Cry Freedom

Last updated

Cry Freedom
Cry Freedom.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Richard Attenborough
Screenplay by John Briley
Based on Biko and
Asking for Trouble
by Donald Woods
Produced byRichard Attenborough
Starring
Cinematography Ronnie Taylor
Edited by Lesley Walker
Music by George Fenton
Jonas Gwangwa
Production
company
Marble Arch Productions
Distributed by Universal Pictures (United States)
United International Pictures (International)
Release dates
  • 6 November 1987 (1987-11-06)(United States)
  • 26 November 1987 (1987-11-26)(United Kingdom)
Running time
157 minutes
Country
    • United Kingdom [1]
    • United States [1]
LanguagesEnglish
Afrikaans
Xhosa
Zulu
Sesotho
Budget$29 million
Box office$15 million (theatrical rentals) [2]

Cry Freedom is a 1987 epic biographical drama film directed and produced by Richard Attenborough, set in late-1970s apartheid-era South Africa. The screenplay was written by John Briley based on a pair of books by journalist Donald Woods. The film centres on the real-life events involving South African activist Steve Biko and his friend Woods, who initially finds him too radical, and attempts to understand his way of life. Denzel Washington stars as Biko, while Kevin Kline portrays Woods. Penelope Wilton co-stars as Woods' wife Wendy. Cry Freedom delves into the ideas of discrimination, political corruption, and the repercussions of violence.

Contents

A joint collective effort to commit to the film's production was made by Universal Pictures and Marble Arch Productions and the film was primarily shot on location in Zimbabwe due to not being allowed to film in South Africa at the time of production. It was commercially distributed by Universal Pictures, opening in the United States on 6 November 1987. South African authorities unexpectedly allowed the film to be screened in cinemas without cuts or restrictions, despite the publication of Biko's writings being banned at the time of its release. [3]

The film was generally met with favourable reviews and earned theatrical rentals of $15 million worldwide. The film was nominated for multiple awards, including Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor (for Washington), Best Original Score, and Best Original Song. It was nominated for seven BAFTA Awards, including Best Film and Best Direction, and won Best Sound.

Plot

Following a news story depicting the demolition of a slum in East London in the south-east of the Cape Province in South Africa, liberal white South African journalist Donald Woods seeks more information about the incident and ventures off to meet the anti-Apartheid black activist Steve Biko, a leading member of the Black Consciousness Movement. Biko has been officially banned by the government and is not permitted to leave his defined 'banning area' at King William's Town. Woods is opposed to Biko's banning, but remains critical of his political views. Biko invites Woods to visit a black township to see the impoverished conditions and to witness the effect of the Government-imposed restrictions, which make up the apartheid system. Woods begins to agree with Biko's desire for a South Africa where blacks have the same opportunities and freedoms as those enjoyed by the white population. As Woods comes to understand Biko's point of view, a friendship slowly develops between them.

After speaking at a gathering of black South Africans outside of his banishment zone, Biko is arrested and interrogated by the South African security forces (who have been tipped off by an informer). Following this, he is brought to court in order to explain his message directed toward the South African Government, which is white minority-controlled. After he speaks eloquently in court and advocates non-violence, the security officers who interrogated him visit his church and vandalise the property. Woods assures Biko that he will meet with a Government official to discuss the matter. Woods then meets with Jimmy Kruger (John Thaw), the South African Minister of Justice, in his house in Pretoria in an attempt to prevent further abuses. Minister Kruger first expresses discontent over their actions; however, Woods is later harassed at his home by security forces, who insinuate that their orders came directly from Kruger.

Later, Biko travels to Cape Town to speak at a student-run meeting. En route , security forces stop his car and arrest him asking him to say his name, and he said "Bantu Stephen Biko". He is held in harsh conditions and beaten, causing a severe brain injury. A doctor recommends consulting a nearby specialist in order to best treat his injuries, but the police refuse out of fear that he might escape. The security forces instead decide to take him to a police hospital in Pretoria, around 700 miles (1 200 km) away from Cape Town. He is thrown into the back of a prison van and driven on a bumpy road, aggravating his brain injury and resulting in his death.

