Chonaphe armata | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
Class: | Diplopoda |
Order: | Polydesmida |
Family: | Xystodesmidae |
Genus: | Chonaphe |
Species: | C. armata |
Binomial name | |
Chonaphe armata Harger, (1872) | |
Synonyms | |
Species synonymy
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Chonaphe armata [1] is a species of Xystodesmid millipede found in the Pacific Northwest of North America. The species was first described as Polydesmus armatus by O. Harger in 1872 [2] and was later moved to the new genus Chonaphe , for which it is the type species, by O. F. Cook in 1904. [3]
Similar to many other Xystodesmid millipedes, C. armata is typically black to brown in base color with yellow tipped paranota. The species shows more color variation than other Pacific Northwest Xystodesmids, however, and can also be found with paranota color ranging from light cream, to orangish-red and with the paranota color forming bands across the tergites of the latter segments. [4]
As with many other species of Xystodesmid, C. armata can produce hydrogen cyanide from ozopores located on the edge of the paranota of each body segment.
C. armata inhabits five disjunct populations and is found in the Rocky Mountains of northern Idaho and western Montana, The Okanagan Highlands of Washington, the eastern Cascade Range of Washington and Oregon, and the Blue Mountaints of Oregon. [4]
Harpaphe haydeniana, commonly known as the yellow-spotted millipede, almond-scented millipede or cyanide millipede, is a species of polydesmidan ("flat-backed") millipede found in the moist forests along the Pacific coast of North America, from Southeast Alaska to California. The dark coloration with contrasting yellow-tipped keels warn of its ability to exude toxic hydrogen cyanide as a defense. The cyanide secretions are not dangerous to humans, but can cause irritation and pain if it contacts sensitive areas such as the mouth, eyes, or nose.
Polydesmida is the largest order of millipedes, with more than 5,000 species, including all the millipedes reported to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN). This order is also the most diverse of the millipede orders in terms of morphology. Millipedes in this order are found in all regions of the world other than Antarctica.
Xystodesmidae is a family of millipedes in the suborder Leptodesmidea within the order Polydesmida. The family Xystodesmidae was created by the American biologist Orator F. Cook in 1895 and named after the genus Xystodesmus. This family includes more than 390 known species distributed among 62 genera. Many species, however, remain undescribed: for example, it is estimated that the genus Nannaria contains over 200 species, but only 25 were described as of 2006. By 2022, 78 species in Nannaria have been described.
Motyxia is a genus of cyanide-producing millipedes that are endemic to the southern Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi, and Santa Monica mountain ranges of California. Motyxias are blind and produce the poison cyanide, like all members of the Polydesmida. All species have the ability to glow brightly: some of the few known instances of bioluminescence in millipedes.
Polyzoniida is an order of millipedes in the subterclass Colobognatha. This order contains three families and more than 70 described species. The species in this order are also known as camphor millipedes, because ozopore secretions in this order frequently have a strong camphor-like smell. Poison frogs in South America and Madagascar evidently obtain some of their poison from these millipedes.
Chordeumatida is a large order of millipedes containing more than 1,400 species. Also known as sausage millipedes, they are found nearly worldwide. Chordeumatida is the largest order in the superorder Nematophora, a group also known as spinning millipedes because their telsons feature spinnerets used to build nests of silk. These millipedes produce this silk to create chambers in which to molt or to lay their eggs.
Tylobolus is a genus of millipedes in the order Spirobolida with seven known species found in western North America. It is in the family Spirobolidae, and is the type genus of the subfamily Tylobolinae. The genus was named by Orator F. Cook in 1904.
The greenhouse millipede, also known as the hothouse millipede, short-flange millipede, or garden millipede, is a species of millipede in the family Paradoxosomatidae that has been widely introduced around the world, and is sometimes a pest in greenhouses.
Orthomorpha coarctata, the long-flange millipede, is a widely introduced species of Polydesmidan millipede of the family Paradoxosomatidae. It is presumed native to Southeast Asia but due to transport by humans occurs in tropical and sub-tropical areas throughout the world, including the Hawaiian Islands, the West Indies, Gulf Coast of North America, and the Galápagos Islands.
Paeromopodidae is a family of large cylindrical millipedes of the order Julida native to the western United States of America. The family contains two genera and ten species and includes the longest millipedes in North America, with individuals reaching up to 16.5 cm (6.5 in) long.
Chonaphe is a genus of millipedes belonging to the family Xystodesmidae.
Tubaphe is a genus of millipede in the family Xystodesmidae with a single described species, Tubaphe levii. The genus was erected by Nell B. Causey in 1954.
Selenocheir arcuata is a species of Xystodesmid millipede found in Northern California. The species was first described by Rowland M. Shelley in 1994 based on samples collected by C. Smith, J. Clover, and F. Ennik in 1972.
Sigmocheir is a genus of millipede in family Xystodesmidae. The species of this genus are endemic to California where they are found in foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains. Individuals of the genus can be found from Placer County, south to the northern portion of Tulare County.
Sigmocheir calaveras is a species of millipede in the family Xystodesmidae. The species in endemic to California and found in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains.
Thrinaphe is a genus of millipede in the family Xystodesmidae with a single described species. The genus was erected by Rowland M. Shelley in 1993 based on samples collected by Dr. Shelley in 1991 as well as museum type specimens collected by K. Goeden in 1968. The genus is found in the Cascade mountains on the Washington/Oregon border as well as down into the Willamette Valley.
Anombrocheir spinosa is a species of Xystodesmid millipede endemic to the inland coastal range of California. The species was described by John S. Buckett and Michael R. Gardner in 1969 based on samples collected by the two in 1965 at a locality near Leesville, California in 1965.
Anombrocheir bifurcata is a species of Xystodesmid millipede endemic to the inland coastal range of California. The species was described by Michael R. Gardner and John S. Buckett in 1969 based on samples collected by M.R. and R.C. Gardner.
Orophe cabinetus is a species of millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, which is found in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana. It is the type species of the genus Orophe and was described in 1951 by Ralph V. Chamberlin.
Orophe unicus is a species of millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, which is found in the Rocky Mountains of northern Idaho. The species was originally described as Chipus unicus by H.F. Loomis in 1953 and was later transferred to Orophe by R.L. Hoffman in 1964. Hoffman also suggested that the differences in the gonopods of O. unicus and O. cabinetus were minor and so the relationship between the two may be "subspecific". Loomis and Schmidt later synonymized O. unicus under O. cabinetus based on the subtle nature of this feature. In 1993, Rowland Shelley reexamined the type specimens and based on the differences in the gonopods as well as the allopatric nature of the two populations, reinstated O. unicus as a valid species.