Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking

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Distributed social network projects generally develop software, protocols, or both.

Contents

Projects

Project NameFeaturesSoftware TypeProgramming LanguageLicenseProtocolsPrivacy Support (name specific technologies used) Federation (with other applications or services)InstancesMaturity
AT Protocol [1] Modular, microservice-oriented protocol architectureserver TypeScript [2] Dual (MIT, Apache 2.0)AT ProtocolNo (Planned) [3] Yes [4] Primarily Bluesky beta
diaspora* Status messages, blogging, photo sharing, privacy enhancedserver [5] Ruby AGPL v3Diaspora, [6] Salmon [7] Yes, through "aspects"Yes, own federation protocol [8] 232 'nodes/pods' listed on The-Federation.info [9] stable 0.7.12.0 [10]
Friendica [11] Rich profiles, networking groups, community/group/celebrity pages, richtext status (not specifically length limited), photo albums, YouTube share, location, like/dislike, multiple profiles w/assignment to specific friends, single sign on to post directly to friend's profiles on co-operating systems. Communications encryption. Fans and one-way relationships. Local and global directory services. Ability to restrict connection endpoints.server [12] PHP AGPL v3 [13] ActivityPub, OStatus, [14] Diaspora, OpenID, DFRN, [15] extensiveFriendica, Diaspora, GNU-Social, Mastodon, email, RSS feeds via native protocol support. Pump.io, Libertree, Twitter, Wordpress and Tumblr via connectors and/or third party services.more than 113 servers according to external statistics, [16] more than 300 servers in total according to internal federation statistics.stable
GNU social [17] microblogging server [18] (formerly known as StatusNet)PHP AGPL v3 OStatus, [19] OpenID, partial Diaspora support ?YesAround 200 servers [20] stable [21]
Hubzilladecentralised identity and community platform, also provides blogs, rich social networking, cloud storage and internet-scale access control/privacyserverPHP, Javascript MIT ActivityPub, [22] diaspora, [22] OStatus, [22] Zot, [23] Zot6 [24] Extensivevia external connectors279 [25] stable
Mastodon microbloggingserver Ruby on Rails, React.js AGPL v3 ActivityPub YesYesAround 18,400 servers [26] stable
Minds Free, open source, decentralized, and based on a foundation of transparency and privacyserver, [27] front, [28] mobile app [29] PHP [27] [30] AGPL v3 [31] OpenSSL, RabbitMQ [32] Yes [33] Yes [34] beta
Misskey [35] [36] Microblogging social-networkserver, web-client Node.js, Typescript / JavaScript AGPL v3 ActivityPub YesYes, nodes supporting ActivityPub More than 700 instances [37] [38] stable
Movim XMPP client + Microbloggingserver and webclientPHP AGPL v3 XMPP YesXMPP16 'pods' [39] stable
Mobilizon Events & Communities (similar to Meetup.com), Groups, shared folders, Account Not Required (to search events), Multiple Profiles, anti-addiction-by-design (Saving Your Attention {"…not a social media, nor a hobby: it is a tool…"})}Server and…? [40] Phoenix (web framework) / Elixir (programming language), and Vue.js for UI/front-end AGPL v3 ActivityPub [41] Yes (but needs to be looked up to add here)ActivityPub83 'instances' listed on the site [42] stable 3.1.3 [43]
Nostr Open protocol that enables global, decentralized, and censorship-resistant social media.Servers (relays) and clientsMultiple implementationsPublic DomainNostrYesActivityPub & Minds Hundreds of relays stable
Peergos [44] P2P storage, social network, and application protocolp2p, server, web-clientJava, Go, JavascriptAGPLv3libp2p, bitswapYes (E2EE)Yes, via libp2pstable
Pleroma [45] Microblogging social-networkserver, web-client Elixir (programming language) AGPL v3 ActivityPub, Gopher [46] YesYes, ActivityPubOver 500 instances [47] stable
Plume [48] Federated blogging engineserver, web-client Rust (programming language) AGPL v3 ActivityPub YesYes, nodes supporting ActivityPub Around 12 instances [49] stable/beta (0.2.0 not released yet)
pump.io stream server supporting social networking capabilitiesserver, clients Node.js, JavaScript Apache 2.0pump.io API [50] YesYes72, [51] including Identi.ca stable
Retroshare Private messaging and VoIP, group chats, distributed forums, file transfersclient-server, [52] web interface Qt, C++ Various Open Source licenses (with some exceptions) [53] DHT, GPG, OpenSSL YesJust with apps based on the same API stable
Libervia (formerly "Salut à Toi") [54] [55] multi-frontends, microblogging, group microblogging, file sharing, games, XMPP clientXMPP client (multi-frontends), web server, SMTP/IMAP serverPython, C++ AGPL XMPP, and ActivityPub in beta as of 2022. [56] through XMPP groups, presence authorisationXMPP native federationdemo [57] alpha
Secure Scuttlebutt social networking, messaging, games, development toolsclient-server, [58] applications [59] JavaScript (reference implementation)Various FLOSS licensesSecret Handshake, [60] Scuttlebutt Protocol [61] End-to-end encryption for private messages.Peer-to-peer network. Limited outside syndication.stable
Socialhome [62] Microblogging, blogging, rich-text federated profiles, home page builder.ServerPython, JavaScript AGPL Diaspora, ActivityPub YesSocialhome.network

