Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)

Cornwall
Former County constituency for the House of Commons
County	Cornwall
1290–1832
Seats	Two
Replaced by	East Cornwall and West Cornwall

Cornwall is a former county constituency covering the county of Cornwall, in the South West of England. It was a constituency of the House of Commons of England then of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. It was represented by two Knights of the Shire, elected by the bloc vote system.

Under the Reform Act 1832, it was divided between the constituencies of East Cornwall and West Cornwall.

Boundaries and franchise

The constituency consisted of the whole of the historic county of Cornwall, the most south-westerly county of England, occupying the part of the South West peninsula to the west of the River Tamar which divides the county from Devon. (Although Cornwall contained a number of parliamentary boroughs, each of which elected two MPs in their own right, these were not excluded from the county constituency, and owning property within a borough could confer a vote at the county election. For a summary of the boroughs represented before 1832 see Parliamentary representation from Cornwall.)

As in other county constituencies the franchise between 1430 and 1832 was defined by the Forty Shilling Freeholder Act, which gave the right to vote to every man who possessed freehold property within the county valued at £2 or more per year for the purposes of land tax; it was not necessary for the freeholder to occupy his land, nor even in later years to be resident in the county at all.

By the time of the Great Reform Act in 1832, the population of Cornwall was about 300,000. Only a tiny fraction of these were entitled to vote. Sedgwick estimated there were about 2,300 electors in this constituency in the 1715–1754 period, and Namier and Brooke suggest this had increased to about 2,500 electors in the 1754–1790 period. At the vigorously contested election of 1790, when a high turnout can be assumed, 4,656 valid votes were cast (each voter being entitled to vote twice). At Cornwall's final election, in 1831, 5,350 votes were cast.

Members of Parliament

• Constituency created (1290)

1290–1510

Parliament	First member	Second member
1298	Thomas Pridias [1]
1301	Michael Petyt
1307	Henry Bodrugan
1314	Michael Petyt
1324	Otto Bodrugan	William Hureward
1336	William Bodrugan	Richard Hiwis
1337	William Bodrugan	Richard Hiwis
1341	Ralph Speccot [2] of Speccot, Merton, Devon
1357	John Hamely [3]
1360	John Hamely [3]
1362	John Hamely [3]
1366	John de Tremayne [4]
1369	Otto Bodrugan	Robert Tresilian [5] /John de Tremayne [4]
1380	Warin Archdeacon
1382	Warin Archdeacon
1383 (Feb)	Michael Archdeacon
1384	Otto Bodrugan
1386	Sir Ralph Carminowe	John Beville [6]
1388 (Feb)	Sir Henry Ilcombe	Sir John Reskymer [6]
1388 (Sep)	Sir William Lambourne	Sir John Reskymer [6]
1390 (Jan)	Sir Richard Cergeaux	Sir William Lambourne [6]
1390 (Nov)	Sir John Reskymer [6]	Michael Archdeacon
1391	John Colshull	John Treverbyn [6]
1393	John Trevarthian	John Treverbyn [6]
1394	John Colshull	John Treverbyn [6]
1395	Sir Henry Ilcombe	John Chenduyt [6]
1397 (Jan)	John Arundell of Lanherne	John Colshull [6]
1397 (Sep)	John Arundell of Lanherne	John Trevarthian [6]
1399	Sir William Lambourne	John Colshull [6]
1401	Sir John Trevarthian	William Bodrugan [6]
1402	Sir William Talbot	John Whalesborough [6]
1404 (Jan)	Sir John Arundell of Lanherne	John Chenduyt [6]
1404 (Oct)	Sir John Arundell of Lanherne	Sir Ralph Botreaux [6]
1406	Sir John Arundell of Lanherne	Nicholas Broomford [6]
1407	John Chenduyt	Richard Trevanion [6]
1410	Sir Ralph Botreaux	Sir John Herle [6]
1411	Sir John Arundell of Lanherne	John Urban [6]
1413 (May)	John Wybbury	John Trelawny [6]
1414 (Apr)	Sir John Arundell of Lanherne	John Colshull II [6]
1414 (Nov)	Sir William Talbot	John Colshull II [6]
1416 (Mar)	Sir John Arundell of Lanherne	William Bodrugan II [6]
1416 (Oct)
1417	Sir John Arundell of Lanherne	Thomas Arundell [6]
1419	John Arundell	Sir Thomas Arundell [6]
1420	Sir William Bodrugan	John Tretherf [6]
1421 (May)	Sir John Arundell of Lanherne	Sir John Trelawny [6]
1421 (Dec)	Sir John Trelawny	John Arundell [6]
1422	Sir John Arundell of Lanherne	John Arundell [6]
1423	Sir John Arundell of Lanherne
1429	Sir Thomas Arundell
1435	Sir Thomas Arundell
1437	Nicholas Aysshton
1439	Nicholas Aysshton
1453–4	John Coleshill, of Duloe, Cornwall [7]
1472	Sir Henry Bodrugan
1478	Sir Thomas Vaughan [8]
1483	John Beaumont alias Bodrugan	James Tyrrell
1484	John Beaumont alias Bodrugan

