Esau

Last updated
Esau
עֵשָׂו
Bible primer, Old Testament, for use in the primary department of Sunday schools (1919) (14801928933) (cropped).jpg
Esau and Jacob (1919) by Adolf Hulf
Born
Canaan
(present-day Israel)
Died
Canaan
Spouses
Children
Parents
Relatives

Esau [lower-alpha 1] is the elder son of Isaac in the Hebrew Bible. He is mentioned in the Book of Genesis [3] and by the prophets Obadiah [4] and Malachi. [5] The Christian New Testament alludes to him in the Epistle to the Romans [6] and in the Epistle to the Hebrews. [7]

Contents

According to the Hebrew Bible, Esau is the progenitor of the Edomites and the elder brother of Jacob, the patriarch of the Israelites. [8] Jacob and Esau were the sons of Isaac and Rebecca, and the grandsons of Abraham and Sarah. Of the twins, Esau was the first to be born with Jacob following, holding his heel. Isaac was sixty years old when the boys were born.

Esau, a "man of the field", became a hunter [1] who had "rough" [2] qualities that distinguished him from his twin brother. Among these qualities were his redness and noticeable hairiness. [9] Jacob was a plain or simple man, depending on the translation of the Hebrew word tam (which also means "relatively perfect man"). Jacob's color was not mentioned. [8] Throughout Genesis, Esau is frequently shown as being supplanted by his younger twin, Jacob (Israel). [10]

According to the Muslim tradition, the prophet Yaqub, or Israel, was the favorite of his mother, and his twin brother Esau was the favorite of his father, prophet Ishaq, and he is mentioned in the "Story of Ya'qub" in [[Stories of the Prophets|Qisas al-Anbiya

In Genesis

Birth

Genesis 25:25 narrates Esau's birth, "Now the first came forth red, all over like a hairy garment; and they named him Esau." [9] The meaning of the word esau itself is not entirely certain. [11] Others have noted the similarity to Arabic ’athaa (عثا) meaning "hirsute". [12] The name Edom is also attributed to Esau, meaning "red" (Heb: `admoni); [10] the same color used to describe the color of Esau's hair. Genesis parallels his redness to the "red lentil pottage" that he sold his birthright for. [13] [1] Esau became the progenitor of the Edomites in Seir.

Birthright

Esau and Jacob Presented to Isaac (painting circa 1779-1801 by Benjamin West) Esau and Jacob Presented to Isaac.jpg
Esau and Jacob Presented to Isaac (painting circa 1779–1801 by Benjamin West)

In Genesis, Esau returned to his twin brother Jacob, famished from the fields. He begs Jacob to give him some "red pottage" (a play on his nickname, Hebrew : אדום `Edom, meaning "red".) This refers to his red hair. [9] Jacob offers Esau a bowl of lentil stew [lower-alpha 2] in exchange for Esau's birthright (Hebrew : בְּכֹרָהbəḵōrāh, the right to be recognized as firstborn son with authority over the family), and Esau agrees. Thus Jacob acquires Esau's birthright. This is the origin of the English phrase "to sell one's birthright for a mess of pottage".

In Genesis 27:1–40, Jacob uses deception, motivated by his mother Rebekah, to lay claim to his blind father Isaac's blessing that was inherently due to the firstborn, Esau.

In Genesis 27:5–7, Rebekah is listening while Isaac speaks to his son Esau. When Esau goes to the field to hunt for venison to bring home, Rebekah says to her son Jacob, "Behold, I heard thy father speak to thy brother Esau, saying: 'Bring me venison and prepare a savory food, that I may eat, and bless thee before the Lord before my death.'" Rebekah then instructs Jacob in an elaborate deception through which Jacob pretends to be Esau, in order to steal from Esau his blessing from Isaac and his inheritance—which in theory Esau had already agreed to give to Jacob. Jacob follows through with the plan to steal his brother's birthright by bringing the meal his father Isaac requested and pretending to be Esau. Jacob pulled off his disguise by covering himself in hairy kid goat skin so that when his blind father went to touch him, his smooth skin did not give him away as an imposter of his hairy brother. Jacob successfully received his father Isaac's blessing. As a result, Jacob became the spiritual leader of the family after Isaac's death and the heir of the promises of Abraham (Genesis 27:37).

