Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013

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The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013
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Parliament of India
  • An Act further to amend the Indian Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012.
Citation Act No. 13 of 2013
Territorial extent India
Passed by Lok Sabha
Passed19 March 2013
Passed by Rajya Sabha
Passed21 March 2013
Assented to2 April 2013
Commenced3 April 2013 [1]
Status: In force

The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 (Nirbhaya Act) is an Indian legislation passed by the Lok Sabha on 19 March 2013, and by the Rajya Sabha on 21 March 2013, which provides for amendment of Indian Penal Code, Indian Evidence Act, and Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 on laws related to sexual offences. [2] [3] [4] The Bill received Presidential assent on 2 April 2013 and was deemed to be effective from 3 February 2013. It was originally an Ordinance promulgated by the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee, on 3 February 2013, in light of the protests in the 2012 Delhi gang rape case. [5] [6]

Contents

Background

On 16 December 2012 a female physiotherapy intern [7] was beaten and gang raped in Delhi. She died from her injuries thirteen days later, despite receiving treatment in India and Singapore. The incident generated international coverage and was condemned by the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, who called on the Government of India and the Government of Delhi "to do everything in their power to take up radical reforms, ensure justice and reach out with robust public services to make women’s lives more safe and secure". [8] Public protests took place in Delhi, where thousands of protesters clashed with security forces. Similar protests took place in major cities throughout the country.

Six days after the incident, on 22 December 2012, the central government appointed a judicial committee headed by J. S. Verma, a former Judge of Supreme Court, to suggest amendments to criminal law to sternly deal with sexual assault cases. The committee, which also included retired judge Leila Seth and leading advocate Gopal Subramaniam, was given a month to submit its report. The Committee submitted its report within 29 days, on 23 January 2013, supposedly after considering the 80,000 suggestions and petitions received by them during that same period from the public in general and particularly from jurists, lawyers, NGOs and women's groups. [9] [10] The report indicated that failures on the part of the Government and Police were the root cause behind crimes against women. Major suggestions of the report included the need to review AFSPA in conflict areas, maximum punishment for rape as life imprisonment and not death penalty, clear ambiguity over control of Delhi Police etc. [11] [12]

The Cabinet Ministers on 1 February 2013 approved for bringing an ordinance, for giving effect to the changes in law as suggested by the Verma Committee Report. [13] According to former [14] Minister of Law and Justice, Ashwani Kumar, 90 percent of the suggestions given by the Verma Committee Report have been incorporated into the Ordinance. [15] The ordinance was subsequently replaced by a Bill with numerous changes, which was passed by the Lok Sabha on 19 March 2013. [16]

The Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013

New offences

This new Act has expressly recognised certain acts as offences which were dealt under related laws. These new offences like, acid attack, sexual harassment, voyeurism, stalking have been incorporated into the Indian Penal Code:

SectionOffencePunishmentNotes
326A Acid attack Imprisonment not less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and with fine which shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and it shall be paid to the victimGender neutral
326BAttempt to Acid attackImprisonment not less than five years but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fineGender neutral
354A Sexual harassment Rigorous imprisonment up to three years, or with fine, or with both in case of offence described in clauses (i), (ii) or (iii)

Imprisonment up to one year, or with fine, or with both in other cases

Only protects women. Provisions are:
  1. physical contact and advances involving unwelcome and explicit sexual overtures; or
  2. a demand or request for sexual favours; or
  3. forcibly showing pornographys; or
  4. making sexually coloured remark; or
  5. any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature.
354BAct with intent to disrobe a womanImprisonment not less than three years but which may extend to seven years and with fine.Only protects women against anyone who "Assaults or uses criminal force to any woman or abets such act with the intention of disrobing or compelling her to be naked."
354C Voyeurism In case of first conviction, imprisonment not less than one year, but which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine, and be punished on a second or subsequent conviction, with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than three years, but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.Only protects women. The prohibited action is defines thus: "Watching or capturing a woman in “private act”, which includes an act of watching carried out in a place which, in the circumstances, would reasonably be expected to provide privacy, and where the victim's genitals, buttocks or breasts are exposed or covered only in underwear; or the victim is using a lavatory; or the person is doing a sexual act that is not of a kind ordinarily done in public."
354D Stalking Imprisonment not less than one year but which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fineOnly protects women from being stalked by men. The prohibited action is defined thus: "To follow a woman and contact, or attempt to contact such woman to foster personal interaction repeatedly despite a clear indication of disinterest by such woman; or monitor the use by a woman of the internet, email or any other form of electronic communication. There are exceptions to this section which include such act being in course of preventing or detecting a crime authorised by State or in compliance of certain law or was reasonable and justified."

