| Cryptoblepharus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Cryptoblepharus poecilopleurus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Scincidae |
| Subfamily: | Eugongylinae |
| Genus: | Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann, 1834 [1] |
| Type species | |
| Ablepharus poecilipleurus Wiegmann, 1834 | |
| Species | |
see text | |
Cryptoblepharus is a genus of skinks, lizards in the family Scincidae. The genus contains at least 53 species.
The genus Cryptoblepharus was established in 1834 by the zoologist Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann. The type species of the genus was not nominated by the author, but this was assigned to Ablepharus poecilipleurus Wiegmann, 1834 in a revision by Leonhard Stejneger published in 1899. [2] [3] An emendation to the name as Cryptoblepharis by J. T. Cocteau in 1836 is considered a synonym, [4] as is Petia, the name published by John Edward Gray in 1839 without a type or description. [3]
They occupy a fairly basal position among the Eugongylus group. [5]
Cryptoblepharus species, some of which are often seen in urban environments, are commonly named as fence skinks, or by characteristics such as their lack of eyelids, snake-eyed skinks, [6] or as shining-skinks for their glossy skins.
Member species of the genus Cryptoblepharus are small-bodied, lack eyelids, are pentadactyl, and have shiny scales. They are able to move rapidly and with great agility, snatching insects from the air and climbing vertical surfaces with ease. They are often observed basking in the sun and disappearing into a hole or crevice in response to a perceived threat. Females may share a site to deposit their eggs, the species returning annually to lay a small clutch. [6]
There are a large number of species, with a distribution range across many continents; they are the most widespread genus of the scincid family. [7] Species are found at the east coast of Africa and on Madagascar in a western Indian Ocean range that is isolated from the species found in a region that includes Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea and the Pacific area. Outlying from the Pacific region are species found at three areas on the west coast of South America. The species are often associated with vertical, often rocky microhabitats and other niches, foraging and residing on surfaces that lack available water. Cliffs and rocks are typical abodes, sandstone near shorelines in a common habitat for some species, as well as trees in forest environments, and they are known to occur at ground level to forage or commute to another location or in environments that lack this habitat. The species may be locally common to abundant, in numbers up to twenty or thirty at a cliff, rock pile or other favoured site. [7]
All species are oviparous, each female laying several eggs, and sexes are strongly dimorphic, the female distinguished by larger overall size with proportionally shorter head and legs. Detailed aspects of the reproduction activity are poorly known, especially the secretive manner in which the female places the eggs. Several sites of Cryptoblepharus species have been located, the include within the inner chambers of ant plants in New Guinea, ant inhabited species of Rubiaceae which also contained the broods of several females. The ability to occupy vertical environs is favoured by the fences and brick walls of urbanisation, where clusters of eggs have also occasionally been discovered within the cavities, and glimpses of them basking in the sun are frequently made before they rapidly flee any disturbance. When seen on a tree, the arboreal species will continually circle to the opposite side to evade a possible threat. [7]
Feeding is probably opportunistic, any arthropod that is small enough to consume, which is known to include spiders, ants and termites. Trails of winged ants have been observed as feeding opportunities, and some species are recorded seizing dead insects being carried by a line of worker ants. Juvenile fish are also known to be eaten. These skinks are a source of food to a number of predators, but which species are able to capture them is also poorly surveyed. An individual has been observed as prey to a centipede, albeit when both were trapped ( C. cygnatus ), and they are a known prey item of other lizards, such as the pygopod Lialis burtonis . [7]
A revision of Australasian species, published in two papers in 2007, compared morphological and molecular phylogenies and concluded that there was unrecognised diversity within the genus. [8] The author, Paul Horner of the Northern Territory Museum, published revised systematics that sampled widely distributed populations in the Australian region, with small samples of taxa from other regions, to identify twenty five taxa in Australia, another thirteen in the southwest of the Indian oceanic area, and a further twenty four in the Indo-Pacific, listing 62 taxonomic descriptions of the genus in total. [7]
A list of recognised species includes the following 53 species. [9]
Nota bene : A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Cryptoblepharus.
Trachylepis is a skink genus in the subfamily Mabuyinae found mainly in Africa. Its members were formerly included in the "wastebin taxon" Mabuya, and for some time in Euprepis. As defined today, Trachylepis contains the clade of Afro-Malagasy mabuyas. The genus also contains a species from the Brazilian island of Fernando de Noronha, T. atlantica, and may occur in mainland South America with Trachylepis tschudii and Trachylepis maculata, both poorly known and enigmatic. The ancestors of T. atlantica are believed to have rafted across the Atlantic from Africa during the last 9 million years.
Cryptoblepharus australis, commonly called the inland snake-eyed skink, is a species of skink in the genus Cryptoblepharus.
Richard Sternfeld was a German-Jewish herpetologist, who was responsible for describing over forty species of amphibians and reptiles, particularly from Germany's African and Pacific colonies.
Cryptoblepharus yulensis is a species of skink, a lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Papua New Guinea.
Cryptoblepharus adamsi, also known commonly as Adams's snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Queensland in Australia.
Cryptoblepharus cygnatus, also known commonly as Swanson's snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Northern Territory in Australia.
Cryptoblepharus daedalos, also known commonly as the dappled snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Northern Territory in Australia.
Cryptoblepharus exochus, also known commonly as the noble snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Northern Territory in Australia.
Cryptoblepharus furvus is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Normanby Island in Papua New Guinea.
Cryptoblepharus gurrmul, also known commonly as the Arafura snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Northern Territory in Australia.
Cryptoblepharus juno, also known commonly as Juno's snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Northern Territory in Australia.
Cryptoblepharus mertensi, also known commonly as Merten's snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Northern Territory in Australia.
Cryptoblepharus ochrus, also known commonly as the pale snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Australian state of South Australia.
Cryptoblepharus pannosus, also known commonly as the ragged snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Australia.
Cryptoblepharus richardsi is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Misima Island in the northwest of Louisiade Archipelago, Papua New Guinea.
Cryptoblepharus tytthos, also known commonly as the pygmy snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Australian state of Western Australia.
Cryptoblepharus ustulatus, also known commonly, as the russet snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Australian state of Western Australia.
Cryptoblepharus wulbu, also known commonly as the spangled snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Northern Territory in Australia.
Cryptoblepharus xenikos is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Papua New Guinea.
Cryptoblepharus zoticus, also known commonly as the agile snake-eyed skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Queensland in Australia.