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After the storm,the name Floyd was retired and removed from the Atlantic hurricane naming list. The United States government provided North Carolina with over $277million in disaster related assistance.
Officials opened at least 40emergency shelters in North Carolina.[3]
Impact
Rainfall from Floyd in the United States,showing the highest statewide totals in the eastern half of North Carolina
Hurricane Floyd left more than $3billion in damage in North Carolina.[4] This made Floyd the costliest hurricane in North Carolina's history. It retained this status until 2018,when Hurricane Florence left $22billion in damage in the state.[5] With 76fatalities reported nationwide,Floyd was the deadliest hurricane in the United States since Hurricane Agnes in 1972;52 of these fatalities occurred in North Carolina.[6] Of the 52 statewide deaths,at least 23 were near or in flooded vehicles,6 drowned in a capsized boat,and 1 was a fatal car accident.[2] Throughout the state,the hurricane left 500,000people without electricity. Floyd damaged 56,000homes statewide,with 17,000homes left uninhabitable,and another 7,000homes destroyed.[4] The rains flooded most roads east of Interstate 95,and more than 1,500people required rescue from their flooded homes.[4]
Hurricane Floyd affected North Carolina less than two weeks after Tropical Storm Dennis moved through the state and saturated grounds.[7] The interaction between Floyd and a cold front dropped torrential rainfall across the eastern United States,with the heaviest totals along the storm's path.[1] A pluviometer north of Southport recorded 24.06in (611mm) of rainfall during the storm,the highest rainfall total in the country associated with Floyd.[8] Much of east-central North Carolina received more than 12in (300mm) of precipitation,with a 24-hour total of 15.06in (383mm) recorded in Wilmington,breaking the 128year record.[1]Kinston recorded 13.98in (355mm) of precipitation during the storm,and Rocky Mount reported 18.0in (460mm) of rainfall;both totals were greater than the expected 100year storm.[7][9]
The heavy rains collected in rivers and streams,causing record flooding along the Cape Fear,Chowan,Neuse,Pee Dee,Tar,and Waccaaw rivers. Water gauges at 39locations reached record levels in the state. Along all of the states' river basins east of Raleigh,stations recorded 500 year floods,and some locations remained flooded for two months. The most significant flooding occurred along the Tar River at Tarboro,more than 10ft (3.0m) higher than the previous record set in 1940. When a river gauge on the Tar near Greenville malfunctioned,a National Weather Service employee took manual observations every hour to document the record flood. The Neuse River at Goldsboro crested at 28.85ft (8.79m),breaking the record set after Hurricane Fran in 1996.[2][7][9] Much of Duplin and Greene counties were under water.[3] Some rivers remained above flood stage for over a month,as additional rainfall from Hurricane Irene in October would again raise water levels soon after Floyd.[7]
When Floyd made landfall on North Carolina,the NHC estimated maximum sustained winds of around 105mph (169km/h). The highest reported sustained wind was 64mph (103km/h) at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point. Wind gusts were much higher,reaching 138mph (222km/h) in Wrightsville Beach,at the elevation of an eight–story building. Other strong wind gusts included 122mph (196km/h) at Topsail Beach,and 120mph (190km/h) at the Wilmington Emergency Operations Center.[1] The National Weather Service issued 20tornado warnings for the state.[3] Floyd spawned at least 16tornadoes across eastern North Carolina. Ten of these occurred in the Wilmington area. In Perquimans County,a tornado destroyed two houses and damaged two others.[1]
Along the Atlantic Coast,Albemarle Sound,and river basins,Floyd produced a significant storm tide. The highest water level in the state was 10.3ft (3.1m) on Masonboro Island.[1] The hurricane caused significant beach erosion along south-facing beaches. Pine Knoll Shores lost about 50ft (15m) of sand. Two coastal piers lost significant sections from the waves. On Ocracoke Island,high tides washed away dunes at ten locations.[3] On Oak and Topsail Islands,the high waters damaged homes.[10]
Aftermath
On September16,1999,then-President Bill Clinton declared an emergency for 66counties in eastern North Carolina,as requested by Jim Hunt,the state's governor at the time. The declaration authorized Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to provide resources and personnel,funding for 75% of the cost of debris removal,and loans from the Small Business Administration.[11][12] Within a week of the declaration,more than 36,000state residents applied for some form of disaster assistance,mostly for housing or unemployment. FEMA opened 16disaster recovery centers and a mobile office to assist residents with the application process.[13] In the immediate aftermath of the storm,FEMA spent more than $25.8million in emergency spending for other agencies,including rescue efforts,sheltering,supplying water,ice,generators,plastic sheeting,and other emergency materials.[14] The federal government deployed 797employees to North Carolina,including more than 400housing inspectors.[13]
The federal application period ended on February29,2000,by which time more than 88,500state residents had applied for aid. By a year after Floyd struck North Carolina,the state and federal government had provided $1.9billion worth of assistance. The largest assistance program was $503million in low-interest loans from the Small Business Administration,for 12,863renters,homeowners,and business owners. State and federal resources provided $306.5million in direct housing assistance. The National Flood Insurance Program paid more than $143million to 12,843residents who lost their properties due to floods. For uninsured residents who did not qualify for loans,FEMA provided $92.1million to 23,873households in grants. FEMA also provided 2,535trailers for displaced residents,at the cost of $48million. The federal government authorized $133.1million to cover 75% of the cost of repairing and rebuilding public facilities. The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program spent $149.1million to purchase 2,074flooded homes and tear them down,preserving the land instead as green space. At the time,it was the largest building buyout program in American history.[14]
12"Flooding". Two Months of Flooding in Eastern North Carolina, September - October 1999: Hydrologic Water-Quality, and Geologic Effects of Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene (Report). Water-Resources Investigations Report. United States Geological Survey. 2000. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
↑"Shoreline Changes". Two Months of Flooding in Eastern North Carolina, September - October 1999: Hydrologic Water-Quality, and Geologic Effects of Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene (Report). Water-Resources Investigations Report. United States Geological Survey. 2000. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
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