When Esau learns of his brother's thievery, he is livid and begs his father to undo the blessing. Isaac responds to his eldest son's plea by saying that he only had one blessing to give and that he could not reverse the sacred blessing. Esau is furious and vows to kill Jacob (Genesis 27:41). Once again Rebekah intervenes to save her younger son from being murdered by his elder twin brother, Esau.

Therefore, at Rebekah's urging, Jacob flees to a distant land, Paddan-aram (towards Harran) to work for his uncle Laban (Genesis 28:5). Jacob does not immediately receive his father's inheritance after the impersonation aimed at taking it from Esau. Having fled for his life, Jacob has left the wealth of Isaac's flocks, land and tents in Esau's hands. Jacob is forced to sleep out on the open ground and then work for wages as a servant in Laban's household. Jacob, who had deceived and cheated his brother, is in turn deceived and cheated by his uncle. Jacob asks to marry Laban's daughter Rachel, whom he has met at the well, and Laban agrees, if Jacob will give him seven years of service. Jacob does so, but after the wedding finds that beneath the veil is not Rachel but Leah, Laban's elder daughter. He agrees to work another seven years and Jacob and Rachel are finally wed. However, despite Laban, Jacob eventually becomes so rich as to incite the envy of Laban and Laban's sons.

Francesco Hayez: Esau and Jacob reconcile (1844) Francesco Hayez 061.jpg
Francesco Hayez: Esau and Jacob reconcile (1844)

Genesis 32–33 tells of Jacob's and Esau's eventual reconciliation. Jacob sends multiple waves of gifts to Esau as they approach each other, hoping that Esau will spare his life. Esau refuses the gifts, as he is now very wealthy and does not need them. Jacob bows down before Esau and insists on his receiving the gifts. Esau shows forgiveness in spite of this bitter conflict. He then asks Jacob to follow him to the South but Jacob decides later to move to the North.

Jacob's deception

Genesis Chapter 27 verse 16 of the King James Version Bible: "And she put the skins of the kids of the goats upon his hands and upon the smooth of his neck:" Verse 19: "And Jacob said unto his father, I am Esau thy firstborn; I have done according as thou badest me: arise, I pray thee, sit and eat of my venison, that thy soul may bless me." Verse 22–23: "And Jacob went near unto Isaac his father; and he felt him, and said, The voice is Jacob's voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau. And he discerned him not, because his hands were hairy, as his brother Esau's hands: so he blessed him."

Family

Genesis 26:34–35 describes Esau's marriage at the age of forty to two Canaanite women: Judith the daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and Basemath the daughter of Elon the Hittite. This arrangement grieved his parents. [14] Upon seeing that his brother was blessed and that their father rejected Esau's union to Canaanites, Esau went to the house of his uncle Ishmael and married his cousin, [15] Mahalath the daughter of Ishmael, and sister of Nebajoth. Esau's family is again revisited in Genesis 36, this passage names two Canaanite wives; Adah, the daughter of Elon the Hittite, and Aholibamah, the daughter of Anah, daughter of Zibeon the Hivite, and a third: Bashemath, Ishmael's daughter, sister of Nebajoth. Some scholars equate the three wives mentioned in Genesis 26 and 28 with those in Genesis 36. [16] [17] Casting his lot with the Ishmaelites, he was able to drive the Horites out of Mount Seir to settle in that region. [1] According to some views Esau is considered to be the progenitor not only of the Edomites but of the Kenizzites and the Amalekites as well. [18] [19]

Esau had five sons: [20]

Family tree

Family of Esau
Terah
Sarah Abraham Hagar Haran
Nahor
Ishmael Milcah Lot Iscah
Ishmaelites 7 sons [21] Bethuel 1st daughter2nd daughter
Isaac Rebecca Laban Moabites Ammonites
Jacob Rachel
Bilhah
Zilpah
Leah
1. Reuben
2. Simeon
3. Levi
4. Judah
9. Issachar
10. Zebulun
11. Dinah
7. Gad
8. Asher
5. Dan
6. Naphtali
12. Joseph
13. Benjamin
Esau Adah
Aholibamah
Mahalath/ Basemath
Reuel Jeush Jaalam Korah Eliphaz