Other servers findable from The-Federation.info

alpha
Sone [63] microblogging, media library, decentralized spam protectionP2P client, web interfaceJava, Javascript GPL Freenet Yes, Multiple Anonymous Identities, private messages via the Freemail plugin with Forward secrecy Partial, Sone messages can be read from the FMS Forum systembeta
twtxt [64] microbloggingTerminalPython (reference implementation) MIT (reference implementation)HTTP(S), RESTNo ?Approximately 100 [65] alpha


Dead or stalled projects

Project NameFeaturesSoftware TypeProgramming LanguageLicenseProtocolsPrivacy Support Federation (with other applications or services)InstancesMaturity
6d [66] (Dead Project)Blog, media library, addressbook, themeable, private messagingserver [67] PHP MIT HTTP + REST, microformats [68] Addressbook to send posts to either individuals or groups.not yetdemo [69]
5 total		alpha
AetherPeer-to-peer, ephemeral, self-governing public communities with auditable and democratic moderation. [70] P2P client Go, JavaScript [71] AGPL v3 [72] Mim [73] Yesstable, no commit or post since 2021
Appleseed [74] Photos, Journals, Messaging, Groups, Privacy controls, Status Updates, Newsfeedsserver [75] PHP GPL v2QuickSocial [76] Friend circles used to categorize friends and restrict/allow accessInternally, others easily added (plugin architecture)Appleseed [77] Approximately 120 totalcancelled project
Buddycloud [78] [79] Personal and topic channels, Buddycloud directory, channel search, channel recommender, media server, friend-finder, mobile and email push service, location, messagingserver, [80] client [81] JavaScript, NodeJS, Java Apache 2.0 XMPP, [79] Buddycloud Protocol, [82] Atom, [83] Activity Streams, [84] Location Query[ clarification needed ]YesYesDomains running buddycloud: 90 [85] last update 2015
Cunity [86] Friends, Photo Album, Filesharing, Messaging, Pinboard, Newsfeed, Memberlist, Forum, Connecting Cunitiesserver, [86] client [86] PHP, Javascript, AJAX, JQuery AGPL v3HTTP, P2PYesConnecting P2PHosted on your own webspacebeta (v1.0)
Diaspora X2 [87] (Dead Project)client [88] using buddycloud for federation XMPP, buddycloud channels, [89] Activity Streams [87]  ? ?Diaspora X2 [90]  ?
Diatum [91] Supports contact and social media appsserver, [92] clients [93] [94] Java, Typescript Apache 2.0CoreDB [95] YesYesno commit since 2021, main repository removed, alpha 0.01 [96]
DiSo Project [97] WordPress plugins [98] microformats (XFN, hCard, XOXO), OpenID, OAuth, XMPP [97]  ? ? ?
Distributed Social Networking Protocol [99] DSNPd (server daemon), ChoiceSocial (web interface) [99] Distributed Social Networking Protocol [99] [100]  ? ?Friends in Feed, ChoiceSocial.net, DistribSocial.netbeta (v0.6)
Friend2Friend [101] Strong encryption, XML for all data exchange, Data is digitally signed LGPL Connect to known individuals. ?alpha (updated: 2009)
Jappix [102] XMPP client + Microbloggingserver, web client AGPL XMPP Excellent: based on presence authorizations ?demo [103] stable