1510–1629

As there were sometimes significant gaps between Parliaments held in this period, the dates of first assembly and dissolution are given. Where the name of the member has not yet been ascertained or (before 1558) is not recorded in a surviving document, the entry unknown is entered in the table.

The Roman numerals after some names are those used in The House of Commons 1509–1558 to distinguish a member from another politician of the same name.

In 1529 alternative versions are given of the names for one member. The first comes from the above book on the House of Commons. The second originates from another source.

Elected	Assembled	Dissolved	First Member	Second Member
1510	21 January 1510	23 February 1510	unknown	unknown
1512	4 February 1512	4 March 1514	unknown	unknown
1515	5 February 1515	22 December 1515	Sir Peter Edgecombe	unknown
1523	15 April 1523	13 August 1523	unknown	unknown
1529	3 November 1529	14 April 1536	Sir Peter Edgecombe	Richard Grenville
1536	8 June 1536	18 July 1536	unknown	unknown
1539	28 April 1539	24 July 1540	Sir John Chamond	William Godolphin I
1542	16 January 1542	28 March 1544	Richard Edgcumbe	unknown
1545	23 November 1545	31 January 1547	Richard Chamond	John Beauchamp
1547	4 November 1547	15 April 1552	(Sir) Richard Edgecumbe	John Reskymer
1553	1 March 1553	31 March 1553	(Sir) William Godolphin I	Henry Chiverton
1553	5 October 1553	5 December 1553	John Carminowe	Richard Roscarrock
1554	2 April 1554	3 May 1554	Sir John Arundell
1554	12 November 1554	16 January 1555	? Thomas Trefry I	Henry Chiverton
1555	21 October 1555	9 December 1555	Richard Chamond
1558	20 January 1558	17 November 1558	John Arundell	John Polwhele
1559	23 January 1559	8 May 1559	John Trelawny	Richard Chamond
1562 or 1563	11 January 1563	2 January 1567	Peter Edgcumbe	John Trelawny died and repl. 1566 by Richard Chamond
1571	2 April 1571	29 May 1571	Richard Grenville	William Mohun
1572	8 May 1572	19 April 1583	Peter Edgcumbe to 1581 (Unknown from 1581)	Richard Chamond
1584	23 November 1584	14 September 1585	Richard Grenville	(Sir) William Mohun
1586	13 October 1586	23 March 1587	Peter Edgcumbe
1588	4 February 1589	29 March 1589		Sir Francis Godolphin
1593	18 February 1593	10 April 1593		William Bevil
1597	24 October 1597	9 February 1598	William Killigrew	Jonathan Trelawny
1601	27 October 1601	19 December 1601	Sir Walter Raleigh	John Arundell
1604	19 March 1604	9 February 1611	Sir Anthony Rous	Sir Jonathan Trelawny died 1604 Sir William Godolphin
1614	5 April 1614	7 June 1614	Richard Carew	John St Aubyn
1620 or 1621	16 January 1621	8 February 1622	Bevil Grenville	John Arundell
1623 or 1624	12 February 1624	27 March 1625		William Coryton
1625	17 May 1625	12 August 1625	Sir Robert Killigrew	Charles Trevanion
1626	6 February 1626	15 June 1626	Sir Francis Godolphin	William Coryton
1628	17 March 1628	10 March 1629	Sir John Eliot

