Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)

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Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)­ruthenium(II)
RuCl2P3Ibers.png
Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png
Names
IUPAC name
Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)
Other names
Ruthenium tris(triphenylphosphine) dichloride; Tris(triphenylphosphine)dichlororuthenium; Tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium dichloride;Tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) dichloride
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.035.957 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 239-569-7
PubChem CID
  • InChI=1S/3C18H15P.2ClH.Ru/c3*1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;;;/h3*1-15H;2*1H;/q;;;;;+2/p-2 Yes check.svgY
    Key: WIWBLJMBLGWSIN-UHFFFAOYSA-L Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/3C18H15P.2ClH.Ru/c3*1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;;;/h3*1-15H;2*1H;/q;;;;;+2/p-2
    Key: WIWBLJMBLGWSIN-NUQVWONBAX
  • [Ru+2].[Cl-].[Cl-].c3c(P(c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2)cccc3.c1ccccc1P(c2ccccc2)c3ccccc3.c1ccccc1P(c2ccccc2)c3ccccc3
Properties
C54H45Cl2P3Ru
Molar mass 958.83 g/mol
AppearanceBlack Crystals or Red-Brown
Density 1.43 g cm−3
Melting point 133 °C; 271 °F; 406 K
Structure
Monoclinic
C2h5-P21/c
a = 18.01 Å, b = 20.22 Å, c = 12.36 Å
α = 90°, β = 90.5°, γ = 90°
Octahedral
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Warning
H302, H312, H332
P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P322, P330, P363, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) is a coordination complex of ruthenium. It is a chocolate brown solid that is soluble in organic solvents such as benzene. The compound is used as a precursor to other complexes including those used in homogeneous catalysis.

Contents

Synthesis and basic properties

RuCl2(PPh3)3 is the product of the reaction of ruthenium trichloride trihydrate with a methanolic solution of triphenylphosphine. [1] [2]

2 RuCl3(H2O)3 + 7 PPh3 → 2 RuCl2(PPh3)3 + 2 HCl + 5 H2O + OPPh3

The coordination sphere of RuCl2(PPh3)3 can be viewed as either five-coordinate or octahedral. One coordination site is occupied by one of the hydrogen atoms of a phenyl group. [3] This Ru---H agostic interaction is long (2.59 Å) and weak. The low symmetry of the compound is reflected by the differing lengths of the Ru-P bonds: 2.374, 2.412, and 2.230 Å. [4] The Ru-Cl bond lengths are both 2.387 Å.

Reactions

In the presence of excess of triphenylphosphine, RuCl2(PPh3)3 binds a fourth phosphine to give black RuCl2(PPh3)4. The triphenylphosphine ligands in both the tris(phosphine) and tetrakis(phosphine) complexes are readily substituted by other ligands. The tetrakis(phosphine) complex is a precursor to the Grubbs catalysts. [5]

Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) reacts with hydrogen in the presence of base to give the purple-colored monohydride HRuCl(PPh3)3. [6]

RuCl2(PPh3)3 + H2 + NEt3 → HRuCl(PPh3)3 + [HNEt3]Cl

Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) reacts with carbon monoxide to produce the all trans isomer of dichloro(dicarbonyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II).

RuCl2(PPh3)3 + 2 CO → trans,trans,trans-RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2 + PPh3

This kinetic product isomerizes to the cis adduct during recrystallization. trans-RuCl2(dppe)2 forms upon treating RuCl2(PPh3)3 with dppe.

RuCl2(PPh3)3 + 2 dppe → RuCl2(dppe)2 + 3 PPh3

RuCl2(PPh3)3 catalyzes the decomposition of formic acid into carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas in the presence of an amine. [7] Since carbon dioxide can be trapped and hydrogenated on an industrial scale, formic acid represents a potential storage and transportation medium.