Knowee [104] OpenID Signup, Activity Stream import and export, contact import from Web 2.0 services via XFN and FOAF, automatically updated address book from remote data sources, consolidated profile with RDF/FOAF export, personal SPARQL APIserver [105] PHP [105] W3C OpenID, FOAF  ? ?alpha
Kopal [106] OpenID Core, multiple profilesserver [107] Ruby MIT OpenID, Kopal Connect protocol, [108] Kopal Feed microformat [109]  ? ?alpha
Kune [110] real-time collaborative edition, XMPP chat, groups, calendar, lists, tasks, blogs, Apache Wave inbox (modern email), wave extensions (gadgets, robots), public webpages, profiles, galleries (photos, videos), maps, federation, usabilityserver, integrates Apache Wave Java-based GWT (generates AJAX) AGPL v3 XMPP, Wave Federation Protocol ExcellentTotal federation/interoperability with other Kune installations and Apache Wave accounts. XMPP chat interoperable with other XMPP-compliantkune.cc, [111] demo, [112] 3 in totalstable (updated: 2017)
Libertree [113] Social networkserver and webclient Ruby AGPL v3No3beta (updated: 2015)
Lorea [114] Profiles, microblogging, streams, groups, plugins, group mailing lists, tasks, calendar, subgroups, tagclouds Elgg, [115] plugins [116] GPL OpenID, Activity Streams, PubSubHubbub, WebID. Working on: OStatus [115] (60% production), XMPP/psyc (50% development), rdf+sparql (10% development)ExcellentSupported through plugin.5: project's group [117] stable (seems dead by 2016-12-28)
Mr. Privacy [118] SMTP, IMAP YesYes ?
Multichan [119] Anonymous textboard / imageboard network [120] server, webclient Python Public domain Multichan, Atom YesYes5-10 instances [121] paused on 2021-07-01, alpha 1.7 [119]
Newebe [122] one user = one node; microblogging, picture sharing, activity streamserver, web clientPython / CoffeescriptAGPL HTTP, REST APIalpha (updated: 2016)
NoseRub [123] sample server [124] NoseRub protocol / WebID [125]  ? ?demo [126]  ?
Numaverse [127] MicrobloggingP2P app"MIT" [128] Ethereum, IPFS, ActivityPub planned but never completedAlpha, no commits since April 2018
OneSocialWeb [129] Microblogging Openfire plugin, clients [130] Java Apache 2 XMPP, XMPP extensions [131] YesYesalpha
OpenAutonomy [132] Micro-blogging, RSS aggregation, Cloud storageserver, [133] web client, [133] non-web applications, [134] PHP (server), Javascript (web client), Java (native applications) MIT OpenAutonomy, XML-RPC Trusted user list and fine-grained trusted sub-groupsAll components intrinsically federated4 knownstable (r210) [133] (updated: 2015)
OpenLink Data Spaces (ODS) [135] Profile Management, Blogs, Wikis, Address Books, Calendars, Feed Aggregation, Discussion Forums (includes NNTP support), File Servers (WebDAV based Briefcase).Dual (Commercial and GPL for Open Source Edition) WebID, WebFinger, OpenID, OAuth, HTTP, SPARQL, Atom Publishing, PubSubHubbub, Semantic Pingback, OpenSocial, Social Graph API, Portable Contacts, more.WebID and othersYesid.myopenlink.net [136] among othersstable (updated: 2016)