1640–1832

Year			First member	First party	Second member	Second party
		April 1640	William Godolphin		Richard Buller	Parliamentarian
		November 1640	Sir Bevil Grenville	Royalist	Alexander Carew	Royalist [9]
		September 1642	Grenville disabled to sit – seat vacant
		September 1643			Carew expelled – seat vacant
		1646	Hugh Boscawen [10]		Nicholas Trefusis
		December 1648	Boscawen not recorded as sitting after Pride's Purge		Trefusis excluded in Pride's Purge – seat vacant

• Representation increased to four seats in Barebones Parliament

Year	First member	Second member	Third member	Fourth member
1653	Robert Bennet	Francis Langdon	Anthony Rous	John Bawden

• Representation increased to eight seats in First and Second Protectorate Parliaments

Year	First member	Second member	Third member	Fourth member	Fifth member	Sixth member	Seventh member	Eighth member
1654	Anthony Rous	Anthony Nicholl	Thomas Silly	Richard Carter	Walter Moyle	Charles Boscawen	Thomas Gewen	James Launce
1656						Francis Rous	William Braddon	John St Aubyn

• Representation restored to two seats in Third Protectorate Parliament

Year			First member	First party	Second member	Second party
		January 1659	Hugh Boscawen		Francis Buller
		Cornwall not represented in restored Rump
		April 1660	Sir John Carew, Bt		Robert Robartes
		September 1660			Hugh Boscawen
		1661	Jonathan Trelawny		Sir John Coryton, Bt
		1679	Francis Robartes		Sir Richard Edgcumbe
		May 1685	Lord Lansdown		Viscount Bodmin
		August 1685			Francis Robartes
		1689	Sir John Carew, Bt		Hugh Boscawen [10]
		1690	Francis Robartes
		1695	John Speccot
		June 1701			Richard Edgcumbe	Whig
		December 1701	John Granville		James Buller
		1703	Sir Richard Vyvyan, Bt	Tory
		1703			Hugh Boscawen	Whig
		1708	James Buller
		1710	George Granville	Tory	John Trevanion [11]	Tory
		1712	Sir Richard Vyvyan, Bt
		1713	Sir William Carew, Bt	Tory
		1722			Sir John St Aubyn, Bt	Tory
		April 1744	Sir Coventry Carew, Bt	Tory
		December 1744			Sir John Molesworth, Bt	Tory
		1748	James Buller	Tory
		1761			Sir John St Aubyn, Bt
		1765	Sir John Molesworth, Bt
		1772			Humphrey Mackworth-Praed
		1774			Sir William Lemon, Bt	Whig
		1775	Edward Eliot
		1784	Sir William Molesworth, Bt
		1790	Francis Gregor	Tory
		1806	John Hearle Tremayne	Tory
		1825			Sir Richard Rawlinson Vyvyan, Bt	Tory
		1826	Edward William Wynne Pendarves	Whig
		1831			Sir Charles Lemon, Bt	Whig

• Constituency abolished (1832)

Elections

The bloc vote electoral system was used in two seat elections and first past the post for single member by-elections. Each elector had as many votes as there were seats to be filled. Votes had to be cast by a spoken declaration, in public, at the hustings, which were usually held at the county town. The expense and difficulty of voting at only one location in the county, together with the lack of a secret ballot contributed to the corruption and intimidation of electors, which was widespread in the unreformed British political system.

The expense, to candidates and their supporters, of contested elections encouraged the leading families of the county to agree on the candidates to be returned unopposed whenever possible. Contested county elections were therefore unusual.

