Disclosure (1994 film)

Last updated

Disclosure
Disclosure (1994 film) poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Barry Levinson
Screenplay by Paul Attanasio
Based on Disclosure
by Michael Crichton
Produced by
  • Michael Crichton
  • Barry Levinson
Starring
Cinematography Tony Pierce-Roberts
Edited by Stu Linder
Music by Ennio Morricone
Distributed by Warner Bros.
Release date
  • December 9, 1994 (1994-12-09)
Running time
128 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$55 million [1]
Box office$214 million [1]

Disclosure is a 1994 American erotic thriller film [2] directed by Barry Levinson, starring Michael Douglas and Demi Moore. It is based on Michael Crichton's novel of the same name. [3] The cast also includes Donald Sutherland, Caroline Goodall and Dennis Miller. The film is a combination thriller and slight mystery in an office setting within the computer industry in the mid-1990s. The main focus of the story, from which the film and book take their titles, is the issue of sexual harassment and its power structure. The film received mixed reviews from critics but was a box office success grossing $214 million against its $50 million budget.

Contents

Plot

Bob Garvin, founder and CEO of DigiCom, a computer technology company, plans to retire when his company merges with a larger company. Production line manager Tom Sanders expects to be promoted to head of the CD-ROM division. Instead, Meredith Johnson, Tom's ex-girlfriend, is brought on to handle the merger, as Garvin wanted to "break the glass ceiling".

Meredith calls Tom into her office, ostensibly to discuss problems with Malaysia-manufactured CD-ROM drives. However, Meredith seduces him. Tom allows her to perform oral sex but rebuffs her attempts for sexual intercourse. As Tom leaves, Meredith angrily threatens him.

Tom later discovers that Meredith has filed a sexual harassment complaint against him with the help of legal counsel Phillip Blackburn. To save the merger from a scandal, causing Garvin to lose $100 million if the deal falls through, DigiCom officials demand that Tom accept reassignment to another state. If Tom accepts, he will lose his stock options in the company, his career will be ruined, and he will be left jobless when the other location is sold following the merger.

The desperate Tom receives an anonymous e-mail from "A Friend". It directs him to Catherine Alvarez, an attorney specializing in sexual harassment cases. Tom decides to sue DigiCom, alleging Meredith harassed him, though this causes animosity with his wife and colleagues. At the initial mediation, a tearful Meredith repeatedly lies and blames Tom. Garvin, believing the merger will fail without her, proposes Tom drop the lawsuit in exchange for keeping his position. Tom suspects Meredith's accusations are vulnerable. He remembers mis-dialing a number on his cell phone during the encounter with Meredith, but not hanging up, thus capturing the entire event on a colleague's voicemail. Tom rejects Garvin's proposal and plays the recording at the next meeting, discrediting Meredith. DigiCom agrees to a settlement calling for Meredith to be quietly eased out after the merger.

As Tom celebrates his apparent victory, he receives another e-mail from "A Friend" warning him that all is not what it seems. Tom overhears Blackburn telling Meredith that although they lost the sexual harassment suit, they will make Tom look incompetent at the next morning's merger conference since Tom is unaware of what is causing the CD-ROM drive issues Meredith alluded to earlier. Since the production line in Malaysia is Tom's responsibility, he can be fired for cause.

Accessing the company database for clues, Tom finds his access privileges revoked. Using a virtual reality demonstration device with access to the company database, he accesses DigiCom's files but finds that Meredith is already deleting them. Tom's Malaysian colleague faxes him copies of incriminating memos and videos. They show that Meredith, and one of the heads of operations in Malaysia, changed Tom's production specifications to gain the Malaysian government's favor and cut costs to make DigiCom appear more profitable to complete the merger. These changes caused problems with the Malaysian CD-ROMs line. To save her career, Meredith (with Blackburn's support) staged the sexual encounter with Tom to falsely accuse him of sexual harassment, forcing him out of DigiCom and covering for her mistakes.