Woods then works to expose the police's complicity in Biko's death. He attempts to expose photographs of Biko's body that contradict police reports that he died of a hunger strike, but he is prevented just before boarding a plane to leave and informed that he is now 'banned', therefore not able to leave the country. Woods and his family are targeted in a campaign of harassment by the security police, including bullets fired into the family home, vandalism, and the delivery of t-shirts with Biko's image that have been dusted with itching powder. He later decides to seek asylum in Britain in order to expose the corrupt and racist nature of the South African authorities. After a long trek, Woods is eventually able to escape to the Kingdom of Lesotho, disguised as a priest. His wife Wendy and their family later join him. With the aid of Australian journalist Bruce Haigh, the British High Commission in Maseru, and the Government of Lesotho, they are flown under United Nations passports and with one Lesotho official over South African territory, via Botswana, to London, where they were granted political asylum.

The film's epilogue displays a graphic detailing a long list of anti-apartheid activists (including Biko), who died under suspicious circumstances while imprisoned by the Government whilst the song Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika is sung.

Cast

Production

Development

Racial-demographic map of South Africa in the late 1970s. South Africa racial map, 1979.gif
Racial-demographic map of South Africa in the late 1970s.

The premise of Cry Freedom is based on the true story of Steve Biko, the charismatic South African Black Consciousness Movement leader who attempts to bring awareness to the injustice of apartheid, and Donald Woods, the liberal white editor of the Daily Dispatch newspaper who struggles to do the same after Biko is murdered. In 1972, Biko was one of the founders of the Black People's Convention working on social upliftment projects around Durban. [4] The BPC brought together almost 70 different black consciousness groups and associations, such as the South African Student's Movement (SASM), which played a significant role in the 1976 uprisings, and the Black Workers Project, which supported black workers whose unions were not recognised under the apartheid regime. [4] Biko's political activities eventually drew the attention of the South African Government which often harassed, arrested, and detained him. These situations resulted in his being 'banned' in 1973. [5] The banning restricted Biko from talking to more than one person at a time, in an attempt to suppress the rising anti-apartheid political movement. Following a violation of his banning, Biko was arrested and later killed while in the custody of the South African Police (the SAP). The circumstances leading to Biko's death caused worldwide anger, as he became a martyr and symbol of black resistance. [4] As a result, the South African Government 'banned' a number of individuals (including Donald Woods) and organisations, especially those closely associated with Biko. [4] The United Nations Security Council responded swiftly to the killing by later imposing an arms embargo against South Africa. [4] After a period of routine harassment against his family by the authorities, as well as fearing for his life, [6] Woods fled the country after being placed under house arrest by the South African Government. [6] Woods later wrote a book in 1978 entitled Biko , exposing police complicity in his death. [5] That book, along with Woods's autobiography Asking For Trouble, both being published in the United Kingdom, became the basis for the film. [5]

Filming

Every exterior (outdoor) scene was filmed in Zimbabwe, as were roughly 70% of interior shots. The remaining interior shots were all filmed in England. [7] Principal filming took place primarily in Harare in Zimbabwe because of the tense political situation in South Africa at the time of shooting. [8]

The film includes a dramatised depiction of the Soweto uprising which occurred on 16 June 1976. Indiscriminate firing by police killed and injured hundreds of black African schoolchildren during a protest march. [5]

Music

The original motion picture soundtrack for Cry Freedom was released by MCA Records on 25 October 1990. [9] It features songs composed by veteran musicians George Fenton, Jonas Gwangwa and Thuli Dumakude. At Biko's funeral they sing the hymn "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika". Jonathan Bates edited the film's music. [10]

A live version of Peter Gabriel's 1980 song "Biko" was released to promote the film; although the song was not on the film soundtrack, footage was used in its video. [11]

The title song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 31st Annual Grammy Awards, but lost to "Two Hearts" from Buster , performed by Phil Collins.