There were no contested general election polls in Cornwall between 1710 and 1774. Leading Whig politicians, like Sir Robert Walpole, were happy to let Tory squires represent the county; to avoid them interfering with Whig plans in the county's numerous borough constituencies. The related families of Carew, Molesworth, St Aubyn and Buller monopolised the representation for much of the 18th century, until the partners in the Miners' Bank at Truro, Humphrey Mackworth Praed and William Lemon, became involved in elections in the 1770s.

Note on percentage change calculations: Where there was only one candidate of a party in successive elections, for the same number of seats, change is calculated on the party percentage vote. Where there was more than one candidate, in one or both successive elections for the same number of seats, then change is calculated on the individual percentage vote.

Note on sources: The information for the election results given below is taken from Sedgwick 1715–1754, Namier and Brooke 1754–1790 and Stooks Smith 1790–1832.

1710s – 1720s – 1730s – 1740s – 1750s – 1760s – 1770s – 1780s – 1790s – 1800s – 1810s – 1820s – 1830s

Elections in the 1710s

General election 16 February 1715: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Sir William Carew, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	John Trevanion	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

Elections in the 1720s

General election 2 May 1722: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Sir William Carew, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	Sir John St Aubyn, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

General election 13 September 1727: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Sir William Carew, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	Sir John St Aubyn, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

Elections in the 1730s

General election 15 May 1734: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Sir William Carew, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	Sir John St Aubyn, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

Elections in the 1740s

General election 20 May 1741: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Sir William Carew, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	Sir John St Aubyn, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

• Death of Carew

By-Election 4 April 1744: Cornwall

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Sir Coventry Carew, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory hold		Swing	N/A

• Death of St Aubyn

By-Election 12 December 1744: Cornwall

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Sir John Molesworth, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory hold		Swing	N/A

General election 22 July 1747: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Sir Coventry Carew, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	Sir John Molesworth, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

• Death of Carew

By-Election 27 April 1748: Cornwall

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	James Buller	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory hold		Swing	N/A

Elections in the 1750s

General election 1 May 1754: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Sir John Molesworth, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	James Buller	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

Elections in the 1760s

General election 8 April 1761: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Nonpartisan	Sir John St Aubyn, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	James Buller	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

• Death of Buller

By-Election 15 May 1765: Cornwall

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Nonpartisan	John Molesworth	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Nonpartisan gain from Tory		Swing	N/A

General election 29 March 1768: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Nonpartisan	Sir John St Aubyn, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Nonpartisan	Sir John Molesworth, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

Elections in the 1770s

• Death of St Aubyn

By-Election 16 December 1772: Cornwall

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Nonpartisan	Humphrey Mackworth Praed	Elected	N/A	N/A
	Nonpartisan	William Lemon	Defeated		N/A
	Nonpartisan hold		Swing	N/A

General election 25 October 1774: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Nonpartisan	Sir William Lemon, Bt	1,099	27.48	N/A
	Nonpartisan	Sir John Molesworth	1,050	26.26	N/A
	Nonpartisan	John Buller, junior	960	24.01	N/A
	Nonpartisan	Humphrey Mackworth Praed	890	22.26	N/A
Turnout			3,999	N/A	N/A

• Death of Molesworth

By-Election 15 November 1775: Cornwall

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Nonpartisan	Edward Eliot	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Nonpartisan hold		Swing	N/A

Elections in the 1780s

General election 13 September 1780: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Nonpartisan	Sir William Lemon, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Nonpartisan	Edward Eliot	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

• Creation of Eliot as 1st Lord Eliot

By-Election 25 February 1784: Cornwall

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Nonpartisan	Sir William Molesworth, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Nonpartisan hold		Swing	N/A

General election 21 April 1784: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Nonpartisan	Sir William Molesworth, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Nonpartisan	Sir William Lemon, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

Elections in the 1790s

General election 1790: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Sir William Lemon, Bt	2,250	48.32	N/A
	Tory	Francis Gregor	1,270	27.28	N/A
	Whig	Sir Jonathan St Aubyn, Bt	1,136	24.40	N/A
Turnout			4,656	N/A	N/A

• Note (1790): This was the first election, for this constituency, where Stooks Smith used party labels for candidates.