OpenMicroBlogger User-toggleable "apps" to add/remove functionality. RSSCloud and partial OStatus (PubSubHubbub) federation as well as Open Microblogging 0.1. Local follow/unfollow. Facebook, Twitter, Flickr integration. (partial) Twitter API support. Fully Restful design, user interface consumes Rest API. MIT Open Microblogging 0.1, RSSCloud, (partial) OStatus (PubSubHubbub)YesYesalpha
Osadasocial network, microbloggingserverPHP, JavaScriptZot/6, ActivityPubExtensiveEveryone connected to ActivityPub ?unmaintained
Project Danube1) Sharing personal data with companies/organizations
2) Sharing personal data with "friends"
3) Use of personal data for "personal applications"		TBD, likely Eclipse or Apache OStatus, OAuth 2.0, WebFinger, hCard, Portable Contacts, XRI, XDI, PubSubHubbub, Salmon  ? StatusNet and Cliqset, among othersalpha
Project Nori OStatus, OAuth, Portable Contacts, WebFinger, and other open protocols ?Yesalpha
psycedprofiles, chat, microbloggingserver, clients optionalLPC [137] GPL v2
MIT [138] 		PSYC, XMPP, IRC, TELNET, HTTP, Applet, SMTP, WAP, RSS OTR, friends-only functions and profile, secret chatrooms, presence, tor integrationPSYC and XMPP5 public known ones in 2016 [139] stable (updated: 2016)
postActivmicrobloggingserver, web clientPHP, JavascriptOStatus, ActivityPub and Zot support proposed but never implementedhomepage and code forge went offline late 2019
Prismo [140] link sharingserver, web clientRuby AGPL v3ActivityPubNo commits since May 2019
Safebook [141] GPL Extensive, including communication untraceability ?demo [142] beta [143]
SMOBmicroblogging FOAF  ? ?unmaintained
Social-Igniter [144] friends, places, status, comments, modular apps (messages, blog, cart, media), themes, mobile themes, 3rd party integration (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), editable widgets,server GPL Webfinger, PubSubHubbub, OpenID, OAuth, Activity Streams YesYes3alpha
SocialRiver [145] GPL
AGPL 		OStatus, [146] OpenID, will add support for OAuth Private Messaging, Privacy ControlsYes ?
SocialZE [147] server, web clientOSMP (Open Social Message Protocol)Yes ?alpha
Sonic [148] [149] [ citation needed ]Federation protocol for OSN servicesAPI, SDKPHP / JSON MIT Yesbeta (updated: 2018)
Synology applications packageChat, Photo Album Filesharing, Calendar, Video player, office suit, Notes, MailserverServer and (mobile) clients?ProprietaryJumpChat, Appear.in, AD/LDAPYesNoStable, some beta
Tent [150] Profiles, Developer-extensible Post and Profile Types, Data Import, Groups, Privacy Controls, Content versioningserver, [151] clients [152] Ruby (reference implementations) MIT (reference implementation)Tent, HTTPS Yes Granular permissions (Access Control Lists for all content)YesTent.isalpha (0.2)
Thimbl [153] microblogging Finger, SSH  ?Planned for futurealpha
Twister [154] microbloggingP2P client, web interfaceC++, Javascript MIT and BSD Bitcoin, Torrent, DHT Yes End-to-end encryption for private messagesnot yetbeta, abandoned by author in 2020, no issues closed or commits since 2022
Zapsocial network, microblogging, cloud storageserverPHP, JavaScript MIT Zot/6, ActivityPubExtensiveYes ?stable, repository deleted [155]