Changes in law

Section 370 of Indian Penal Code (IPC) has been substituted with new sections, 370 and 370A which deals with trafficking of person for exploitation. If a person (a) recruits, (b) transports, (c) harbours, (d) transfers, or (e) receives, a person, by using threats, or force, or coercion, or abduction, or fraud, or deception, or by abuse of power, or inducement for exploitation including prostitution, slavery, forced organ removal, etc. will be punished with imprisonment ranging from at least 7 years to imprisonment for the remainder of that person's natural life depending on the number or category of persons trafficked. [17] Employment of a trafficked person will attract penal provision as well. [17]

The most important change that has been made is the change in definition of rape under IPC. Although the Ordinance sought to change the word rape to sexual assault, in the Act the word 'rape' has been retained in Section 375, and was extended to include acts in addition to vaginal penetration. The definition is broadly worded with acts like penetration of penis into the vagina, urethra, anus or mouth; or any object or any part of body to any extent, into the vagina, urethra or anus of another woman or making another person do so; to apply mouth or touching private parts constitutes the offence of sexual assault. The section has also clarified that penetration means "penetration to any extent", and lack of physical resistance is immaterial for constituting an offence. Except in certain aggravated situations the punishment will be imprisonment not less than seven years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. In aggravated situations, punishment will be rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.

A new section, 376A has been added which states that if a person committing the offence of sexual assault, "inflicts an injury which causes the death of the person or causes the person to be in a persistent vegetative state, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than twenty years, but which may extend to imprisonment for life, which shall mean the remainder of that person’s natural life, or with death." [18] In case of "gang rape", persons involved regardless of their gender shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than twenty years, but which may extend to life and shall pay compensation to the victim which shall be reasonable to meet the medical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim. The age of consent in India has been increased to 18 years, which means any sexual activity irrespective of presence of consent with a woman below the age of 18 will constitute statutory rape.

Certain changes has been introduced in the CrPC and Evidence Act, like the process of recording the statement of the victim has been made more victim friendly and easy but the two critical changes are: 1. the 'character of the victim' is now rendered totally irrelevant, and 2. there is now a presumption of 'no consent' in a case where sexual intercourse is proved and the victim states in the court that she did not consent.

Criticisms

The law has been severely criticized for being gender biased and giving women the legal authority to commit exactly the same crimes (against which they seek protection) against men with impunity. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 has been strongly criticised by several human rights and women's rights organisations for not including certain suggestions recommended by the Verma Committee Report like, marital rape, reduction of age of consent[ failed verification ], amending Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act so that no sanction is needed for prosecuting an armed force personnel accused of a crime against woman. [19] [20] [21] The Government of India, replied that it has not rejected the suggestions fully, but changes can be made after proper discussion. [22] [23]

The Amendment, while stating that registration of FIR's and reports is mandatory, does not serve any effect on law enforcement, especially state police forces, as there are cases where police officers ignore and refuse to file reports and starting investigations, while allowing them to indulge in moral policing and victim blaming. In such cases, crucial evidence is lost, which results in botched up investigations, as well as acquittals, or convictions not on the offenses of rape, besides enhancing confidence or rapists getting away with their crime. [24] Furthermore, in some cases, police officials do not investigate or take action in-time citing jurisdiction, or dismissing incidents that have not happened yet. [25] Complicating such investigations is an old fashioned Police Act of 1861, which several states continue to use as policing becomes a state issue as per the Constitution of India, and mandatory overtime work for police personnel, especially the constable ranks. [26] In instances where the victims belong to the marginalized communities, like Dalit or Muslim, or where the culprits belong to the political elite or privileged class, the victims face humiliations at the hands of police officers as well as being put in lock-ups under false cases. [27] The Uttar Pradesh Police has been infamous in handling such cases, especially when it required intervention of the Allahabad High Court and the Supreme Court of India, like the 2017 Unnao rape case and the 2020 Hathras gang rape and murder. [28] In several cases, the Central Bureau of Investigation have taken over such investigations following State Government or court orders. [29] [30]

