Ceutorhynchus obstrictus

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Ceutorhynchus obstrictus
Ceutorhynchus obstrictus, Deeside, North Wales, May 2012 (18127460448).jpg
Ceutorhynchus obstrictus , Deeside, North Wales
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Curculionidae
Genus: Ceutorhynchus
Species:
C. obstrictus
Binomial name
Ceutorhynchus obstrictus
(Marsham, 1802) [1]
Synonyms
  • Curculio obstrictus [1]

Ceutorhynchus obstrictus, the cabbage seedpod weevil, is a species of snout beetles or true weevils which is widespread in Europe and lives on several types of crucifers. The adult weevils feed on the leaves, but breed in the seedpods, where the larvae destroy the seeds. It can be a harmful pest on crops like rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus), cabbage and relatives (Brassica oleracea) or Brassica rapa .

Contents

Distribution

C. obstrictus is native to Europe and is also found in parts of Asia. [1] Starting in the early 1930s it has been reported from North America (as Ceutorhynchus assimilis, a misidentification). It was first collected in Washington State and near Vancouver in western Canada. [2] It is now more widely distributed in North America, especially in regions growing rapeseed (canola) where it is regarded as an important invasive pest.

Taxonomy

There has been frequent confusion between the names Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham, 1802) and Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Paykull, 1792). Both are separate species and both are common in Europe, [3] with C. obstrictus being on average slightly larger (typically 3–4 mm). The species found in North America has long been referred to as Ceutorhynchus assimilis, but it is now generally accepted that it is C. obstrictus and that C. assimilis does not occur in North America. [2]

Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Paykull, 1792) was originally described as Curculio assimilis by Paykull, a name which had been already assigned to another species by Fabricius in 1775. As a junior primary homonym, Paykull's name should be invalid, but the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature suppressed Fabricius' name and preserved Paykull's name. Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Paykull, 1792) is the type species of the genus Ceutorhynchus, it is sometimes referred to as Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma Stephens, 1829, a junior synonym. [3]

Biology

The adults of Ceutorhynchus obstrictus are 2.5–4 mm long, dark grey to black and covered with fine white scales. The snout is distinctly curved. Other features distinguishing it from related species include the morphology of the antennae, the hind femora and the tarsi. [2]

The adults emerge in spring from their hibernating sites in the ground when temperatures reach 10-15° C. [4] They feed on various Brassicaceae for several weeks until canola begins to flower. After migrating to canola fields, the adults feed again, mate and females start laying eggs into the developing seed pods. [2]

Eggs hatch after about a week. There are 3 larval instars which feed on the developing seeds inside the pods. The 3 larval stages develop over 2–4 weeks, during which time each larva feeds on and destroys up to 6 canola seeds. Upon completing their development, the larvae chew an exit hole through the wall of the seedpod, drop to the ground and pupate in the soil, about 1–2 cm below the surface. Pupation is completed after around 10 days. The young adults then emerge from the soil, disperse and feed. In autumn, they migrate to a hibernation site, for example a shelterbelt at the edge of the field, where they spent the winter in the soil or under litter on the ground. There is only one generation per year. [2]

Damage and Management

The adults feed on many species of crucifers, but females breed mainly on plants with large seedpods. Economic damage is highest for crops grown for seed production. In North America, infestations often exceed 25% of the rapeseed/canola pods having exit holes and yield losses on canola have been estimated at 5-30%. [2]

Management still relies mainly on the application of chemical pesticides, but progress has been made on alternative control methods. The latter include cultural control methods like planting a trap crop as strips around a large field where the weevils in the strips are killed with insecticides. Alternatively, crop rotation and planting weevil-resistant cultivars can be used. In Europe many natural enemies like parasitoids and predators of C. obstrictus are known, but in North America, relatively few efforts have been directed at classical biological control, that is the collection of suitable strains of parasitoids and predators in Europe and their release in North America. There is a need to revive these efforts. [5] [2]