Reception

Critical response

Among mainstream critics in the U.S., the film received mostly positive reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reported that 74% of 27 sampled critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 6.5 out of 10. [12] Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 15 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews." [13] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. [14]

"It can be admired for its sheer scale. Most of all, it can be appreciated for what it tries to communicate about heroism, loyalty and leadership, about the horrors of apartheid, about the martyrdom of a rare man."
—Janet Maslin, writing in The New York Times [15]

Rita Kempley, writing in The Washington Post , said actor Washington gave a "zealous, Oscar-caliber performance as this African messiah, who was recognized as one of South Africa's major political voices when he was only 25." [16] Also writing for The Washington Post, Desson Howe thought the film "could have reached further" and felt the story centring on Woods's character was "its major flaw". He saw director Attenborough's aims as "more academic and political than dramatic". Overall, he expressed his disappointment by exclaiming, "In a country busier than Chile with oppression, violence and subjugation, the story of Woods' slow awakening is certainly not the most exciting, or revealing." [17]

Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times offered a mixed review calling it a "sincere and valuable movie" while also exclaiming, "Interesting things were happening, the performances were good and it is always absorbing to see how other people live." But on a negative front, he noted how the film "promises to be an honest account of the turmoil in South Africa but turns into a routine cliff-hanger about the editor's flight across the border. It's sort of a liberal yuppie version of that Disney movie where the brave East German family builds a hot-air balloon and floats to freedom." [18]

Janet Maslin writing in The New York Times saw the film as "bewildering at some points and ineffectual at others" but pointed out that "it isn't dull. Its frankly grandiose style is transporting in its way, as is the story itself, even in this watered-down form." She also complimented the African scenery, noting that "Cry Freedom can also be admired for Ronnie Taylor's picturesque cinematography". [15] The Variety Staff felt Washington did "a remarkable job of transforming himself into the articulte [sic] and mesmerizing black nationalist leader, whose refusal to keep silent led to his death in police custody and a subsequent coverup." On Kline's performance, they noticed how his "low-key screen presence serves him well in his portrayal of the strong-willed but even-tempered journalist." [19] Film critic Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film a thumbs up review calling it "fresh" and a "solid adventure" while commenting "its images do remain in the mind ... I admire this film very much." He thought both Washington's and Kline's portrayals were "effective" and "quite good". [20] Similarly, Michael Price writing in the Fort Worth Press viewed Cry Freedom as often "harrowing and naturalistic but ultimately self-important in its indictment of police-state politics." [21]

"Attenborough tries to rally with Biko flashbacks and a depiction of the Soweto massacre. But the 1976 slaughter of black schoolchildren is chronologically and dramatically out of place. And the flashbacks only remind you of whom you'd rather be watching."
—Desson Howe, writing for The Washington Post [17]

Mark Salisbury of Time Out wrote of the lead acting to be "excellent" and the crowd scenes "astonishing", while equally observing how the climax was "truly nerve-wracking". He called it "an implacable work of authority and compassion, Cry Freedom is political cinema at its best." [22] James Sanford, however, writing for the Kalamazoo Gazette , did not appreciate the film's qualities, calling it "a Hollywood whitewashing of a potentially explosive story." [23] Rating the film with 3 Stars, critic Leonard Maltin wrote that the film was a "sweeping and compassionate film". He did, however, note that the film "loses momentum as it spends too much time on Kline and his family's escape from South Africa". But in positive followup, he pointed out that it "cannily injects flashbacks of Biko to steer it back on course." [24]

John Simon of the National Review called Cry Freedom "grandiosely inept". [25]

In 2013, the movie was one of several discussed by David Sirota in Salon in an article concerning white saviour narratives in film. [26]