The Amendment also fails to mandate keeping rape victims and key witnesses under protection, with the exception of Delhi Police and Delhi State Government. Due to the non-provision of witness protection, rape victims and witnesses have been attacked and murdered by the family or kin of the perpetrators, as well as by the perpetrators themselves if granted bail or parole. [31] While the amendment mentions not granting bail or parole to rape convicts, there have been instances where high profile rape convicts, such as Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh have been granted parole, despite objections and criticism. [32] The amendment, which also does not grant remissions to rape convicts serving life imprisonment, has not worked for cases which are disposed before the amendment was enacted and enforced - in the 2002 Bilkis Bano case which took place during the 2002 Gujarat riots, the rape convicts were erroneously granted parole several times and remission on 15 August 2022, where they threatened the victims and witnesses. [33] The remission was however, overturned by the Supreme Court on 8 January 2024, noting several frauds committed by the convicts requesting remission, as well as mentioning the observations from the CBI, the magistrate and Superintendent of Police of Dahod, Gujarat. [34]

The Amendment has been termed as an eyewash by several women safety activists, as it neither served any deterrence for crimes against women including rape, nor it solved the core problems of women's safety. Despite the Justice Verma Commission's recommendations of not having capital punishment as there was considerable evidence that it did not serve as a deterrence, the amendment still mandated death penalty in cases of repeat offenses, death of the victim, or if the victim is left in vegetative state, or for minor victims below the age of 12. [35] Additionally, the amendment does not change the general attitudes towards victims, as many view that women are to be blamed for rape, when in fact, the culprits are to be held responsible. [36] Furthermore, the changes in the law does nothing with regards to judicial competencies, especially when judges make decisions that deny justice to the victims, despite evidence. [37] For such decisions, criticism of the judiciary is considered as contempt of court, due to an aristocratic mindset and superiority of judges, that has been in carried forward after Independence. [38]

The Amendment recommended imparting of sex education for children, as well as adult literacy programs for gender empowerment. [39] However, sex education has been opposed by several political leaders and activists, as well as right wing organizations, stating that sex education does not fit in Indian cultural norms, and that it will corrupt the mindsets of school children. [40]

The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013

The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 19 March 2013, and by the Rajya Sabha on 21 March 2013, making certain changes from the provisions in the Ordinance. [2] [3] [4] The Bill received Presidential assent on 2 April 2013 and came into force retrospectively from 3 February 2013. [1] The changes made in the Act in comparison with the Ordinance is listed as follows:

OffenceChanges
Acid attackFine shall be just and reasonable to meet medical expenses for treatment of victim, while in the Ordinance it was fine up to Rupees 10 lakhs.
Sexual harassment"Clause (v) any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature" has been removed. Punishment for offence under clause (i) and (ii) has been reduced from five years of imprisonment to three years. The offence is no longer gender-neutral, only a man can commit the offence on a woman.
VoyeurismThe offence is no longer gender-neutral, only a man can commit the offence on a woman.
StalkingThe offence is no longer gender-neutral, only a man can commit the offence on a woman. The definition has been reworded and broken down into clauses, The exclusion clause and the following sentence has been removed "or watches or spies on a person in a manner that results in a fear of violence or serious alarm or distress in the mind of such person, or interferes with the mental peace of such person, commits the offence of stalking". Punishment for the offence has been changed; A man committing the offence of stalking would be liable for imprisonment up to three years for the first offence, and shall also be liable to fine and for any subsequent conviction would be liable for imprisonment up to five years and with fine.
Trafficking of person"Prostitution" has been removed from the explanation clause

Related Research Articles

Sexual assault is an act in which one intentionally sexually touches another person without that person's consent, or coerces or physically forces a person to engage in a sexual act against their will. It is a form of sexual violence that includes child sexual abuse, groping, rape, drug facilitated sexual assault, and the torture of the person in a sexual manner.