Other federated communication or storage solutions

Project NameFeaturesSoftware TypeProgramming LanguageLicenseProtocolsPrivacy Support Federation (with other applications or services)InstancesMaturity
Element FOSS Chat with strong encryptionWeb client, desktop app, android app, ios appJavaScript, ObjectiveC, Swift, Java, KotlinApache License 2.0 Matrix protocolYes. e2ee in Personal message by default. e2ee must be enabled for group chatFreenode, snoonet, gitter, OFTC. Can bridge to many other services2117 matrix nodes [156] stable
Lemmy Social news or internet forum (like Reddit)server and webclient Rust, Actix, Diesel, Inferno, Typescript [157] AGPL v3 ActivityPub Development not yet complete, more privacy options are likely to be implemented.Yeslemmy.ml and morestable
Nextcloud online storage, data synchronization, file encryption, calendar, task scheduler, address book, media streaming, content sharing, bookmarking, photo gallery, video viewer, RSS/Atom feed reader, drawing, polls, markdown editing, Collabora office suite, mind mapping, notes, PDF viewer, 2FA, custom terms of service, maps, and many moreserver, client, web client, mobile apps PHP, JavaScript GNU AGPLv3 WebDAV, HTTP, OAuth, OpenID YesYesservice providersstable
ownCloud online storage, data synchronization, file encryption, calendar, task scheduler, address book, media streaming, content sharing, bookmarking, photo gallery, video viewer, RSS/Atom feed readerserver, client, web-client PHP, JavaScript AGPL v3 WebDAV, Federated Cloud Sharing API, [158] Open Collaboration Services YesYesservice providers [159] stable
SparkleShare [160] Collaboration and sharing tool inspired by DropboxPython (Nautilus plugin), C# (rest)GPLv3SSHYes, encryption optionplannedalpha

See also

Related Research Articles

The tables below compare general and technical information for some notable active microblogging services, and also social network services that have status updates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elgg (software)</span> Open source social networking software

Elgg is open source social networking software that provides individuals and organizations with the components needed to create an online social environment. It offers blogging, microblogging, file sharing, networking, groups and a number of other features. It was also the first platform to bring ideas from commercial social networking platforms to educational software.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diaspora (social network)</span> Nonprofit, user-owned, distributed social network

Diaspora is a nonprofit, user-owned, distributed social network. It consists of a group of independently owned nodes which interoperate to form the network. The social network is not owned by any one person or entity, keeping it from being subject to corporate take-overs or advertising. According to its developer, "our distributed design means no big corporation will ever control Diaspora."

OStatus is an open standard for decentralized social networking, allowing users on one service to send and receive status updates with users from another. The standard describes how a suite of various standards, including Atom, Activity Streams, WebSub, Salmon, and WebFinger, can be used together, which enables different microblogging server implementations to communicate status updates between their users back-and-forth, in near real-time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Distributed Social Networking Protocol</span>

Distributed Social Networking Protocol (DSNP) is an open-source social media protocol designed to decentralize data ownership, enable seamless cross-platform interaction, and allow users to regain control over their personal data, including posts, connections, and messages. This decentralized approach allows users to retain ownership of their information and move it between platforms without relying on a single provider.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Friendica</span> Free software for distributed social networks

Friendica is a free and open-source software distributed social network. It forms one part of the Fediverse, an interconnected and decentralized network of independently operated servers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twister (software)</span> Decentralized microblogging software

Twister is a decentralized and experimental peer-to-peer microblogging program which uses end-to-end encryption to safeguard communications. Based on BitTorrent and Bitcoin-like protocols, it has been likened to a distributed version of Twitter.

pump.io Decentralized social network and protocol

pump.io is a software package containing a social networking service and communication protocol that can be used as a federated social network. Started by Evan Prodromou, it is a follow-up to his previous microblogging software StatusNet and its OStatus protocol. It is designed to be more lightweight and usable for general activity streams instead of the predecessor's focus on microblogging timelines, with its goal being to achieve "most of what people want from a social network".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Movim</span>