Accolades

Award [27] [28] CategoryNomineeResult
Academy Awards [29] Best Supporting Actor Denzel Washington Nominated
Best Original Score George Fenton and Jonas Gwangwa Nominated
Best Original Song "Cry Freedom" – George Fenton and Jonas GwangwaNominated
Berlin Film Festival [30] Peace Film Award Richard Attenborough Won
Guild of German Film TheatersWon
British Academy Film Awards [31] Best Film Cry FreedomNominated
Best Direction Richard AttenboroughNominated
Best Actor in a Supporting Role John Thaw Nominated
Best Cinematography Ronnie Taylor Nominated
Best Editing Lesley Walker Nominated
Best Original Score George Fenton and Jonas GwangwaNominated
Best Sound Jonathan Bates, Simon Kaye and Gerry Humphreys Won
Golden Globe Awards [32] Best Motion Picture – Drama Cry FreedomNominated
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Denzel WashingtonNominated
Best Director – Motion Picture Richard AttenboroughNominated
Best Original Score – Motion Picture George Fenton and Jonas GwangwaNominated
Grammy Awards [33] Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television "Cry Freedom" – George Fenton and Jonas GwangwaNominated
MTV Video Music Awards Best Video from a Film Peter Gabriel – "Biko"Nominated
NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Motion Picture Cry FreedomNominated
Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Denzel WashingtonWon
National Board of Review Awards [34] Top 10 Films Cry Freedom6th Place
Political Film Society Awards [35] Human Rights Won

Box-office

The film opened on 6 November 1987 in limited release in 27 cinemas throughout the U.S.. During its opening weekend, the film opened in 19th place and grossed $318,723. [36] The film was originally set to debut on November 20, 1987, but it was delayed to January–February 1988 as proposed. [37] The film expanded to 479 screens for the weekend of 19–21 February [38] and went on to gross $5,899,797 in the United States and Canada, [39] generating theatrical rentals of $2 million. [2] Internationally, the film earned rentals of $13 million, for a worldwide total of $15 million. [2]

It earned £3,313,150 in the UK. [40]

Home media

Following its cinematic release in the late 1980s, the film was released to television in a syndicated two-night broadcast. Extra footage was added to the film to fill in the block of time. The film was later released in VHS video format on 5 May 1998. [41] The Region 1 widescreen edition of the film was released on DVD in the United States on 23 February 1999. Special features for the DVD include; production notes, cast and filmmakers' biographies, film highlights, web links, and the theatrical cinematic. [42] It was released on Blu-ray Disc by Umbrella Entertainment in Australia in 2019, and in 2020 by Kino Lorber in the US. It is also available in other media formats such as video on demand. [43]

See also

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steve Biko</span> South African anti-apartheid activist (1946–1977)

Bantu Stephen Biko OMSG was a South African anti-apartheid activist. Ideologically an African nationalist and African socialist, he was at the forefront of a grassroots anti-apartheid campaign known as the Black Consciousness Movement during the late 1960s and 1970s. His ideas were articulated in a series of articles published under the pseudonym Frank Talk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Donald Woods</span> South African journalist and anti-apartheid activist

Donald James Woods was a South African journalist and anti-apartheid activist. As editor of the Daily Dispatch, he was known for befriending fellow activist Steve Biko, who was killed by police after being detained by the South African government. Woods continued his campaign against apartheid in London, and in 1978 became the first private citizen to address the United Nations Security Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Sobukwe</span> Founding president of the Pan Africanist Congress (1924–1978)

Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe OMSG was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and founding member of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), serving as the first president of the organization.

The Black People's Convention (BPC) was a national coordinating body for the Black Consciousness movement of South Africa. Envisaged as a broad-based counterpart to the South African Students' Organisation, the BPC was active in organising resistance to apartheid from its establishment in 1972 until it was banned in late 1977.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Consciousness Movement</span> South African anti-apartheid movement, 1960s

The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) was a grassroots anti-apartheid activist movement that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960s out of the political vacuum created by the jailing and banning of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress leadership after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960. The BCM represented a social movement for political consciousness.