Some victims of rape or other sexual violence incidents are male. It is estimated that approximately one in six men experienced sexual abuse during childhood. Historically, rape was thought to be, and defined as, a crime committed solely against females. This belief is still held in some parts of the world, but rape of males is now commonly criminalized and has been subject to more discussion than in the past.

In India, eve teasing is a euphemism, primarily occurring in English, used for public sexual harassment or sexual assault of women by men. The name "Eve" alludes to the Bible's creation story concerning Adam and Eve. Considered a problem related to delinquency in male youth, it is a form of sexual aggression that ranges in severity from sexually suggestive remarks, brushing in public places and catcalls, to groping.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hudud Ordinances</span> Laws in Pakistan enacted in 1979

The Hudud Ordinances are laws in Pakistan enacted in 1979 as part of the Islamization of Pakistan by Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the sixth president of Pakistan. It replaced parts of the British-era Pakistan Penal Code, adding new criminal offences of adultery and fornication, and new punishments of whipping, amputation, and stoning to death. After much controversy and criticism parts of the law were extensively revised in 2006 by the Women's Protection Bill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Capital punishment in India</span> Death penalty in India, its states and union territories

Capital punishment in India is a legal penalty for some crimes under the country's main substantive penal legislation, the Indian Penal Code, as well as other laws. Executions are carried out by hanging as the primary method of execution as given under Section 354(5) of the Criminal Code of Procedure, 1973 is "Hanging by the neck until dead", and is imposed only in the 'rarest of cases'.

The precise definitions of and punishments for aggravated sexual assault and aggravated rape vary by country and by legislature within a country.

The legal age of consent for sexual activity varies by jurisdiction across Asia. The specific activity engaged in or the gender of participants can also be relevant factors. Below is a discussion of the various laws dealing with this subject. The highlighted age refers to an age at or above which an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another who is also at or above that age. Other variables, such as homosexual relations or close in age exceptions, may exist, and are noted when relevant.

Rape is a type of sexual assault initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person's consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, under threat or manipulation, by impersonation, or with a person who is incapable of giving valid consent.

Statistics on rape and other sexual assaults are commonly available in industrialized countries, and have become better documented throughout the world. Inconsistent definitions of rape, different rates of reporting, recording, prosecution and conviction for rape can create controversial statistical disparities, and lead to accusations that many rape statistics are unreliable or misleading.

The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Act, 1989 was enacted by the Parliament of India to prevent atrocities and hate crimes against the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. The Act is popularly known as the SC/ST Act, PoA, or simply the 'Atrocities Act'.

The Women's Protection Bill which was passed by the National Assembly of Pakistan on 15 November 2006 is an attempt to amend the heavily criticised 1979 Hudood Ordinance laws which govern the punishment for rape and adultery in Pakistan. Critics of the Hudood Ordinance alleged that it made it exceptionally difficult and dangerous to prove an allegation of rape, and thousands of women had been imprisoned as a result of the bill. The bill returned a number of offences from the Zina Ordinance to the Pakistan Penal Code, where they had been before 1979, and created an entirely new set of procedures governing the prosecution of the offences of adultery and fornication. Whipping and amputation were removed as punishments. The law meant women would not be jailed if they were unable to prove rape and their complaints of rape would not be seen as confession of adultery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodomy law</span> Laws criminalising certain sexual acts

A sodomy law is a law that defines certain sexual acts as crimes. The precise sexual acts meant by the term sodomy are rarely spelled out in the law but are typically understood by courts to include any sexual act deemed to be "unnatural" or "immoral". Sodomy typically includes anal sex, oral sex, manual sex, and bestiality. In practice, sodomy laws have rarely been enforced against heterosexual couples, and have mostly been used to target homosexual couples.

Rape is a statutory offence in England and Wales. The offence is created by section 1 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003:

(1) A person (A) commits an offence if—

(2) Whether a belief is reasonable is to be determined having regard to all the circumstances, including any steps A has taken to ascertain whether B consents.
(3) Sections 75 and 76 apply to an offence under this section.

(4) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Code of Criminal Procedure (India)</span> Erstwhile Code of Criminal Law of India

The Code of Criminal Procedure commonly called Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) was the main legislation on procedure for administration of substantive criminal law in India. It was enacted in 1973 and came into force on 1 April 1974. It provides the machinery for the investigation of crime, apprehension of suspected criminals, collection of evidence, determination of guilt or innocence of the accused person and the determination of punishment of the guilty. It also deals with public nuisance, prevention of offences and maintenance of wife, child and parents.