When Tom makes his presentation at the conference, Meredith immediately brings up the production problems. Tom publicly shows the evidence that exposes her direct involvement in causing the hardware defects. Garvin, realizing the full extent of Meredith's incompetence and deceit, fires her.

Garvin announces the merger's completion and names Stephanie Kaplan to head up the Seattle operation, a decision Tom supports. Tom then asks Stephanie's son, Spencer, a University of Washington student, if he knows "A Friend". Spencer confirms he is Professor Arthur Friend's research assistant at the university. Tom realizes that Spencer would have had access to Friend's email account, enabling Stephanie (via her son) to warn Tom as "A Friend", as she knew what was happening involving the CD-ROM drives and Meredith. A grateful Tom happily resumes his position as head of manufacturing.

Cast

Production

Michael Crichton sold the movie rights for $1 million before the novel was published. [4] [5] Miloš Forman was originally attached to direct but left due to creative differences with Crichton. [4] Barry Levinson and Alan J. Pakula were in contention to take the helm and Levinson was hired.

Annette Bening was originally set to play Meredith until she became pregnant and soon dropped out. [6] Geena Davis and Michelle Pfeiffer were then considered before Levinson decided to cast Demi Moore. Crichton wrote the character Mark Lewyn for the film specifically with Dennis Miller in mind. The character from the book was somewhat modified for the screenplay to fit Miller's personality.

The visual effects and animation for the film, including in particular the virtual reality corridor sequence were all created and designed by the visual effects technicians at Industrial Light & Magic. [7]

Filming locations

The movie was filmed in and around Seattle, Washington. [8] The fictional corporation DigiCom is located in Pioneer Square, on a set which was constructed for the film. Production designer Neil Spisak said, "DigiCom needed to have a hard edge to it, with lots of glass and a modern look juxtaposed against the old red brick which is indigenous to the Pioneer Square area of Seattle. Barry liked the idea of using glass so that wherever you looked you'd see workers in their offices or stopping to chat. This seemed to fit the ominous sense that Barry was looking for, a sort of Rear Window effect, where you're looking across at people in their private spaces." [7]

Also shown are the Washington State Ferries and Capt. Johnston Blakely Elementary School on Bainbridge Island, where Douglas's character's family lives. Other locations include Washington Park Arboretum, Volunteer Park, the Four Seasons Hotel on University St., Pike Place Market and Smith Tower (Alvarez's law office). [9] The director of photography was British cinematographer Tony Pierce-Roberts.

Marketing

The film's marketing touted it as the first Hollywood movie with major stars to address the topic of sexual harassment. [6] [10]

The press kit for the film was the first multimedia press kit issued by Warner Bros. with them producing it on floppy disk. [11]

Soundtrack

The score of Disclosure was composed, orchestrated and conducted by Ennio Morricone. Original Motion Picture Soundtrack from the Film Disclosure was released by Virgin Records on January 24, 1995. [12]

Track listing

  1. "Serene Family" − 4:11
  2. "An Unusual Approach" − 7:07
  3. "With Energy and Decision" − 2:07
  4. "Virtual Reality" − 6:24
  5. "Preparation and Victory" − 4:04
  6. "Disclosure" − 0:49
  7. "Sad Family" − 1:29
  8. "Unemployed!" − 1:10
  9. "Sex and Computers" − 2:50
  10. "Computers and Work" − 2:00
  11. "Sex and Power" − 2:33
  12. "First Passacaglia" − 4:21
  13. "Second Passacaglia" − 1:41
  14. "Third Passacaglia" − 4:33
  15. "Sex, Power and Computers" − 4:23 [13]

Release

Box office

Disclosure was a financial success, grossing $214 million worldwide ($83 million in U.S. and Canadian ticket sales and $131 million in other territories), against a budget of about $55 million. [14] [15] It became one of director Barry Levinson's most successful films after his initial successes with Good Morning, Vietnam and Rain Man . [16] Its success extended to the video rental market, and was the third most rented movie of 1995 in the United States. [17]