[Black Consciousness'] origins were deeply rooted in Christianity. In 1966, the Anglican Church under the incumbent, Archbishop Robert Selby Taylor, convened a meeting which later on led to the foundation of the University Christian Movement (UCM). This was to become the vehicle for Black Consciousness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biko (song)</span> 1980 song by Peter Gabriel

"Biko" is an anti-apartheid protest song by English rock musician Peter Gabriel. It was released by Charisma Records as a single from Gabriel's eponymous third album in 1980.

The South African Students' Organisation (SASO) was a body of black South African university students who resisted apartheid through non-violent political action. The organisation was formed in 1969 under the leadership of Steve Biko and Barney Pityana and made vital contributions to the ideology and political leadership of the Black Consciousness Movement. It was banned by the South African government in October 1977, as part of the repressive state response to the Soweto uprising.

James Thomas Kruger was a South African lawyer and politician of Welsh descent who was part of the conservative National Party government which championed apartheid. He rose to the position of Minister of Justice and the Police in the cabinet of Prime Minister John Vorster from 1974 to 1979. He was also President of the Senate from 1979 until 1980, when it was abolished.

<i>Biko</i> (book)

Biko is a biography about Black Consciousness Movement leader and anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko. It was written by the liberal white South African journalist Donald Woods, a personal friend of Biko. Donald Woods was forced into exile for attempting to expose the truth surrounding Biko's death. It was the inspiration for the 1987 film Cry Freedom.

Bruce Douglas Haigh was an Australian political commentator and diplomat. He joined the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs in 1972 and served in South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internal resistance to apartheid</span> 1950–1994 social movement in South Africa

Internal resistance to apartheid in South Africa originated from several independent sectors of South African society and took forms ranging from social movements and passive resistance to guerrilla warfare. Mass action against the ruling National Party (NP) government, coupled with South Africa's growing international isolation and economic sanctions, were instrumental in leading to negotiations to end apartheid, which began formally in 1990 and ended with South Africa's first multiracial elections under a universal franchise in 1994.

Richard Turner, known as Rick Turner, was a South African academic and anti-apartheid activist who was murdered, possibly by the South African security forces, in 1978. Nelson Mandela described Turner "as a source of inspiration".

Rubin Phillip is bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Natal. The great-grandchild of indentured labourers from Andhra Pradesh, Phillip is the first person of Indian heritage in South Africa to hold the position of Bishop of Natal. He grew up in Clairwood, a suburb of Durban with a large concentration of people of Indian descent, in a non-religious household, but converted to Christianity. He was a noted anti-apartheid activist and spent three years under house arrest in the 1970s and was banned in 1973. He was enthroned as bishop in February 2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Russell (bishop)</span> South African Anglican bishop (1938–2014)

David Patrick Hamilton Russell was a South African Anglican bishop.

Dr. Maitshwe Nchuape Aubrey Mokoape was a South African anti-apartheid activist and a leader of the Pan-Africanist Congress and Black Consciousness Movement. He was first arrested and detained at the age of 15. He studied and worked alongside political anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko. In post-apartheid South Africa, Mokoape became a physician.

Molefe Pheto is a former South African musician and music teacher who, as an activist in the Black Consciousness Movement, became a political prisoner in 1975. He was a friend and spokesperson of South African President Nelson Mandela.

Winnie Motlalepula Kgware was a South African anti-Apartheid activist within the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM). She was elected as the first president of the Black People's Convention (BPC), a BCM-affiliated community-based organisation in 1972.

Wendy Heather Woods was a South African educator and anti-apartheid activist. Woods worked with her husband, journalist Donald Woods, on anti-apartheid activities and both fled into exile to the United Kingdom in 1977. Woods herself was an active member of the Black Sash. In exile, Woods worked with various charities and after her husband's death, set up the Donald Woods Foundation. She and her family are featured in the 1987 movie Cry Freedom.