Movim is a distributed social network built on top of XMPP, a popular open standards communication protocol. Movim is a free and open source software licensed under the AGPL-3.0-or-later license. It can be accessed using existing XMPP clients and Jabber accounts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mastodon (social network)</span> Open source, self-hosted, social media service

Mastodon is an open source, self-hosted, social networking service. Mastodon uses the ActivityPub protocol for federation which allows users to communicate between independent Mastodon instances and other ActivityPub compatible services. Mastodon has microblogging features similar to Twitter, and is generally considered to be a part of the Fediverse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fediverse</span> Network of federated social media platforms

The fediverse is a collection of social networking services that can communicate with each other using a common protocol. Users of different websites can send and receive status updates, multimedia files and other data across the network. The term fediverse is a portmanteau of "federation" and "universe".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ActivityPub</span> Decentralized social networking protocol

ActivityPub is a protocol and open standard for decentralized social networking. It provides a client-to-server API for creating and modifying content, as well as a federated server-to-server (S2S) protocol for delivering notifications and content to other servers. ActivityPub has become the main standard used in the fediverse, a popular network used for social networking that consists of software such as Mastodon, Pixelfed and PeerTube.

Secure Scuttlebutt (SSB) is a peer-to peer communication protocol, mesh network, and self-hosted social media ecosystem. Each user hosts their own content and the content of the peers they follow, which provides fault tolerance and eventual consistency. Messages are digitally signed and added to an append-only list of messages published by an author. SSB is primarily used for implementing distributed social networks, and utilizes cryptography to assure that content remains unforged as it is propagated through the network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleroma (software)</span> Self-hosted social networking software

Pleroma is a free and open-source microblogging social networking service. Unlike popular microblogging services such as Twitter or Weibo, Pleroma can be self-hosted and operated by anyone with a server and a web domain, a combination commonly referred to as an instance. Instance administrators can manage their own code of conduct, terms of service, and content moderation policies, allowing users to have more control over the content they view as well as their experience. It was named after the religious concept of pleroma, or the totality of divine powers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bluesky</span> Social media service

Bluesky is a microblogging social media service. Similar to Twitter, users can share short text messages, images, and videos in short posts colloquially known as "skeets". It is owned by Bluesky Social PBC, a public benefit corporation based in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lemmy (social network)</span> Open source social media software

Lemmy is a free and open-source software for running self-hosted social news aggregation and discussion forums. These hosts, known as "instances", communicate with each other using the ActivityPub protocol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobilizon</span> Open source event planning software

Mobilizon is an open source software for event planning and group management, launched in October 2020 by Framasoft to offer a free alternative to the platforms of GAFAM. Mobilizon gained much visibility in hacker circles relatively fast, but also soon within cultural scene in Europe and more recently in the mainstream IT media.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nostr</span> Decentralized social networking protocol

Nostr is an open protocol for decentralized message transmission, with the intention to be able to resist internet censorship while maintaining session integrity. The protocol achieves decentralization through users publishing content via a cryptographic key pair to various "relays", a WebSocket server which produces an activity stream of received content from users that subscribe to it. This allows the network to verify users and achieve account portability on Nostr, as users have to sign all posts using their key pair to utilize its identity. This requires users maintaining personal copies of their keys to have complete control over its identity, however services using Nostr can "remember" a private key for repeated use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Misskey</span> Open source, federated, social networking service

Misskey is an open source, federated, social networking service created in 2014 by Japanese software engineer Eiji "syuilo" Shinoda. Misskey uses the ActivityPub protocol for federation, allowing users to interact between independent Misskey instances, and other ActivityPub compatible platforms. Misskey is generally considered to be part of the Fediverse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AT Protocol</span> Decentralized social networking protocol

The AT Protocol is a protocol and open standard for decentralized social networking services. It is under development by Bluesky Social PBC, a public benefit corporation originally created as an independent research group within Twitter to investigate the possibility of decentralizing the service.

References

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