Critical reception

Critical response was mixed, with some lauding the film's take on sexual harassment and others critiquing its plot, character development and implausibility. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle praised the film and said Douglas makes for "a complex and sympathetic Everyman", adding, "along the way it paints a picture of corporate America that in itself is a kind of horror story". [18] Ian Nathan of Empire gave it four stars out of five and called it "genuinely gripping", further stating that "Demi Moore makes an awesome femme fatale". [19]

Critic Roger Ebert called the film's theme "basically a launch pad for sex scenes" and further said, "yet the movie is so sleek, so glossy, so filled with Possessoporn (toys so expensive they're erotic), that you can enjoy it like a Sharper Image catalog that walks and talks." [10] He also criticized its convoluted plot, of which he said, "I defy anyone to explain." [10] He added: "As the movie started, I expected a sexy docudrama about sexual harassment. What I got was more of a thriller and whodunit, in which the harassment theme gets misplaced. Too bad, since the best scenes involve the attorneys for Moore and Douglas, and especially the scenes where Douglas' attorney sets out in chilling detail what a lawsuit is likely to do to his life. There's also an intriguing subplot involving Douglas' relationship with his wife (Caroline Goodall). Much could have been made of this material. Much has been made of it. But not the same much." [10]

Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle observed: "In its rush to push hot buttons, Disclosure neglected some essentials of good storytelling." [20] The New York Times critic Janet Maslin wrote much of the film "is talky and uneventful, with legal maneuverings and corporate strategies substituting for more energetic drama". [21] Maslin concluded, "The storytelling of Disclosure is too forced and polemical to be on a par with better Crichton tales like Jurassic Park. This time, it's the author who's the dinosaur." [21]

Some critics described the characters as flat and lacking dimension. [22] [23] [24] The Washington Post 's Desson Thomson felt that the script left out key sections of the novel. [24] Others noted Meredith's motives went unexplored, [25] [26] [3] with some opining Moore is stuck playing a thankless femme fatale role. [27] [25] [28] The Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan said while the film is "adequately entertaining", it lacks a "creative passion." [3] He added "screenwriter Attanasio, who dealt thoughtfully with ethical dilemmas in Quiz Show, works in a more limited moral palette in Disclosure, where questions of who is right and who is wrong are plainly obvious. The idea that sexual harassment is about power, not sex, and that a woman in power can potentially misbehave just like a man may be news to certain segments of the population, but they are not news enough to light a much-needed fire under this production." [3] The climactic virtual reality scene has since been singled out for its datedness and "silliness". [29] [30] [22]

Critics claimed that the movie was about the male cultural fear of feminism and powerful women in the workplace. [25] [26] [31] Some critics expressed their disappointment that though the film purported to be about sexual harassment, the topic is merely used as a plot device as part of a broader corporate thriller story. [28] [23] [3] [16] In the Chicago Tribune , Michael Wilmington wrote: "there's a fairy tale quality about Crichton's resolution. Supposedly Disclosure is about sexual harassment as a universal problem. But, on a deeper level, it's probably about the fear of men in the modern corporate world that women have them at a disadvantage. It suggests that a really evil, conscienceless-and sexy-woman can manipulate that changed climate to destroy a decent but non-political man (because she'll be believed when he won't)." [22]

The supporting cast, particularly Roma Maffia and Donald Sutherland, received positive reviews. [20] [27] [28] [21] Commendation was also given to the film's production design, particularly the DigiCom offices. [21] [23] [3] [22]

The film has an approval rating of 59% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 63 reviews. [32]

Year-end lists

The adult animated sitcom Big Mouth parodied the film in "Disclosure the Movie: The Musical" (season 3 episode 10), featuring a raunchy stage musical adaptation starring pre-teen students. [35]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Crichton</span> American author and filmmaker (1942–2008)