General election 1796: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Sir William Lemon, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	Francis Gregor	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

Elections in the 1800s

General election 1802: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Sir William Lemon, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	Francis Gregor	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

General election 1806: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Sir William Lemon, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	John Hearle Tremayne	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

General election 1807: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Sir William Lemon, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	John Hearle Tremayne	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

Elections in the 1810s

General election 1812: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Sir William Lemon, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	John Hearle Tremayne	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

General election 1818: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Sir William Lemon, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	John Hearle Tremayne	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

Elections in the 1820s

General election 1820: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Sir William Lemon, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory	John Hearle Tremayne	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

• Death of Lemon

By-Election February 1825: Cornwall

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Sir Richard Rawlinson Vyvyan, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Tory gain from Whig		Swing	N/A

General election 1826: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Sir Richard Rawlinson Vyvyan, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Whig	Edward William Wynne Pendarves	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

Elections in the 1830s

General election 1830: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Tory	Sir Richard Rawlinson Vyvyan, Bt	Unopposed	N/A	N/A
	Whig	Edward William Wynne Pendarves	Unopposed	N/A	N/A

General election 1831: Cornwall (2 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Edward William Wynne Pendarves	1,819	35.42	N/A
	Whig	Sir Charles Lemon, Bt	1,804	35.13	N/A
	Tory	Sir Richard Rawlinson Vyvyan, Bt	901	17.55	N/A
	Tory	Viscount Valletort	611	11.90	N/A
Majority			903	17.58	N/A
	Whig gain from Tory		Swing
Turnout			5,135	N/A	N/A

• Note (1831): Stooks Smith records that the poll took five days.
• Constituency divided (1832)

See also

• Cornwall portal

• List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
• Unreformed House of Commons
• Parliamentary representation from Cornwall

References

Sources

• D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
• Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) ^[12]
• F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
• J E Neale, The Elizabethan House of Commons (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949)
• Historical Parliamentary Papers at British History Online
• The House of Commons 1509–1558, by S.T. Bindoff (Secker & Warburg 1982)
• The House of Commons 1715–1754, by Romney Sedgwick (HMSO 1970)
• The House of Commons 1754–1790, by Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke (HMSO 1964)
• The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973))
• Willis, Browne (1750). Notitia Parliamentaria, Part II: A Series or Lists of the Representatives in the several Parliaments held from the Reformation 1541, to the Restoration 1660 ... London. p.  1.
• Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "C" (part 6)

Notes in text

1. Maclean, Sir John, Parochial and Family History of the Deanery of Trigg Minor, in the County of Cornwall, Vol.2, London, 1876.
2. "Ranulphus" perVivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, p.706; "Raph" per Pole, Sir William (d.1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, Sir John-William de la Pole (ed.), London, 1791, p.381
3. "HAMELY (HAMYLYN), Sir John (aft.1324–1399), of Wimborne St. Giles, Dorset". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
4. Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, p.730, pedigree of Tremayne
5. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 55. Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 318. ISBN   0-19-861405-5.Article by John L. Leland.
6. "History of Parliament: Cornwall" . Retrieved 11 September 2011.
7. Richardson, Douglas, Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 2nd Edition, p.144
8. "Vaughan,Sir Thomas" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28147 . Retrieved 2 December 2011.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
9. Carew is classified as a Royalist by Brunton and Pennington on the grounds thathe was disabled for adhering to the king. However, he began the Civil War as a Parliamentarian and was appointed to the governorship of a crucial stronghold; he attempted to betray this to the Royalists when it seemed that their cause was prospering, but being discovered was arrested, disabled, and later executed as a traitor.
10. This Hugh Boscawen was NOT Hugh Boscawen, the first Earl of Falmouth, mentioned below.
11. This John Trevanion was NOT John Trevanion, the Civil War hero, who died in 1643.
12. "Cobbett's Parliamentary History (A-Z)". www2.odl.ox.ac.uk. 2007. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2013.