Queen Marie Antoinette of France is best remembered for her legendary extravagance and her death: she was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror at the height of the French Revolution in 1793 for the crime of treason. Her life has been the subject of many historically accurate biographies and the subject of romance novels and films.
As were many people and events involved with the French Revolution, Marie Antoinette's life and role in the great social-political conflict were contingent upon many factors. Many have speculated about how influential she was on the nature of the revolution and the direction it eventually took. In light of the varying contingencies surrounding her life that made her a hated and despised figure in the revolutionaries' eyes as queen, she was viewed as a genuine model of the old regime, perhaps even more than her husband, King Louis XVI. Due to her frivolous spending and indulgent royal lifestyle, as well as her well-known desire to promote the Austrian empire, her caring, motherly nature was overshadowed, and revolutionaries only saw her as an obstruction to the Revolution.
The view on Marie Antoinette's role in French history has varied widely throughout the years. Even during her life, she was a popular icon of goodness and a symbol of everything wrong with the French monarchy, the latter being a view that has persisted to this day far stronger than the former. However, some would argue that the common historical perspective on Marie Antoinette is that she was yet another tragic victim of the radicalism of the Revolution, rather than a great symbol of French royal inadequacies. This view tends to sympathize with Marie Antoinette and her family's plight and focus more on the documentation surrounding the last months, weeks, and days before her execution, where she is more clearly seen as Marie Antoinette the penitent, caring mother rather than the defiant queen of France.
Some contemporary sources, such as Mary Wollstonecraft [1] and Thomas Jefferson, [2] place the blame of the French Revolution and the subsequent Reign of Terror squarely on Marie Antoinette's shoulders; others, such as those who knew her (her lady-in-waiting Madame Campan and the royal governess, the marquise de Tourzel, among them) focus more on her sweet character and considerable courage in the face of misunderstanding and adversity. [3] According to Campan, the queen was misunderstood by her subjects and the nobility at Versailles. Campan describes several people who, upon spending time with the queen, left with a more positive opinion of her. One such visitor, M. Loustonneau, the first surgeon to the king, was humbled when the queen remarked, "if the poor whom you have succored for the past twenty years had each placed a single candle in their windows, it would have been the most beautiful illumination ever witnessed." [4]
Immediately after her death, the picture painted by the libelles of the queen was held as the "correct" view of Marie Antoinette for many years, as the news of her execution was received with joy by the French populace, and the libelles did not stop circulating even after her death. [5] However, she was also considered a martyr by royalists both in and out of France, so much so that the Tower was demolished by Napoleon to get rid of all symbols of the oppression of the royal family. [6] The queen's view as a martyr was generally held in the post-Napoleonic era and through the nineteenth century, though publications were still written. The ultra-republican work of Jules Michelet portrayed the queen as a frivolous spendthrift who single-handedly ruined France. [7] This view is not widely accepted as accurate by most modern historians, though even the less biased contemporary sources quickly point out that the queen had faults that contributed to her condition.
The end of the nineteenth century brought about some more changes in how the queen was viewed, particularly in light of the (heavily censored) publication of Count Axel Fersen's Journal intime by one of his descendants; theories about a torrid decade-long love affair between queen and count has become an area of debate since then. In particular, the popular theory is that Louis Charles, the second Dauphin (who would ultimately die at the age of 10 from maltreatment), was Fersen's child and that the king was aware of it. Those who argue in favor of this theory point to the words of insiders who knew of the queen's alleged affair and the words of Fersen regarding the child's death, which indicate it to be a possibility. [8] Others argue the queen had a liaison, but it produced no child; others do not believe that an affair took place. [9]
The twentieth century brought about the recovery of some items that belonged to the queen thought lost forever and a wave of new biographies, which began to show the queen in a somewhat more sympathetic light. Even those that were critical of the queen were more balanced than their eighteenth and nineteenth-century predecessors. Public perception was also aided in the twentieth century with the advent of movies based upon biographies of the queen, the most famous of them including the Oscar-nominated 1938 Norma Shearer feature Marie Antoinette (based upon the 1932 book Marie Antoinette: The Portrait of an Average Woman by Stefan Zweig) and the 2006 Kirsten Dunst feature (based upon the 2001 book Marie Antoinette: The Journey by Lady Antonia Fraser). Some modern historians consider the latter author's book to be the most thorough and balanced biography of the queen. However, it naturally builds upon earlier biographies, first-hand accounts, and even the infamous libelles which destroyed the queen's reputation. Another book was written by famous American novelist Upton Sinclair in the form of a play titled Marie Antoinette.