Related Research Articles

<i>Brassica</i> Genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family Brassicaceae

Brassica is a genus of plants in the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae). The members of the genus are informally known as cruciferous vegetables, cabbages, or mustard plants. Crops from this genus are sometimes called cole crops—derived from the Latin caulis, denoting the stem or stalk of a plant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rapeseed</span> Oilseed, Brassica, food, feed, industry

Rapeseed, also known as oilseed rape, is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae, cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturally contains appreciable amounts of erucic acid. The term "canola" denotes a group of rapeseed cultivars that were bred to have very low levels of erucic acid and which are especially prized for use as human and animal food. Rapeseed is the third-largest source of vegetable oil and the second-largest source of protein meal in the world.

<i>Aleochara</i> Genus of beetles

Aleochara is a genus in the beetle family Staphylinidae, the rove beetles. Larvae of Staphylinidae occur in many assorted ecological roles, most being scavengers, predators or carrion feeders, but the larvae of at least those species of Aleochara whose life histories are known are parasitoids. They feed in the puparia of suitable species of flies, killing the host in the process. Adult Aleochara are predators.

<i>Delia</i> (fly) Genus of flies

Delia flies are members of the Anthomyiidae family within the superfamily Muscoidae. The identification of different species of Delia can be very difficult for non-specialists as the diagnostic characteristics used for immature and/or female specimens may be inconsistent between species. Past taxonomic keys were not as comprehensive in their identification of Delia specimens; they were either too reliant on genetic characteristics, focused solely on a specific life stage, or were focused only on certain species. However current taxonomic keys aim to be more thorough by not only including morphological diagnostics for males, females, and immature specimens of various species, but also their genetic make-up or molecular barcode.

<i>Anthonomus eugenii</i> Species of beetle

Anthonomus eugenii is known as the pepper weevil. This beetle feeds and lays eggs on plants in the genus Capsicum and a few species in the genus Solanum. A. eugenii is native to Mexico, however, it is an important pest of Capsicum in Florida, Puerto Rico, and Central America.

<i>Diplotaxis tenuifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Diplotaxis tenuifolia is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name perennial wall-rocket. It is native to Europe and western Asia, where it grows on disturbed ground and roadsides, and it can now be found throughout much of the temperate world where it has naturalized. In recent years it has increasingly been cultivated to produce salad leaves, which are marketed as wild rocket in Britain or arugula in the US. It is easily confused with garden rocket, which has similar uses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baridinae</span> Subfamily of beetles

Baridinae is a subfamily of true weevils (Curculionidae). It was established by Carl Johan Schönherr in 1836. Some 4,300 species in 550 genera are placed here, most of which occur in the New World. A few are economically significant pests, while others are in turn used for biocontrol of invasive plant pests. This subfamily also contains a few endangered species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maize weevil</span> Species of beetle

The maize weevil, known in the United States as the greater rice weevil, is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae. It can be found in numerous tropical areas around the world, and in the United States, and is a major pest of maize. This species attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products, including wheat, rice, sorghum, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, peas, and cottonseed. The maize weevil also infests other types of stored, processed cereal products such as pasta, cassava, and various coarse, milled grains. It has even been known to attack fruit while in storage, such as apples.

<i>Sternochetus mangiferae</i> Species of beetle

Sternochetus mangiferae is a weevil commonly known as the mango seed weevil, mango stone weevil, or mango weevil. It is a compact weevil typical of the Cryptorhynchinae. It was first described in 1775 in the genus Curculio. The adults are 7.5-9.5 mm long and 4 mm in width.

Alternaria black spot of canola or grey leaf spot is an ascomycete fungal disease caused by a group of pathogens including: Alternaria brassicae, A. alternata and A. raphani. This pathogen is characterized by dark, sunken lesions of various size on all parts of the plant, including the leaves, stem, and pods. Its primary economic host is canola. In its early stages it only affects the plants slightly by reducing photosynthesis, however as the plant matures it can cause damage to the seeds and more, reducing oil yield as well.