Other references

Minor prophet references

Esau was also known as Edom, the progenitor of the Edomites who were established to the south of the Israelites. They were an ancient enemy nation of Israel. [22] The minor prophets, such as Obadiah, claim that the Edomites participated in the destruction of the First Temple by Nebuchadnezzar in 587 BC. Exactly how the Edomites participated is not clear. Psalm 137 ("By the waters of Babylon") suggests merely that Edom had encouraged the Babylonians: The Lord is asked to "remember against the Edomites the day of Jerusalem, how they said 'raze it, raze it to its foundations'". [23] But the prophecy of Obadiah insists on the literal "violence done" by Esau "unto your brother Jacob" when the Edomites "entered the gate of my people..., looted his goods..., stood at the parting of the ways to cut off the fugitive,... delivered up his survivors on his day of distress". [24]

By the intertestamental period, Edom had replaced Babylon as the nation that actually burned the Temple ("Thou hast also vowed to build thy temple, which the Edomites burned when Judah was laid waste by the Chaldees" [25] ).

Jubilees

In the Book of Jubilees, Esau's father, Isaac, compels Esau to swear not to attack or kill Jacob after Isaac has died. However, after the death of Isaac, the sons of Esau convince their father to lead them, and hired mercenaries, against Jacob in order to kill Jacob and his family and seize their wealth (especially the portion of Isaac's wealth that Isaac had left to Jacob upon his death). "Then Ya'aqov bent his bow and sent forth the arrow and struck Esau, his brother on his right breast and slew him (Jubilees 38:2) . . . Ya'aqov buried his brother on the hill which is in Aduram, and he returned to his house (Jubilees 38:9b)." [26]

New Testament references

Hebrews 12:15–16 depicts Esau as unspiritual for thoughtlessly throwing away his birthright. Romans 9:13 states "Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated," based upon Malachi 1:2–3.

In Islamic tradition

According to Islamic scholars, the prophet Ayyub was the great grandson of Esau's son Reuel. [27]

Rabbinic Jewish sources

The Targum Pseudo-Jonathan connects the name Esau to the Hebrew asah, stating, "because he was born fully completed, with hair of the head, beard, teeth, and molars." [28] Other traditional sources connect the word with the Hebrew šāv` (Hebrew : שָׁוְא) meaning "worthless". [29]

Jewish commentaries have a negative view on Esau because of his rivalry with Jacob, and likewise viewed the apparent reconciliation between the brothers described in Genesis 32–33 as insincere, on Esau's part. The Midrash says that during Rebekah's pregnancy whenever she would pass a house of Torah study, Jacob would struggle to come out; whenever she would pass a house of idolatry, Esau would agitate to come out. [30]

He is considered to be a rebellious son who kept a double life until he was 15, when he sold his birthright to Jacob. According to the Talmud, the sale of the birthright took place immediately after Abraham died. [31] The Talmudic dating would give both Esau and Jacob an age of 15 at the time. The lentils Jacob was cooking were meant for his father Isaac, because lentils are the traditional mourner's meal for Jews. On that day before returning, in a rage over the death of Abraham, Esau committed five sins; he raped a betrothed young woman, he committed murder (Nimrod), he denied God, he denied the resurrection of the dead, and he spurned his birthright. [32]

Haman's lineage is given in the Targum Sheni as follows: "Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, son of Srach, son of Buza, son of Iphlotas, son of Dyosef, son of Dyosim, son of Prome, son of Ma'dei, son of Bla'akan, son of Intimros, son of Haridom, son of Sh'gar, son of Nigar, son of Farmashta, son of Vayezatha, (son of Agag, son of Sumkei,) son of Amalek, son of the concubine of Eliphaz, firstborn son of Esau".