Marie Antoinette has been referenced in numerous motion pictures and television shows, usually as a figure to denote extravagance or doomed beauty.
Some of the more notable examples include the movie adaptation of Gone with the Wind , in which a portrait of the Queen hangs above Scarlett O'Hara's bed in her new mansion in Atlanta. In The Addams Family Values , Wednesday Addams dresses up her new baby brother as Marie-Antoinette and attempts to guillotine him for crimes against the Republic.
In the CW American drama Gossip Girl , a sketch looking very much like Kirsten Dunst in the role of Queen Marie-Antoinette decorates the bedroom of the main character, Blair Waldorf. In the second series of Sex and the City , when Charlotte York criticizes one of her friends for delusively believing that they live in a classless society, Carrie Bradshaw refers to her as a Marie Antoinette. During the wedding of Melanie and Lindsay in Queer as Folk , a decadent French dessert is given as an option for their dinner by a French caterer, to which Melanie sarcastically quips: "And just how much for Marie-Antoinette's last meal?" In the fourth series of Desperate Housewives , Katherine went to a Halloween party thrown by a young gay couple who just moved to the neighborhood. One of the hosts quipped it is appropriate that the domineering Katherine came as a "self-important queen who lost all her power."
In the Gareth Russell novel Popular, one of the lead characters throws a sweet 16 birthday party with a Marie Antoinette theme but is upstaged by one of her guests when she arrives in a costume worn by Kirsten Dunst in the 2006 movie.
In Robert Asprin's "Another Fine Myth," there's a pseudo-quotation as an epigraph to chapter 8: "In times of crisis, it is of utmost importance not to lose one's head." —M. ANTOINETTE
In Danganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc , Celestia Ludenberg references that she believes in her past life she was Marie Antoinette.
In Into The Dark , Maggie wears a Marie Antoinette costume to a Halloween party.
In the AMC supernatural horror drama The Terror , George Henry Hodgson wears a Marie Antoinette costume to Carnivale.
Prior to the Revolution, opponents of the French monarchy regularly circulated pornographic propaganda alleging that Marie Antoinette was engaged in a lesbian relationship with the Princesse de Lamballe . While the rumors of Antoinette's sexuality were unfounded, they lead to her being interpreted as an early lesbian icon in works by gay authors, such as Radclyffe Hall's The Well of Loneliness (1928) and Jean Genet's The Maids (1947). [11]
The most famous historical fiction which features Marie Antoinette is the Alexandre Dumas, père novel Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (The Knight of the Red House,) which centers on the Carnation Plot. The first of a series of six books written by Dumas with Marie Antoinette featured called the "Marie Antoinette novels." The queen is shown in a sympathetic light, particularly during the "Diamond Necklace Affair."
Some of the more famous historical novels that have portrayed Marie Antoinette in more recent years include Carolly Erickson's 2005 novel The Hidden Diary of Marie Antoinette, Jennifer Donnelly's young adult book Revolution in 2010, as well as Elena Maria Vidal's 1998 book Trianon. A 2000 book in the young adult the Royal Diaries series is about Marie Antoinette's journey to France as a teenager, Marie Antoinette: Princess of Versailles (Austria-France, 1769-1771).
The two best-known movie portrayals of Marie Antoinette have been in the 1938 film Marie Antoinette , directed by W. S. Van Dyke, in which Norma Shearer played the queen. The 2006 film Marie Antoinette , directed by Sofia Coppola and starring Kirsten Dunst. The Affair of the Necklace is a 2001 film in which Hilary Swank played Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy and Joely Richardson played Marie Antoinette.
Marie Antoinette features prominently in The Ghosts of Versailles , partially an operatic adaptation of Beaumarchais' La Mère coupable with a score by John Corigliano and libretto by William M. Hoffman.