John Michael Crichton was an American author, screenwriter and filmmaker. His books have sold over 200 million copies worldwide, and over a dozen have been adapted into films. His literary works heavily feature technology and are usually within the science fiction, techno-thriller, and medical fiction genres. Crichton's novels often explore human technological advancement and attempted dominance over nature, both with frequently catastrophic results; many of his works are cautionary tales, especially regarding themes of biotechnology. Several of his stories center specifically around themes of genetic modification, hybridization, paleontology and/or zoology. Many feature medical or scientific underpinnings, reflective of his own medical training and scientific background.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Telenor</span> Telecommunications company of Norway

Telenor ASA is a Norwegian majority state-owned multinational telecommunications company headquartered at Fornebu in Bærum, close to Oslo. It is one of the world's largest mobile telecommunications companies with operations worldwide, but focused in Scandinavia and Asia. It has extensive broadband and TV distribution operations in four Nordic countries, and a 10-year-old research and business line for machine-to-machine technology. Telenor owns networks in 8 countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Douglas</span> American actor (born 1944)

Michael Kirk Douglas is an American actor and film producer. He has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, and the AFI Life Achievement Award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demi Moore</span> American actress (born 1962)

Demi Gene Moore is an American actress. A leading actress in the late 1980s and early 1990s, she was the world's highest-paid actress by 1995. Moore's accolades include nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and three Golden Globe Awards.

<i>Sleepless in Seattle</i> 1993 film by Nora Ephron

Sleepless in Seattle is a 1993 American romantic comedy film directed by Nora Ephron, from a screenplay she wrote with David S. Ward and Jeff Arch. Starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan, the film follows a journalist (Ryan) who becomes enamored with a widowed architect (Hanks), when the latter's son calls in to a talk radio program requesting a new partner for his grieving father. In addition to Bill Pullman, Ross Malinger, and Rob Reiner, the film features Rosie O'Donnell, Gaby Hoffmann, Victor Garber, Rita Wilson, Barbara Garrick, and Carey Lowell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual harassment</span> Unwanted sexual attention or advances

Sexual harassment is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome and inappropriate promises of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Sexual harassment can be physical and/or a demand or request for sexual favors, making sexually colored remarks, showing pornography, and any other unwelcome physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature. Sexual harassment includes a range of actions from verbal transgressions to sexual abuse or assault. Harassment can occur in many different social settings such as the workplace, the home, school, or religious institutions. Harassers or victims can be of any gender.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Perkins</span> American actress (born 1960)

Elizabeth Perkins is an American actress. She is known for her roles in films including About Last Night (1986), From the Hip (1987), Big (1988), Enid Is Sleeping (1990), The Flintstones (1994), Moonlight and Valentino (1995), The Ring Two (2005) and Hop (2011). She is also well known for her role as Celia Hodes in the Showtime TV series Weeds, for which she received three Primetime Emmy nominations and two Golden Globe nominations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russell Simmons</span> American entrepreneur and record executive

Russell Wendell Simmons is an American entrepreneur, writer and record executive. He co-founded the hip-hop label Def Jam Recordings, and created the clothing fashion lines Phat Farm, Argyleculture, and Tantris. He has promoted veganism and a yoga lifestyle, and published books on lifestyle, health, and entrepreneurship. Simmons' net worth was estimated at $340 million in 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harvey Weinstein</span> American film producer and sex offender (born 1952)

Harvey Weinstein is an American former film producer and convicted sex offender. In 1979, Weinstein and his brother, Bob Weinstein, co-founded the entertainment company Miramax, which produced several successful independent films including Sex, Lies, and Videotape (1989); The Crying Game (1992); Pulp Fiction (1994); Heavenly Creatures (1994); Flirting with Disaster (1996); and Shakespeare in Love (1998). Weinstein won an Academy Award for producing Shakespeare in Love and also won seven Tony Awards for plays and musicals including The Producers, Billy Elliot the Musical, and August: Osage County. After leaving Miramax, Weinstein and his brother Bob founded The Weinstein Company (TWC), a mini-major film studio. He was co-chairman, alongside Bob, from 2005 to 2017.