<i>Acanthoscelides obtectus</i> Species of beetle

Acanthoscelides obtectus, the bean weevil, is a species of bruchid beetle. The species was described in 1831 by Thomas Say.

<i>Hypera postica</i> Species of beetle

Hypera postica, commonly known as the alfalfa weevil, is a species of beetle in the superfamily Curculionoidea; it can be found in alfalfa fields throughout Europe. Considered a destructive threat to alfalfa production in North America, several accidental introductions have been successfully countered though the use of a variety of biological control species.

<i>Sitona lineatus</i> Species of beetle

Sitona lineatus, commonly known as the pea leaf weevil is a species of weevil with a Palearctic distribution. It is a common pest of beans, peas, and other plants in the family Fabaceae. Adult beetles of S. lineatus measure 3.4-5.3 mm in length. They are characterized by a series of colored scales arranged in alternating lines (striae) on the elytra; it is from this characteristic where the species gets its name lineatus meaning 'lined' or 'striped'. The head and pronotum also have fine pointed setae amongst the scales. The antennae are clubbed, pointed and preceded by 7 segments. The femora is dark, but tibiae and tarsi are red. As a member of Order Coleoptera (beetles) their forewings are modified to form hardened covers over the thorax and abdomen, with the hindwings for flight underneath.

<i>Psylliodes chrysocephala</i> Species of beetle

Psylliodes chrysocephala or Psylliodes chrysocephalus, commonly known as the cabbage-stem flea beetle, is a species of leaf beetle situated in the subfamily Galerucinae and the tribe Alticini.

<i>Naupactus leucoloma</i> Species of beetle

Naupactus leucoloma is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae.

<i>Bruchus pisorum</i> Species of beetle

Bruchus pisorum, known generally as pea weevil, is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. Other common names include the pea beetle and pea seed beetle. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia, North America, and temperate Asia.

Listronotus oregonensis, the carrot weevil, is a species of weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

Cylindrocopturus adspersus, the sunflower stem weevil, is a species of true weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America, where the larvae tunnel in the stems of wild and cultivated sunflower plants.

Ceutorhynchus rapae, the cabbage curculio, is a species of minute seed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America and Europe. It feeds on Erysimum crepidifolium, Erysimum cheiranthoides, and Capsella bursa-pastoris.

Myllocerus viridanus, often known as sweet potato beetle, pod borer or ash weevil, is a species of weevil native to India and Sri Lanka.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Ceutorhynchus obstrictus". GBIF. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hussain, Altaf; Mittapelly, Priyanka; Blake, Adam J.; Dupuis, Julian R.; Bouchard, Patrice; Skolrud, Tristan D.; Keddie, B. Andrew; Vankosky, Meghan A.; Cárcamo, Héctor A.; Mori, Boyd A. (2023). "Biology and management of Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in spring-planted canola on the Northern Great Plains". Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 14 (1): 1–13. doi: 10.1093/jipm/pmad015 .
  3. 1 2 Colonnelli, E. (1993). "The Ceutorhynchinae types of I.C. Fabricius and G. von Paykull (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)" (PDF). Koleopterologische Rundschau. 63: 299–310.
  4. ↑ Ulmer, B.J.; Dosdall, L.M. (2006). "Spring emergence biology of the cabbage seedpod weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 99 (1): 64–69. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)099[0064:sebotc]2.0.co;2.
  5. ↑ Gillespie, D.R.; Mason, P.G.; Dosdall, L.M.; Bouchard, P.; Gibson, G.A.P. (2006). "Importance of long-term research in classical biological control: an analytical review of a release against the cabbage seedpod weevil in North America". Journal of Applied Entomology. 130 (8): 401–409. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2006.01085.x. S2CID   86210722.


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