Use in organic synthesis

RuCl2(PPh3)3 facilitates oxidations, reductions, cross-couplings, cyclizations, and isomerization. It is used in the Kharasch addition of chlorocarbons to alkenes. [8]

Kharasch Addition Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II).png

Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) serves as a precatalyst for the hydrogenation of alkenes, nitro compounds, ketones, carboxylic acids, and imines. On the other hand, it catalyzes the oxidation of alkanes to tertiary alcohols, amides to t-butyldioxyamides, and tertiary amines to α-(t-butyldioxyamides) using tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Using other peroxides, oxygen, and acetone, the catalyst can oxidize alcohols to aldehydes or ketones. Using dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) the N-alkylation of amines with alcohols is also possible (see "borrowing hydrogen"). [8]

N-Alkylation.png

RuCl2(PPh3)3 efficiently catalyzes carbon-carbon bond formation from cross couplings of alcohols through C-H activation of sp3 carbon atoms in the presence of a Lewis acid. [9]

Alcohol Cross Coupling RuCl2PPH3.png

Related Research Articles

The Heck reaction is the chemical reaction of an unsaturated halide with an alkene in the presence of a base and a palladium catalyst to form a substituted alkene. It is named after Tsutomu Mizoroki and Richard F. Heck. Heck was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which he shared with Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki, for the discovery and development of this reaction. This reaction was the first example of a carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction that followed a Pd(0)/Pd(II) catalytic cycle, the same catalytic cycle that is seen in other Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The Heck reaction is a way to substitute alkenes.

The Suzuki reaction is an organic reaction, classified as a cross-coupling reaction, where the coupling partners are a boronic acid and an organohalide and the catalyst is a palladium(0) complex. It was first published in 1979 by Akira Suzuki, and he shared the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Richard F. Heck and Ei-ichi Negishi for their contribution to the discovery and development of palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings in organic synthesis. This reaction is also known as the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction or simply as the Suzuki coupling. It is widely used to synthesize polyolefins, styrenes, and substituted biphenyls. Several reviews have been published describing advancements and the development of the Suzuki reaction. The general scheme for the Suzuki reaction is shown below, where a carbon-carbon single bond is formed by coupling a halide (R1-X) with an organoboron species (R2-BY2) using a palladium catalyst and a base. The organoboron species is usually synthesized by hydroboration or carboboration, allowing for rapid generation of molecular complexity.

Organopalladium chemistry is a branch of organometallic chemistry that deals with organic palladium compounds and their reactions. Palladium is often used as a catalyst in the reduction of alkenes and alkynes with hydrogen. This process involves the formation of a palladium-carbon covalent bond. Palladium is also prominent in carbon-carbon coupling reactions, as demonstrated in tandem reactions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triphenylphosphine</span> Chemical compound

Triphenylphosphine (IUPAC name: triphenylphosphane) is a common organophosphorus compound with the formula P(C6H5)3 and often abbreviated to PPh3 or Ph3P. It is widely used in the synthesis of organic and organometallic compounds. PPh3 exists as relatively air stable, colorless crystals at room temperature. It dissolves in non-polar organic solvents such as benzene and diethyl ether.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhodium(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Rhodium(III) chloride refers to inorganic compounds with the formula RhCl3(H2O)n, where n varies from 0 to 3. These are diamagnetic solids featuring octahedral Rh(III) centres. Depending on the value of n, the material is either a dense brown solid or a soluble reddish salt. The soluble trihydrated (n = 3) salt is widely used to prepare compounds used in homogeneous catalysis, notably for the industrial production of acetic acid and hydroformylation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palladium(II) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Palladium(II) chloride, also known as palladium dichloride and palladous chloride, are the chemical compounds with the formula PdCl2. PdCl2 is a common starting material in palladium chemistry – palladium-based catalysts are of particular value in organic synthesis. It is prepared by the reaction of chlorine with palladium metal at high temperatures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)</span> Chemical compound

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (sometimes called quatrotriphenylphosphine palladium) is the chemical compound [Pd(P(C6H5)3)4], often abbreviated Pd(PPh3)4, or rarely PdP4. It is a bright yellow crystalline solid that becomes brown upon decomposition in air.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruthenium(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Ruthenium(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula RuCl3. "Ruthenium(III) chloride" more commonly refers to the hydrate RuCl3·xH2O. Both the anhydrous and hydrated species are dark brown or black solids. The hydrate, with a varying proportion of water of crystallization, often approximating to a trihydrate, is a commonly used starting material in ruthenium chemistry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dicarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(0)</span> Chemical compound

Dicarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(0) or Roper's complex is a ruthenium metal carbonyl. In it, two carbon monoxide ligands and three triphenylphosphine ligands are coordinated to a central ruthenium(0) center.