CelcomDigi Berhad is a communications conglomerate and mobile service provider in Malaysia. Its largest shareholders are Axiata and Norwegian-based Telenor, who hold equal ownership in CelcomDigi at 33.1% each. CelcomDigi is the largest wireless carrier in Malaysia, with 20.3 million subscribers at the end of Q4 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Casting couch</span> Soliciting sex for employment in entertainment

The casting couch is a euphemism for the practice of soliciting sexual favors from a job applicant in exchange for employment in the entertainment industry, primarily acting roles. The practice is illegal in the United States. Predominantly male casting directors and film producers use the casting couch to extract sex from aspiring actors in Hollywood, Bollywood, Broadway, and other segments of the industry. The term casting couch originally referred to physical couches in the casting office, but is now a metonym for the phenomenon as a whole. Depictions of casting couch sexual encounters have also become a genre of pornography.

<i>Coma</i> (1978 film) 1978 film by Michael Crichton

Coma is a 1978 American mystery thriller film based on the 1977 novel of the same name by Robin Cook. The film rights were acquired by director Michael Crichton, who also wrote the screenplay, and the movie was produced by Martin Erlichmann for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The cast includes Geneviève Bujold, Michael Douglas, Elizabeth Ashley, Richard Widmark, and Rip Torn. Among the actors in smaller roles are Tom Selleck, Lois Chiles, and Ed Harris.

<i>Disclosure</i> (novel) Book by Michael Crichton

Disclosure is a novel by Michael Crichton, his ninth under his own name and nineteenth overall, and published in 1994. The novel is set at a fictional computer hardware manufacturing company. The plot concerns protagonist Tom Sanders and his struggle to prove that he was sexually harassed by his female employer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Toback</span> American screenwriter and film director

James Lee Toback is an American screenwriter and film director. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1991 for Bugsy. He has directed films including The Pick-up Artist, Two Girls and a Guy and Black and White.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erotic thriller</span> Film and literary sub-genre

The erotic thriller or sexual thriller is a film subgenre defined as a thriller with a thematic basis in illicit romance or sexual fantasy. Though exact definitions of the erotic thriller can vary, it is generally agreed "bodily danger and pleasure must remain in close proximity and equally important to the plot." Most erotic thrillers contain scenes of softcore sex and nudity, though the frequency and explicitness of those scenes can differ from film to film.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gbenga Akinnagbe</span> American actor and writer

Olugbenga Enitan Temitope Akinnagbe is a Nigerian American actor and writer, best known for his roles as Chris Partlow on the HBO series The Wire and as Larry Brown on the HBO series The Deuce.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Axiata</span> Malaysian multinational telecommunications company

Axiata Group Berhad, is a Malaysian multinational telecommunications conglomerate with extensive operations in Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in Malaysia</span>

Women in Malaysia receive support from the Malaysian government concerning their rights to advance, to make decisions, to health, education and social welfare, and to the removal of legal obstacles. The Malaysian government has ensured these factors through the establishment of Ministry of National Unity and Social Development in 1997. This was followed by the formation of the Women's Affairs Ministry in 2001 to recognise the roles and contributions of Malaysian women.

An intimacy coordinator is "an advocate, a liaison between actors and production, and a movement coach and/or choreographer in regards to nudity and simulated sex, and other intimate and hyper-exposed scenes."