Rape is the fourth most common crime against women in India. According to the 2021 annual report of the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), 31,677 rape cases were registered across the country, or an average of 86 cases daily, a rise from 2020 with 28,046 cases, while in 2019, 32,033 cases were registered. Of the total 31,677 rape cases, 28,147 of the rapes were committed by persons known to the victim. The share of victims who were minors or below 18 – the legal age of consent – stood at 10%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Delhi gang rape and murder</span> Gang rape, torture, murder and assault incident in India

The 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder, commonly known as the Nirbhaya case, involved a rape and fatal assault that occurred on 16 December 2012 in Munirka, a neighbourhood in South Delhi. The incident took place when Jyoti Singh, a 22-year-old physiotherapy intern, was beaten, gang-raped, and tortured in a private bus in which she was travelling with her male friend, Avnindra Pratap Pandey. There were six others in the bus, including the driver, all of whom raped the woman and beat her friend. She was rushed to Safdarjung Hospital in Delhi for treatment and transferred to Singapore eleven days after the assault, where she succumbed to her injuries 2 days later. The incident generated widespread national and international coverage and was widely condemned, both in India and abroad. Subsequently, public protests against the state and central governments for failing to provide adequate security for women took place in New Delhi, where thousands of protesters clashed with security forces. Similar protests took place in major cities throughout the country. Since Indian law does not allow the press to publish a rape victim's name, the victim was widely known as Nirbhaya, meaning "fearless", and her struggle and death became a symbol of women's resistance to rape around the world.

Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes is the legal proceedings to prosecute crimes such as rape and domestic violence. The earliest documented prosecution of gender-based/targeted crimes is from 1474 when Sir Peter von Hagenbach was convicted for rapes committed by his troops. However, the trial was only successful in indicting Sir von Hagenbach with the charge of rape because the war in which the rapes occurred was "undeclared" and thus the rapes were considered illegal only because of this. Gender-targeted crimes continued to be prosecuted, but it was not until after World War II when an international criminal tribunal – the International Military Tribunal for the Far East – were officers charged for being responsible of the gender-targeted crimes and other crimes against humanity. Despite the various rape charges, the Charter of the Tokyo Tribunal did not make references to rape, and rape was considered as subordinate to other war crimes. This is also the situation for other tribunals that followed, but with the establishments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), there was more attention to the prosecution of gender-targeted crimes with each of the statutes explicitly referring to rape and other forms of gender-targeted violence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shakti Mills gang rape</span> August 2013 gang rape in Mumbai, India

The 2013 Mumbai gang rape, also known as the Shakti Mills gang rape, refers to the incident in which a 22-year-old photojournalist, who was interning with an English-language magazine in Mumbai, was gang-raped by five people including a juvenile. The incident occurred on 22 August 2013, when she had gone to the deserted Shakti Mills compound, near Mahalaxmi in South Mumbai, with a male colleague on an assignment. The accused had tied up the victim's colleague with belts and raped her. The accused took photos of the victim during the sexual assault, and threatened to release them to social networks if she reported the rape. Later, an eighteen-year-old call centre employee reported that she too had been gang-raped, on 31 July 2013 inside the mills complex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015</span> Act of the Parliament of India

Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 has been passed by Parliament of India amidst intense controversy, debate, and protest on many of its provisions by Child Rights fraternity. It replaced the Indian juvenile delinquency law, Juvenile Justice Act, 2000, and allows for juveniles in conflict with Law in the age group of 16–18, involved in Heinous Offences, to be tried as adults. The Act also sought to create a universally accessible adoption law for India, overtaking the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956) and the Guardians and Wards Act (1890), though not replacing them. The Act came into force from 15 January 2016.

The Section 228A of the Indian Penal Code was inserted into the Indian Penal Code 1860 by the Criminal Law amendment Act 1983 by the Parliament of India to prevent social victimization or ostracism of the victim of a sexual offence. The law provides for up to two years imprisonment with or without fine for those who reveal the identity of victims of sexual abuse in public. The law has been amended subsequently to add more sections of the Indian Penal Code under its purview.