Organophosphines are organophosphorus compounds with the formula PRnH3−n, where R is an organic substituent. These compounds can be classified according to the value of n: primary phosphines (n = 1), secondary phosphines (n = 2), tertiary phosphines (n = 3). All adopt pyramidal structures. Organophosphines are generally colorless, lipophilic liquids or solids. The parent of the organophosphines is phosphine (PH3).

Martin Arthur Bennett FRS is an Australian inorganic chemist. He gained recognition for studies on the co-ordination chemistry of tertiary phosphines, olefins, and acetylenes, and the relationship of their behaviour to homogeneous catalysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metallacycle</span>

In organometallic chemistry, a metallacycle is a derivative of a carbocyclic compound wherein a metal has replaced at least one carbon center; this is to some extent similar to heterocycles. Metallacycles appear frequently as reactive intermediates in catalysis, e.g. olefin metathesis and alkyne trimerization. In organic synthesis, directed ortho metalation is widely used for the functionalization of arene rings via C-H activation. One main effect that metallic atom substitution on a cyclic carbon compound is distorting the geometry due to the large size of typical metals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chloro(cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium</span> Chemical compound

Chloro(cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium is the organoruthenium half-sandwich compound with formula RuCl(PPh3)2(C5H5). It as an air-stable orange crystalline solid that is used in a variety of organometallic synthetic and catalytic transformations. The compound has idealized Cs symmetry. It is soluble in chloroform, dichloromethane, and acetone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium chloride</span> Chemical compound

Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium chloride is a coordination compound of palladium containing two triphenylphosphine and two chloride ligands. It is a yellow solid that is soluble in some organic solvents. It is used for palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, e.g. the Sonogashira–Hagihara reaction. The complex is square planar. Many analogous complexes are known with different phosphine ligands.

Organoplatinum chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to platinum chemical bond, and the study of platinum as a catalyst in organic reactions. Organoplatinum compounds exist in oxidation state 0 to IV, with oxidation state II most abundant. The general order in bond strength is Pt-C (sp) > Pt-O > Pt-N > Pt-C (sp3). Organoplatinum and organopalladium chemistry are similar, but organoplatinum compounds are more stable and therefore less useful as catalysts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrogenation of carbon–nitrogen double bonds</span>

In chemistry, the hydrogenation of carbon–nitrogen double bonds is the addition of the elements of dihydrogen (H2) across a carbon–nitrogen double bond, forming amines or amine derivatives. Although a variety of general methods have been developed for the enantioselective hydrogenation of ketones, methods for the hydrogenation of carbon–nitrogen double bonds are less general. Hydrogenation of imines is complicated by both syn/anti isomerization and tautomerization to enamines, which may be hydrogenated with low enantioselectivity in the presence of a chiral catalyst. Additionally, the substituent attached to nitrogen affects both the reactivity and spatial properties of the imine, complicating the development of a general catalyst system for imine hydrogenation. Despite these challenges, methods have been developed that address particular substrate classes, such as N-aryl, N-alkyl, and endocyclic imines.

Gábor Laurenczy is a Hungarian-Swiss chemist and academic. He is a Professor Emeritus at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. He is academician, External Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metal-phosphine complex</span>

A metal-phosphine complex is a coordination complex containing one or more phosphine ligands. Almost always, the phosphine is an organophosphine of the type R3P (R = alkyl, aryl). Metal phosphine complexes are useful in homogeneous catalysis. Prominent examples of metal phosphine complexes include Wilkinson's catalyst (Rh(PPh3)3Cl), Grubbs' catalyst, and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II)</span> Chemical compound

Dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II) refers to a pair of metal phosphine complexes with the formula NiCl2[P(C6H5)3]2. The compound exists as two isomers, a paramagnetic dark blue solid and a diamagnetic red solid. These complexes function as catalysts for organic synthesis.