References

  1. 1 2 "Disclosure (1994)". Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  2. White, Adam (September 14, 2021). "Ice picks, full frontals and the grand, urgent return of the erotic thriller". The Independent .
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Turan, Kenneth (December 9, 1994). "MOVIE REVIEW : 'Disclosure': The Plot Thickens . . . : Douglas, Moore Star in Adaptation of Crichton's Novel on Harassment Reversal". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  4. 1 2 Eliot, Marc (2013). Michael Douglas: A Biography. Crown. p. 204. ISBN   978-0-3079-5237-0.
  5. "Harassment On The Tech Highway". Chicago Tribune . January 16, 1994. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  6. 1 2 Weinraub, Bernard (December 6, 1994). "A Man. A Woman. Just a Movie. Not a Polemic". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  7. 1 2 "Production notes". Disclosure (DVD). Warner Home Video. 2000.
  8. Lyke, M.L. (August 10, 1994). "Crichton's 'Disclosure' filming in Seattle". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). (Seattle Post-Intelligencer). p. F5.
  9. "Film Map". City of Seattle. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Ebert, Roger (December 9, 1994). "Disclosure movie review & film summary (1994)". rogerebert.com. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  11. O'Steen, Kathleen (November 15, 1994). "WB goes interactive for 'Disclosure' push". Daily Variety . p. 5.
  12. "Amazon.com: Disclosure (1994 Film): Music". Amazon. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  13. "Disclosure [Original Soundtrack] - Ennio Morricone". AllMusic . Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  14. "Weekend Box Office Disclosure' Is Hot on a Slow Weekend". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 12, 2010.
  15. "'Disclosure' Edges Out 'Santa' at the Box Office Movies: Much-hyped sexual-harassment drama pushes aside the Tim Allen heavyweight". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 12, 2010.
  16. 1 2 Berardinelli, James. "Disclosure". Reelviews Movie Reviews. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  17. "Top Rental Videos" (PDF). Billboard . January 6, 1996. p. 54.
  18. LaSalle, Mick (June 16, 1995). "FILM REVIEW -- 'Disclosure' Features Sexual Harassment With a Twist". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  19. Nathan, Ian (January 2000). "Disclosure". Empire . Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  20. 1 2 Baumgarten, Marjorie (December 9, 1994). "Disclosure". The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Maslin, Janet (December 9, 1994). "FILM REVIEW: DISCLOSURE; Doing Business In a Manner Most Unbusinesslike". The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Wilmington, Michael (December 9, 1994). "False Alarm: Shallow 'Disclosure' Reveals Little About War Between The Sexes". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  23. 1 2 3 Littwin, Mike (December 12, 1994). "Harassment isn't what's revealed in 'Disclosure'". The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  24. 1 2 Thomson, Desson (December 9, 1994). "'Disclosure'". The Washington Post . Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  25. 1 2 3 Rosenbaum, Jonathan (December 6, 1994). "Disclosure". Chicago Reader . Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  26. 1 2 "Revisiting "Disclosure", 25 years on". The Economist . December 9, 2019. Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  27. 1 2 Siskel, Gene (December 9, 1994). "'Disclosure' Reveals Moore But Very Little Plot Coherence". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015.
  28. 1 2 3 Martin, Adrian (January 1995). "Disclosure". filmcritic.com.au. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  29. Singer, Matt (June 7, 2021). "Can We Talk About How 'Disclosure' Has the Single Silliest Scene of Any '90s Movie?". ScreenCrush . Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  30. Ryan, Kyle (July 27, 2016). "Much of Disclosure is dated, but its white-male paranoia sadly isn't". The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  31. Moyer, Justin Wm. (December 22, 2017). "A look back at 'Disclosure': Does Hollywood prefer films about women sexually harassing men?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 23, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  32. "Disclosure (1994)". Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  33. Simon, Jeff (January 1, 1995). "Movies: Once More, with Feeling". The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  34. Craft, Dan (December 30, 1994). "Success, Failure and a Lot of In-between; Movies '94". The Pantagraph . p. B1.
  35. "'Big Mouth' Season 3: Creator Andrew Goldberg on How and Why They Made the 'Disclosure' Musical Episode". Newsweek . October 9, 2019.