According to Rashi, Isaac, when blessing Jacob in Esau's place, smelled the heavenly scent of Gan Eden (Paradise) when Jacob entered his room and, in contrast, perceived Gehenna opening beneath Esau when the latter entered the room, showing him that he had been deceived all along by Esau's show of piety. [33]

In Jewish folklore, the Roman Emperor Titus was a descendant of Esau. [34]

Death

Esau Selling His Birthright by Hendrick ter Brugghen c. 1627 Brugghen, Hendrick ter - Esau Selling His Birthright - c. 1627.jpg
Esau Selling His Birthright by Hendrick ter Brugghen c. 1627

According to the Babylonian Talmud, Esau was killed by Hushim, son of Dan, son of Jacob, because Esau obstructed the burial of Jacob into the cave of Machpelah. When Jacob was brought to be buried in the cave, Esau prevented the burial, claiming he had the right to be buried in the cave; after some negotiation Naphtali was sent to Egypt to retrieve the document stating Esau sold his part in the cave to Jacob. Hushim (who was hard of hearing) did not understand what was going on, and why his grandfather was not being buried, so he asked for an explanation; after being given one he became angry and said: "Is my grandfather to lie there in contempt until Naphtali returns from the land of Egypt?" He then took a club and killed Esau, and Esau's head rolled into the cave. [35] This means that the head of Esau is also buried in the cave.

Jewish sources state that Esau sold his right to be buried in the cave. According to Shemot Rabbah, Jacob gave all his possessions to acquire a tomb in the Cave of the Patriarchs. He put a large pile of gold and silver before Esau and asked, "My brother, do you prefer your portion of this cave, or all this gold and silver?" [36] Esau's selling to Jacob his right to be buried in the Cave of the Patriarchs is also recorded in Sefer HaYashar. [37]

Reputed grave on the West Bank

South of the Palestinian town of Sa'ir on the West Bank there is a tomb reputed to be that of Esau – El 'Ais in his Arab name.

The PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) wrote:

The tomb is in a chamber 37 feet east and west by 20 feet north and south, with a Mihrab on the south wall. The tomb is 12 feet long, 3 1/2 feet broad, 5 feet high, covered with a dark green cloth and a canopy above. An ostrich egg is hung near. North of the chamber is a vaulted room of equal size, and to the east is an open court with a fig-tree, and a second cenotaph rudely plastered, said to be that of Esau's slave. Rock-cut tombs exist south-west of this place. [38]

The SWP stated this identification was false and that Esau's tomb was in the Biblical Mount Seir. [39] [40] [41]

Notes

  1. /ˈsɔː/ ; Hebrew: עֵשָׂו, Modern: ʿĒsáv, Tiberian: ʿĒśāw, ISO 259-3 ʕeśaw; Greek: ἨσαῦĒsaû; Latin: Hesau, Esau; Arabic: عِيسَوْ‘Īsaw; meaning "hairy" [1] or "rough". [2]
  2. Hebrew: נְזִיד עֲדָשִׁ֔יםnezid ‘adashim

Related Research Articles

The Book of Obadiah is a book of the Bible whose authorship is attributed to Obadiah, a prophet who lived in the Assyrian Period. Obadiah is one of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the final section of Nevi'im, the second main division of the Hebrew Bible. The text consists of a single chapter, divided into 21 verses with 440 Hebrew words, making it the shortest book in the Hebrew Bible, though there are three shorter New Testament epistles in Greek. The Book of Obadiah is a prophecy concerning the divine judgment of Edom and the restoration of Israel.

The Book of Genesis is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. Its Hebrew name is the same as its first word, Bereshit. Genesis is an account of the creation of the world, the early history of humanity, and the origins of the Jewish people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isaac</span> Biblical patriarch, son of Abraham and Sarah

Isaac is one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites and an important figure in the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He was the son of Abraham and Sarah, the father of Jacob and Esau, and the grandfather of the twelve tribes of Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacob</span> Regarded Patriarch of the Israelites

Jacob, later given the name Israel, is regarded as a patriarch of the Israelites and is an important figure in Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Samaritanism, Christianity, and Islam. Jacob first appears in the Book of Genesis, originating from the Hebrew tradition in the Torah. Described as the son of Isaac and Rebecca, and the grandson of Abraham, Sarah, and Bethuel, Jacob is presented as the second-born among Isaac's children. His fraternal twin brother is the elder, named Esau, according to the biblical account. Jacob is said to have bought Esau's birthright and, with his mother's help, deceived his aging father to bless him instead of Esau. Later in the narrative, following a severe drought in his homeland of Canaan, Jacob and his descendants, with the help of his son Joseph, moved to Egypt where Jacob died at the age of 147. He is supposed to have been buried in the Cave of Machpelah.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacob and Esau</span> Story in the Book of Genesis

The biblical Book of Genesis speaks of the relationship between fraternal twins Jacob and Esau, sons of Isaac and Rebecca. The story focuses on Esau's loss of his birthright to Jacob and the conflict that ensued between their descendant nations because of Jacob's deception of their aged and blind father, Isaac, in order to receive Esau's birthright/blessing from Isaac.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Horites</span> People, mentioned in the Torah, who lived around Mount Seir

The Horites, were a people mentioned in the Torah inhabiting areas around Mount Seir in Canaan.