In organic chemistry, the Murai reaction is an organic reaction that uses C-H activation to create a new C-C bond between a terminal or strained internal alkene and an aromatic compound using a ruthenium catalyst. The reaction, named after Shinji Murai, was first reported in 1993. While not the first example of C-H activation, the Murai reaction is notable for its high efficiency and scope. Previous examples of such hydroarylations required more forcing conditions and narrow scope.

References

  1. Stephenson, T. A.; Wilkinson, G. "New Complexes of Ruthenium (II) and (III) with Triphenylphosphine, Triphenylarsine, Trichlorostannate, Pyridine, and other Ligands", J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1966, 28, 945-956. doi : 10.1016/0022-1902(66)80191-4
  2. P. S. Hallman, T. A. Stephenson, G. Wilkinson "Tetrakis(Triphenylphosphine)Dichloro-Ruthenium(II) and Tris(Triphenylphosphine)-Dichlororuthenium(II)" Inorganic Syntheses, 1970 volume 12 doi : 10.1002/9780470132432.ch40
  3. Sabo-Etienne, S.; Gellier, M., "Ruthenium: Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry", Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, 2006, John Wiley & Sons Sabo-Etienne, Sylviane; Grellier, Mary (2006). "Ruthenium: Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry Based in part on the article Ruthenium: Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry by Bruno Chaudret & Sylviane Sabo-Etienne which appeared in the Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition". Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry. doi:10.1002/0470862106.ia208. ISBN   0470860782.
  4. La Placa, Sam J.; Ibers, James A. (1965). "A Five-Coordinated d6 Complex: Structure of Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II)". Inorganic Chemistry. 4 (6): 778–783. doi:10.1021/ic50028a002.
  5. Georgios C. Vougioukalakis, Robert H. Grubbs "Ruthenium-Based Heterocyclic Carbene-Coordinated Olefin Metathesis Catalysts" Chem. Rev., 2010, volume 110, pp 1746–1787 Vougioukalakis, Georgios C.; Grubbs, Robert H. (2010). "Ruthenium-Based Heterocyclic Carbene-Coordinated Olefin Metathesis Catalysts". Chemical Reviews. 110 (3): 1746–1787. doi:10.1021/cr9002424. PMID   20000700.
  6. Schunn, R. A.; Wonchoba, E. R. (1972). "Chlorohydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 13. p. 131. doi:10.1002/9780470132449.ch26. ISBN   9780470132449.
  7. Loges, B.; Boddien, A.; Junge, H.; Beller, M., "Controlled Generation of Hydrogen from Formic Acid Amine Adducs at Room Temperature and Application in H2/O2 Fuel Cells", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2008, 47, 3962-3965 Loges, Björn; Boddien, Albert; Junge, Henrik; Beller, Matthias (2008). "Controlled Generation of Hydrogen from Formic Acid Amine Adducts at Room Temperature and Application in H2/O2Fuel Cells". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 47 (21): 3962–3965. doi:10.1002/anie.200705972. PMID   18457345.
  8. 1 2 Plummer, J. S.; Shun-Ichi, M.; Changjia, Z. "Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)", e-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2010, John Wiley doi : 10.1002/047084289X.rd137.pub2
  9. Shu-Yu, Z.; Yong-Qiang, T.; Chun-An, F.; Yi-Jun, J.; Lei, S.; Ke, C.; En, Z.; "Cross-Coupling Reactions between alcohols through sp3 C-H Activation Catalyzed by a Ruthenium/Lewis Acid System" Chem. Eur. J., 2008, 14, 10201-10205 Zhang, Shu-Yu; Tu, Yong-Qiang; Fan, Chun-An; Jiang, Yi-Jun; Shi, Lei; Cao, Ke; Zhang, En (2008). "Cross-Coupling Reaction between Alcohols through sp3CH Activation Catalyzed by a Ruthenium/Lewis Acid System". Chemistry - A European Journal. 14 (33): 10201–10205. doi:10.1002/chem.200801317. PMID   18844197.