The SASO/BPC trial, also known as the Black Consciousness trial, was an apartheid-era legal trial in South Africa which resulted in the conviction of nine Black Consciousness activists from the South African Students' Organisation (SASO) and Black People's Convention (BPC). The trial ran from 31 January 1975 to 21 December 1976 in the Pretoria Supreme Court.

References

  1. 1 2 "Cry Freedom (1987)". BFI Collections . Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 "Foreign Vs. Domestic Rentals". Variety . 11 January 1989. p. 24.
  3. ↑ Battersby, John D. (28 November 1987). "Pretoria Censors to Let 'Cry Freedom' Be Seen". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Stephen Bantu (Steve) Biko". About.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Stephen Bantu Biko". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  6. 1 2 1978: Newspaper editor flees South Africa. BBC. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  7. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/06/movies/review-film-cry-freedom.html
  8. ↑ Hill, Geoff (2005) [2003]. The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown. Johannesburg: Struik Publishers. p. 77. ISBN   978-1-86872-652-3.
  9. ↑ "Cry Freedom: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". Amazon. 20 March 1987. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  10. ↑ "Cry Freedom". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  11. ↑ Bowman, Durrell (2 September 2016). Experiencing Peter Gabriel: A Listener's Companion. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 93. ISBN   9781442252004 . Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  12. ↑ Cry Freedom (1987). Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  13. ↑ "Cry Freedom". Metacritic .
  14. ↑ "CinemaScore". CinemaScore . Archived from the original on 20 December 2018.
  15. 1 2 Maslin, Janet (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. The New York Times . Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  16. ↑ Kempley, Rita (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  17. 1 2 Howe, Desson (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  18. ↑ Ebert, Roger (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom Archived 28 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Chicago Sun-Times . Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  19. ↑ Variety Staff (1 January 1987). Cry Freedom. Variety . Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  20. ↑ Siskel, Gene (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom [ permanent dead link ]. At the Movies . Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  21. ↑ Price, Michael (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. Fort Worth Press . Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  22. ↑ Salisbury, Mark (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Time Out . Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  23. ↑ Sanford, James (6 November 1987). Cry Freedom. Kalamazoo Gazette . Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  24. ↑ Maltin, Leonard (5 August 2008). Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide. Signet. p. 301. ISBN   978-0-452-28978-9.
  25. ↑ Simon, John (2005). John Simon on Film: Criticism 1982-2001. Applause Books. p. 178.
  26. ↑ Sirota, David (21 February 2013). "Oscar loves a white savior". Salon . Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  27. ↑ "Cry Freedom: Awards & Nominations". MSN Movies. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  28. ↑ "Cry Freedom (1987)". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  29. ↑ "Nominees & Winners for the 60th Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  30. ↑ "Cry Freedom". Berlin International Film Festival. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  31. ↑ "Cry Freedom". BAFTA.org. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  32. ↑ "Cry Freedom". GoldenGlobes.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  33. ↑ "31st Annual Grammy Award Highlights". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  34. ↑ "Awards for 1987". nbrmp.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  35. ↑ "Previous Winners". Political Film Society. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  36. ↑ "Cry Freedom". The Numbers. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  37. ↑ "Universal Postpone Wide Break For 'Freedom'; Eyes Jan.-Feb". Variety . 18 November 1987. p. 11.
  38. ↑ "Weekend Box Office Results for November 19–21, 1988". Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  39. ↑ "Cry Freedom". Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  40. ↑ "Back to the Future: The Fall and Rise of the British Film Industry in the 1980s - An Information Briefing" (PDF). British Film Institute. 2005. p. 21.
  41. ↑ "Cry Freedom VHS Format". Amazon. 5 May 1998. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  42. ↑ "Cry Freedom: On DVD". MSN Movies. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  43. ↑ "Cry Freedom: VOD Format". Amazon. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.