foraging Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods. Guilford, CT: Falcon Guides. ISBN   978-1-4930-2534-3. OCLC   965922681.
  30. ↑ Rudolph H., Knaack. "Woodturning with Garry Oak" (PDF). Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  31. ↑ Padilla, Natalie (21 July 2016). "Whiskey Review: Westland Distillery Garryana (Oregon Oak) Whiskey". The Whisket Wash. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  32. ↑ Dan Dunn (November 14, 2018), "Why Matt Hoffman is Bullish on Aging Whisky in Garry Oak", Robb Report
  33. ↑ G. Clay Whittaker (August 29, 2018), "Westland's Newest Garryana Release Is the Must-buy American Single Malt of the Year", Men's Journal
  34. ↑ "What is the best firewood to burn". Firewoodresource. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.