Eliphaz was the first-born son of Esau and his wife Adah. He had six sons, of whom Omar was the firstborn, and the others were Teman, Zepho, Gatam, Kenaz and finally Amalek, who was born to his concubine Timna. The people of Amalek were the ancestral enemy of the Israelite people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leah</span> Biblical matriarch

Leah appears in the Hebrew Bible as one of the two wives of the Biblical patriarch Jacob. Leah was Jacob's first wife, and the older sister of his second wife Rachel. She is the mother of Jacob's first son Reuben. She has three more sons, namely Simeon, Levi and Judah, but does not bear another son until Rachel offers her a night with Jacob in exchange for some mandrake root. Leah gives birth to two more sons after this, Issachar and Zebulun, and to Jacob's only daughter, Dinah.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laban (Bible)</span> Biblical figure

Laban, also known as Laban the Aramean, is a figure in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible. He was the brother of Rebekah, the woman who married Isaac and bore Jacob. Laban welcomed his nephew, and set him the stipulation of seven years' labour before he permitted him to marry his daughter Rachel. Laban tricked Jacob into marrying his elder daughter Leah instead. Jacob then took Rachel as his second wife, on condition of serving an additional seven years' labour.

Teman, was the name of an Edomite clan and of its eponym, according to the Bible, and an ancient biblical town of Arabia Petraea. The term is also traditionally used in Biblical Hebrew as the synonym of the direction South and was applied to being used as the Hebrew name of Yemen due to its location in the Southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, thus making Yemenite Jews being called "Temanim" in Hebrew.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chayei Sarah</span> 5th weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading

Chayei Sarah, Chaye Sarah, Ḥayye Sarah, or Ḥayyei Sara, is the fifth weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. It constitutes Genesis 23:1–25:18. The parashah tells the stories of Abraham's negotiations to purchase a burial place for his wife Sarah and his servant's mission to find a wife for Abraham's son Isaac.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toledot</span> Sixth portion in the annual Jewish cycle of weekly Torah reading

Toledot, Toldot, Toldos, or Toldoth is the sixth weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. The parashah tells of the conflict between Jacob and Esau, Isaac's passing off his wife Rebekah as his sister, and Isaac's blessing of his sons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vayetze</span> 7th weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading

Vayetze, Vayeitzei, or Vayetzei is the seventh weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. It constitutes Genesis 28:10–32:3. The parashah tells of Jacob's travels to, life in, and return from Harran. The parashah recounts Jacob's dream of a ladder to heaven, Jacob's meeting of Rachel at the well, Jacob's time working for Laban and living with Rachel and Leah, the birth of Jacob's children, and the departure of Jacob's family from Laban.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vayishlach</span> Eighth portion in the annual Jewish cycle of weekly Torah reading

Vayishlach or Vayishlah is the eighth weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. In the parashah, Jacob reconciles with Esau after wrestling with a "man." The prince Shechem rapes Dinah, whose brothers sack the city of Shechem in revenge. In the family's subsequent flight, Rachel gives birth to Benjamin and dies in childbirth.

Paddan Aram or Padan-aram was a biblical region referring to the northern plain of Aram-Naharaim. Paddan Aram in Aramaic means the field of Aram, a name that distinguishes the flatland from the mountainous regions to the north and east. In the Book of Genesis, Abraham, the patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, describes Aram as "my land".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rachel</span> Biblical figure

Rachel was a Biblical figure, the favorite of Jacob's two wives, and the mother of Joseph and Benjamin, two of the twelve progenitors of the tribes of Israel. Rachel's father was Laban. Her older sister was Leah, Jacob's first wife. Her aunt Rebecca was Jacob's mother.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edom</span> Ancient kingdom in the southern Levant