References

  1. 1 2 vide Section 1(2) of the Act
  2. 1 2 "Lok Sabha passes amendments". NDTV. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Lok Sabha passes anti-rape bill". Hindustan Times. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  4. 1 2 "Anti-rape Bill passed". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 24 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  5. ↑ "Prez Pranab Mukherjee promulgates ordinance on crime against women". Indian Express. 3 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  6. ↑ "President signs ordinance to effect changes in laws against sexual crimes". India Today. 3 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  7. ↑ "IAP condoles death of Delhi gang-rape victim". New Delhi: Zeenews.com. PTI. 29 December 2012. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  8. ↑ Stenhammer, Anne F. (20 December 2012). "UN Women condemns gang rape of Delhi student" (Press release). UN Women. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  9. ↑ Joshi, Sandeep (24 December 2012). "Shinde calls meeting of Chief Secretaries, police chiefs to review crime against women". The Hindu . Chennai, India. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  10. ↑ "Justice J S Verma committee submits report on rape laws". The Times of India . 23 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  11. ↑ Joshi, Sandeep (23 January 2013). "Failure of governance root cause of crimes against women: Verma committee". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  12. ↑ "Read: Highlights of Justice Verma Committee report". CNNIBNLive. 23 January 2013. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  13. ↑ "Cabinet clears anti-rape law ordinance, says death sentence for extreme cases". NDTV. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  14. ↑ "UPA's Black Friday: Ashwani Kumar, Pawan Bansal resign". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013.
  15. ↑ "We have accepted 90% of Justice Verma panel's recommendations: Law Minister". NDTV. 3 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  16. ↑ Hindustan Times
  17. 1 2 Section 7, Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013
  18. ↑ Section 8, Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013
  19. ↑ "Read: Ordinance vs Verma commission recommendations". NDTV. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  20. ↑ "Women groups protest anti-rape ordinance". DNA. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  21. ↑ Reddy, B. Muralidhar (3 February 2013). "Despite protest, ordinance on sexual offences promulgated". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  22. ↑ "Open to revisions in anti-rape bill: Govt". The Times of India . 3 February 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  23. ↑ "Govt defends ordinance on sexual crimes". LiveMint. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  24. ↑ "A Dalit Minor Was Gang Raped Twice, UP Police Ignored The First Time".
  25. ↑ Menon, Amarnath K. (6 December 2019). "Hyderabad Rape Case: The Horror and the Shame". India Today. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  26. ↑ "Eight-year-old lawsuit by Delhi Police constable seeks reasonable duty hours, recognition of work".
  27. ↑ "Hathras gangrape case: SHO transferred to police lines for failing to 'act promptly'". India Today. 27 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  28. ↑ "U.P. Minister Gayatri Prajapati arrested on rape charge". The Hindu. 15 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  29. ↑ "Unnao Rape: FIR Filed Against BJP MLA, Case Transferred to CBI". The Quint. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  30. ↑ Rashid, Omar (11 April 2018). "Allahabad HC takes up Unnao rape case". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  31. ↑ "Unnao Is Another Example of How India Fails Its Rape Survivors".
  32. ↑ Ghazali, Mohammed (19 January 2024). "Rape Convict Ram Rahim To Leave Jail Again, 9th Parole In 4 Years". NDTV. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  33. ↑ "Bilkis Bano case: Gujarat has set bad precedent by releasing convicts, says judge who sentenced them". Scroll.in. 19 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  34. ↑ ""SC quashes Gujarat govt's remission order for convicts in Bilkis Bano case — 'abuse of discretion'"".
  35. ↑ "Justice Verma Committee Report Summary". PRSIndia. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  36. ↑ "To Solve Violence Against Women, We Need More Than Just Criminal Law Reforms".
  37. ↑ "Future assets: Gauhati HC grants bail to IIT-Guwahati student accused of rape".
  38. ↑ "Criticising the courts".
  39. ↑ "Lack of Sex Education in India and Its Growing Importance in The Digital Era - Palak Chakraborty Avantika Mishra | PDF | Sex Education | Adolescence". Scribd. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  40. ↑ "No sex education, say Uttar Pradesh teachers". Hindustan Times . 9 July 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
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