In the film Amadeus , she is mentioned twice by her brother, Emperor Joseph II as "Antoinette." Her eventual downfall is foreshadowed when the emperor tells Mozart why he has banned the play Figaro .
In the 2007 film Shrek the Third , Princess Fiona wears a dress at one point in the film that closely resembles Marie Antoinette's oversized gowns.
In the Japanese manga series My Hime , Marie Antoinette is one of two QUEEN Hime who descend to the Earth to remake it. She is associated with roses and possesses a very aristocratic air about herself. In the eighteen episodes of the anime adaptation of the Japanese manga series Black Butler , William T. Spears mentions that the Undertaker sent Marie Antoinette to Hell. Marie Antoinette is also one of the most prominent characters of the Japanese metaseries The Rose of Versailles (ベルサイユのばら, Berusaiyu no Bara). In this series of works, she is portrayed as a very sweet and gentle woman, a loyal friend of Oscar and a loving mother, and an easily influenced and irresponsible queen. Her voice actress was Miyuki Ueda.
The popular quote often misattributed to her, "Let them eat cake" was referenced in the 39 Clues book One False Note .
In Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy , there's a cartoon called "Marie Antoinette's Notepad." In this, Marie writes something down on a piece of paper; then, she scratches it out. Then she begins writing again, only for her to scratch it out. Then she thinks and writes something down. She puts the quill back in its container, and she looks satisfied. Then the paper shows that she has written and scratched out "Let them eat shit" and "Let them eat pussy", and the last line says "Let them eat cake."
Marie Antoinette appears in the children's book Ben and Me (1939) by Robert Lawson, but does not appear in the 1953 animated short film adaptation.
Joan Rivers' book I Hate Everyone... Starting With Me contains a quote by Marie Antoinette saying, "Let her eat shit." Costco then refused to sell the book because of the explicit language.
Juliet Grey's trilogy of books starting with Becoming Marie Antoinette and ending with Confessions of Marie Antoinette tells Marie Antoinette's entire story. It begins with her transformation from Maria Antonia of Austria into the Marie Antoinette of France and ends with the French Revolution and her execution.
Kate Beaton, cartoonist of webcomic Hark! A Vagrant devoted one of her comic strips to Marie Antoinette.
In the two-part Season 6 finale of Totally Spies! Sam, Clover, and Alex win a prize to stay in the palace of Versailles itself. The spies and their fashion-designer classmates are in a French fashion show based on Marie Antoinette and her favorite attire as Queen of France in the seventeenth century.
Carolyn Meyer had written a novel in her Young Royals book series titled The Bad Queen: Rules and Instructions for Marie Antoinette which is set from 1768–1792.
The 9th edition of CR Fashion Book is inspired by Marie Antoinette. [15] She is portrayed by Rihanna on the cover, as well as models Lara Stone, Imaan Hammam, Joan Smalls, Guinevere van Seenus, Mariacarla Boscono, and others.
Chanel's 2013 Resort Collection drew inspiration from Marie Antoinette. [16]
Marie Antoinette was the last queen of France prior to the French Revolution. She was born an archduchess of Austria, and was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I. She became dauphine of France in May 1770 at age 14 upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste, heir apparent to the French throne. On 10 May 1774, her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI and she became queen.
Louis XVI was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.
Jeanne Bécu, Comtesse du Barry was the last maîtresse-en-titre of King Louis XV of France. She was executed by guillotine during the French Revolution on accusations of treason—particularly being suspected of assisting émigrés to flee from the Revolution. She is also known as “Mademoiselle Vaubernier”.
Hans Axel von Fersen, known as Axel de Fersen in France, was a Swedish count, Marshal of the Realm of Sweden, a General of Horse in the royal Swedish Army, one of the Lords of the Realm, aide-de-camp to Rochambeau in the American Revolutionary War, diplomat and statesman, and a friend of Queen Marie-Antoinette of France. Von Fersen was lynched by a Stockholm mob, following rumors of his involvement in the death of Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden.
The Affair of the Diamond Necklace was an incident from 1784 to 1785 at the court of King Louis XVI of France that involved his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette.
Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron, Duchess of Polignac was the favourite of Marie Antoinette, whom she first met when she was presented at the Palace of Versailles in 1775, the year after Marie Antoinette became the Queen of France. She was considered one of the great beauties of pre-Revolutionary society, but her extravagance and exclusivity earned her many enemies.
Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was the eldest child of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette of France, and their only child to reach adulthood. In 1799 she married her cousin Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, the eldest son of Charles, Count of Artois, henceforth becoming the Duchess of Angoulême. She was briefly Queen of France in 1830.
Marie Antoinette is a 1938 American historical drama film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was directed by W. S. Van Dyke and starred Norma Shearer as Marie Antoinette. Based upon the 1932 biography of the ill-fated Queen of France by the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig, it had its Los Angeles premiere at the legendary Carthay Circle Theatre, where the landscaping was specially decorated for the event.
Marie-Jeanne [Rose] Bertin was a French fashion merchant. She was particularly noted for her work with Queen Marie Antoinette. Bertin was the first celebrated French fashion designer and is widely credited with having brought fashion and haute couture to the forefront of popular culture.
Marie Adélaïde de France was a French princess, the sixth child and fourth daughter of King Louis XV and Queen Marie Leszczyńska.
Marie Antoinette is a 2006 historical drama film written and directed by Sofia Coppola. It is based on the life of Queen Marie Antoinette, played by Kirsten Dunst, in the years leading to the French Revolution. It won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design. It was released in the United States on October 20, 2006, by Sony Pictures Releasing.
Victoire of France was a French princess, the daughter of King Louis XV and the popular Queen Marie Leszczyńska. She was named after her parents and Queen Maria Theresa, her great-great-grandmother and the consort of Louis XIV of France.
"Let them eat cake" is the traditional translation of the French phrase "Qu'ils mangent de la brioche", said to have been spoken in the 18th century by "a great princess" upon being told that the peasants had no bread. The French phrase mentions brioche, a bread enriched with butter and eggs, considered a luxury food. The quote is taken to reflect either the princess's frivolous disregard for the starving peasants or her poor understanding of their plight.
Oscar François de Jarjayes is a fictional character created by Japanese manga artist Riyoko Ikeda. She is a major character in the 1972 manga series The Rose of Versailles, and its various adaptations and spin-offs.
Sophie Philippine Élisabeth Justine of France was a French princess, a fille de France. She was the sixth daughter and eighth child of King Louis XV of France and his queen consort, Marie Leszczyńska. First known as Madame Cinquième, she later became Madame Sophie. She and her sisters were collectively known as Mesdames. In 1777, Sophie and her elder sister Adélaïde were both given the title Duchess of Louvois.
Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princess de Lamballe was a member of the Savoy-Carignano cadet branch of the House of Savoy. She was married at the age of 17 to Louis Alexandre de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Prince de Lamballe, the heir to the greatest fortune in France. After her marriage, which lasted a year, she went to the French royal court and became the confidante of Queen Marie Antoinette. She was killed in the massacres of September 1792 during the French Revolution.
Farewell, My Queen is a 2012 French drama film directed by Benoît Jacquot and based on the novel of the same name by Chantal Thomas, who won the Prix Femina in 2002. It gives a fictional account of the last days of Marie Antoinette in power seen through the eyes of Sidonie Laborde, a young servant who reads aloud to the queen. The film stars Diane Kruger as the Queen, Léa Seydoux, and Virginie Ledoyen. It opened the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2012 and has subsequently been screened at other festivals. It was released on 21 March 2012 in France.
The Rose of Versailles, also known as Lady Oscar and La Rose de Versailles, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Riyoko Ikeda. It was originally serialized in the manga magazine Margaret from 1972 to 1973, while a revival of the series was published in the magazine from 2013 to 2018. The series is a historical drama set in the years preceding and during the French Revolution. Using a combination of historical personages and original characters, The Rose of Versailles focuses primarily on the lives of two women: the Queen of France Marie Antoinette, and Oscar François de Jarjayes, who serves as commander of the Royal Guard.
Marie Antoinette is a historical drama television series created and written by Deborah Davis. It is produced by the BBC and Canal+ and based on the life of the last queen of France before the French Revolution, who was 14 years old when she became Dauphine of France upon her marriage to the heir apparent, Louis-Auguste.