Edom was an ancient kingdom in Transjordan, located between Moab to the northeast, the Arabah to the west, and the Arabian Desert to the south and east. Most of its former territory is now divided between present-day southern Jordan and Israel. Edom appears in written sources relating to the late Bronze Age and to the Iron Age in the Levant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rebecca</span> Biblical character

Rebecca appears in the Hebrew Bible as the wife of Isaac and the mother of Jacob and Esau. According to biblical tradition, Rebecca's father was Bethuel the Aramean from Paddan Aram, also called Aram-Naharaim. Rebecca's brother was Laban the Aramean, and she was the granddaughter of Milcah and Nahor, the brother of Abraham. Rebecca and Isaac were one of the four couples that some believe are buried in the Cave of the Patriarchs, the other three being Adam and Eve, Abraham and Sarah, and Jacob and Leah.

<i>The Son of Laughter</i> (novel) 1993 novel by Frederick Buechner

The Son of Laughter is the twelfth novel by the American author and theologian, Frederick Buechner. The novel was first published in 1993 by Harper, San Francisco. In the same year it was named ‘Book of the Year’ by the Conference on Christianity and Literature.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Easton, M. Illustrated Bible Dictionary, ( ISBN   1596059478, ISBN   978-1-59605-947-4, 2006, p. 236
  2. 1 2 Mandel, D. The Ultimate Who's Who in the Bible, ( ISBN   0882703722. ISBN   978-0-88270-372-5), 2007, p. 175
  3. Genesis 25
  4. Obadiah 1:8–21
  5. Malachi 1:2,3
  6. Romans 9:13
  7. Hebrews 11:20,12:16
  8. 1 2 Metzger & Coogan (1993). Oxford Companion to the Bible, pp. 191–92.
  9. 1 2 3 Genesis 25:25
  10. 1 2 Attridge & Meeks. The Harper Collins Study Bible, ( ISBN   0060786841, ISBN   978-0-06-078684-7 ), 2006, p. 40
  11. "Esau". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  12. Bartlett, J.R. (4 October 1977). "The Brotherhood of Edom". Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 2 (4): 26. doi:10.1177/030908927700200401. S2CID   170383632.
  13. Genesis 25:30
  14. Genesis 26:34–35
  15. Mandel. Ultimate Who's Who, p. 176
  16. Phillips. Exploring Genesis, p. 284
  17. Jamieson-Fausset-Brown. Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
  18. "Caleb" . Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  19. "Amalekites" . Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  20. Genesis 36:4–5
  21. Genesis 22:21–22: Uz, Buz, Kemuel, Chesed, Hazo, Pildash, and Jidlaph
  22. Peter Ackroyd, Exile and Restoration: A Study in Hebrew Thought of the Sixth Century B.C., 1968, p. 224.
  23. Psalm 137:7
  24. Obadiah 10:13–14
  25. 1 Esdras 4:45
  26. "Verses Two & Nine." Cepher, 3rd ed., Cepher Publishing Group, LLC, 2017, pp. 255–256.
  27. Ibn Kathir states in Stories of the Prophets : "Ibn Ishaaq stated that he was a man of Rum. His name was Job, son of Amwas/Amose, son of Zarih (Zerah), son of Razih/Rum (Reuel), son of Esau, son of Isaac, son of Abraham."
  28. Anderson, Bradford A. (2011). Brotherhood and Inheritance: A Canonical Reading of the Esau and Edom Traditions. T&T Clark International. p. 35. ISBN   9780567368256.
  29. Anderson, Bradford A. (2011). Brotherhood and Inheritance: A Canonical Reading of the Esau and Edom Traditions. T&T Clark International. p. 35. ISBN   9780567368256.
  30. Bereshit Rabbah 63:6.
  31. Bava Batra 16b.
  32. Bava Batra 16b
  33. Pirkei d'Rav Kahana, quoted in Scherman, p. 139.
  34. Titus death Chabad.org
  35. Sotah 13a
  36. Shemot Rabbah 31:17
  37. Sefer Hayashar Chapter 27 p. 77b
  38. "The survey of western Palestine : memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archaeology". archive.org.
  39. Conder and Kitchener, 1883, p. 309 Archived October 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  40. Conder, 1881, p. 215 Archived April 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine –6 in PEFQS
  41. Conder, 1889, p. 123 Archived April 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine –4 in PEFQS

Bibliography