Chrysochus asclepiadeus | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Coleoptera |
Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
Family: | Chrysomelidae |
Genus: | Chrysochus |
Species: | C. asclepiadeus |
Binomial name | |
Chrysochus asclepiadeus (Pallas, 1773) | |
Synonyms [1] | |
Chrysochus asclepiadeus (or Eumolpus asclepiadeus) is a member of the leaf beetle subfamily Eumolpinae. It is considered the type species of the genus Chrysochus , though it has sometimes been placed within the genus Eumolpus . It is the only species of Chrysochus distributed in the western Palaearctic. It is mainly found in Europe, though it is also known from Kazakhstan and Turkey in Asia.
The species was first described by Peter Simon Pallas, who gave it the scientific name Chrysomela asclepiadea in 1773. The species epithet, asclepiadea (or asclepiadeus), is named after the milkweed genus Asclepias , one of the species' food plants. The species was later twice described again under two separate names: Guillaume-Antoine Olivier named it Cryptocephalus cyaneus in 1791 (from the Latin cyaneus, meaning "dark blue" [3] ), while Johan Christian Fabricius named it Chrysomela praetiosa in 1792. [4] The latter was sometimes spelled "pretiosa", derived from the Latin pretiosus ("valuable, precious" [5] ).
In 1798, the genus Eumolpus was first established in Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger's Verzeichniß der Käfer Preußens, including C. praetiosa as well as other species. Fabricius also included C. praetiosa in the same genus in 1801. [6] In 1836, C. praetiosa was transferred again to the genus Chrysochus , which was first established by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat in Dejean's Catalogue des Coléoptères. Chrysomela praetiosa was then designated as the type species of the genus by Sylvain Auguste de Marseul in 1864. [7] It was later discovered that Chrysomela praetiosa was a junior synonym of Chrysomela asclepiadea, changing the valid scientific name for the species to Chrysochus asclepiadeus.
In 1993, Warchałowski used the combination "Eumolpus asclepiadeus" for the species, based on Jacquelin du Val's work from 1868 where Chrysochus was considered a synonym of Eumolpus. He also designated E. praetiosus as the type species of Eumolpus, stating that the species of Chrysochus must be included in the genus. Some European entomologists followed Warchałowski, while others continued to use Chrysochus as valid. Warchałowski's type designation for Eumolpus was invalid, since Latreille had designated Eumolpus vitis as the type species in 1810, which placed Bromius in synonymy with Eumolpus. This threatened stability for Eumolpus, Bromius and Chrysochus. In 2010, an application was made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve the three genus names by suppressing the name EumolpusIlliger, 1798. [8] This was accepted by the ICZN in 2012. [9]
In recent literature, Chrysochus asclepiadeus is usually listed as including two subspecies, Chrysochus asclepiadeus asclepiadeus and Chrysochus asclepiadeus asiaeminoris. The nominate subspecies, C. a. asclepiadeus, has a wide distribution range in Europe, while C. a. asiaeminoris is known only from Babadağ, Denizli in southwestern Turkey (its type locality) and has not been reported since its description in 1948. In 2015, Ekiz et al. found that the two subspecies are not geographically distinct and are morphologically very similar, and concluded that C. a. asiaeminoris is actually a synonym of the nominate subspecies. [2]
C. asclepiadeus has a dark blue body with a purplish metallic reflection. Adult males have an average length of 9.3 mm and an average width of 4.9 mm. Adult females are generally similar to males, but larger; they have an average length of 10.2 mm and average width of 5.4 mm. [2]
When disturbed, C. asclepiadeus releases a defensive secretion from glands on the protonum and elytra. The main components of this secretion are phenylalanine, tryptophane, leucine and diacetyl putrescine. Unlike the secretions of North American species Chrysochus auratus and Chrysochus cobaltinus , the secretion of C. asclepiadeus does not contain cardenolides. [10] [11]
C. asclepiadeus is distributed in Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Croatia, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Moldavia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Russia (Southern European Territory), Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey and Ukraine. [1]
The flea beetle is a small, jumping beetle of the leaf beetle family (Chrysomelidae), that makes up the tribe Alticini which is part of the subfamily Galerucinae. Historically the flea beetles were classified as their own subfamily.
Bromius obscurus, the western grape rootworm, is a species of beetle in the leaf beetle family. It is the only member of the genus Bromius. The distribution of the species is holarctic; it can be found in North America, wide parts of Europe, and Asia. The species is a known pest of grape vines in Europe and western North America.
Eumolpus is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It includes 40 species, most of which have a large size and include some of the largest members of the subfamily. They are distributed throughout the Neotropical realm, though one species has been recorded as far north as Arizona, and the genus is not found in the Caribbean.
Macrocoma lefevrei is a species of leaf beetle of Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Iran and Egypt. It was first described by Joseph Sugar Baly in 1878.
Macrocoma millingeni is a species of leaf beetle of the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia, described by Maurice Pic in 1898.
Macrocoma haiensis is a species of leaf beetle of Morocco, described by Louis Kocher in 1967.
Chrysomelini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are over 150 described genera in Chrysomelini, variously arranged into subtribes, though the exact number and constituency of these subtribes is a source of ongoing debate.
Eumolpini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is the largest tribe in the subfamily, with approximately 170 genera found worldwide. Members of the tribe almost always have a longitudinal median groove on the pygidium, which possibly helps to keep the elytra locked at rest. They also generally have a subglabrous body, as well as appendiculate pretarsal claws.
Chrysochus is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is known from North America, Europe and Asia.
Aoria is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. Members of the genus are distributed in East and Southeast Asia. Food plants are known for only a few species, all of which were recorded from Vitaceae.
Euryopini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae.
Bromiini is a tribe of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. The tribe contains approximately 120 genera, which are found worldwide. They are generally thought to be an artificial group, often with a subcylindrical prothorax without lateral ridges and covered with setae or scales.
Macrocoma bolivari is a species of leaf beetle from Morocco. It was first described by Spanish entomologist Manuel Martínez de la Escalera in 1914, as a species of Pseudocolaspis.
Macrocoma setosa is a species of leaf beetle found in Algeria and Morocco It was first described by Hippolyte Lucas in 1846, as a species of Pseudocolaspis.
Macrocoma cylindrica is a species of leaf beetle found in southern Spain. It was first described by Heinrich Carl Küster in 1846, as a species of Pachnephorus. A subspecies or variety of the species later described from Morocco, M. c. vaucheri, is now considered a synonym of Macrocoma setosa.
Macrocoma rubripes is a species of leaf beetle from Europe, Asia and possibly North Africa. It was first described by Ludwig Wilhelm Schaufuss in 1862, as a species of Pseudocolaspis.
Coptocephala is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae. The genus was first described by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat in 1836.
Trichochrysea hirta is a species of leaf beetle found in Indonesia and Peninsular Malaysia in Southeast Asia. It has a metallic blue or green body covered with white hair, after which the species gets its scientific name: the species epithet, hirta, is derived from the Latin hirtus, meaning "hairy".
Walterianella is a genus of flea beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are more than 40 described species in Walterianella. They are found in Central and South America.
The Commission has conserved the usage of the generic names Eumolpus Weber, 1801, Chrysochus Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836 and Bromius Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836 by suppressing the name Eumolpus Illiger, 1798.