Thapsigargin is a non-competitive inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). Structurally, thapsigargin is classified as a guaianolide, and is extracted from a plant, Thapsia garganica. It is a tumor promoter in mammalian cells.
Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are a class of sesquiterpenoids that contain a lactone ring. They are most often found in plants of the family Asteraceae. Other plant families with SLs are Umbelliferae and Magnoliaceae (magnolias). A collection of colorless, lipophilic solids, SLs are a rich source of drugs. They can be allergenic and toxic in grazing livestock causing severe neurological problems in horses. Some are also found in corals such as Maasella edwardsi.
Eupatorium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing from 36 to 60 species depending on the classification system. Most are herbaceous perennials growing to 0.5–3 m (1.6–9.8 ft) tall. A few are shrubs. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most are commonly called bonesets, thoroughworts or snakeroots in North America. The genus is named for Mithridates Eupator, king of Pontus.
Eupatorium capillifolium, or dog fennel, is a North American perennial herbaceous plant in the family Asteraceae, native to the eastern and south-central United States. It is generally between 50 cm and 2 meters tall with several stems that fork from a substantial base. The stems and base are covered in leaves so dissected that they resemble branching green threads coming out of the stem in fractal patterns. When crushed, the leaves have a sour odor similar to dill pickles. The flowers have a subtle floral odor.
Eupatorium altissimum, with the common names tall thoroughwort and tall boneset, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the Asteraceae family with a native range including much of the eastern and central United States and Canada. It is a tall plant found in open woods, prairies, fields, and waste areas, with white flowers that bloom in the late summer and fall.
Eupatorium serotinum, also known as late boneset or late thoroughwort, is a fall-blooming, perennial, herbaceous plant native to North America.
Eupatorium hyssopifolium, also known as hyssopleaf thoroughwort, is a fall-blooming herbaceous plant native to North America. Like other members of the genus Eupatorium it has inflorescences containing a large number of very small flower heads, each with 5 white disc florets but no ray florets. At 0.5 to one meter tall, it is towards the shorter end of the range of heights found in Eupatorium species.
Eupatorium album, or white thoroughwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae native from the eastern and southern United States, from eastern Texas to Connecticut, inland as far as Indiana.
Eupatorium leucolepis, commonly called justiceweed or white-bracted thoroughwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae native from the eastern coastal United States, from New York to eastern Texas, with scattered populations inland as far as Kentucky and West Virginia.
Eupatorium mohrii, commonly called Mohr's thoroughwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae native to the southeastern and south-central states of the United States, in the coastal plain from Virginia to Texas. It has also been found in the Dominican Republic.
Eupatorium resinosum, the pine barren thoroughwort, is a rare North American plant species in the family Asteraceae.
Eupatorium semiserratum, commonly called smallflower thoroughwort, is a North American plant species in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States, found in all the coastal states from Maryland to Texas and inland as far as Missouri and Kentucky.
Eupatorium sessilifolium, commonly called upland boneset or sessile-leaved boneset, is a North American plant species in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the eastern and central United States, found from Maine south to North Carolina and Alabama, and west as far as Arkansas, Kansas, and Minnesota.
Symphyotrichum pilosum is a perennial, herbaceous, flowering plant in the Asteraceae family native to central and eastern North America. It is commonly called hairy white oldfield aster, frost aster, white heath aster, heath aster, hairy aster, common old field aster, old field aster, awl aster, nailrod, and steelweed. There are two varieties: Symphyotrichumpilosum var.pilosum, known by the common names previously listed, and Symphyotrichumpilosum var.pringlei, known as Pringle's aster. Both varieties are conservationally secure globally and in most provinces and states where they are native.
Chromolaena ivifolia called ivy-leaf false thoroughwort, or ivyleaf thoroughwort, is a species of flowering shrub in the family Asteraceae. It is native to North America and South America, from the south-eastern United States to Argentina.
Chromolaena bigelovii called Bigelow's false thoroughwort, or Bigelow's thoroughwort, is a North American species of flowering shrub in the family Asteraceae. It is native to northeastern Mexico and the US State of Texas.
Eupatorium novae-angliae, commonly called New England boneset, New England justiceweed or New England thoroughwort, is a rare and endangered North American species in the family Asteraceae. It is found only in 4 counties in southern New England. The species is listed as endangered species in both states.
Eupatorium godfreyanum, commonly called Godfrey’s thoroughwort, is a North American species of plants in the family Asteraceae. It is found in the east-central United States, primarily from Pennsylvania to North Carolina, with a few isolated populations west of the Appalachians in Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
Eupatorium anomalum, commonly called Florida thoroughwort, is a North American species in the family Asteraceae. It grows in the southeastern United States from Alabama to Virginia. Molecular investigations suggest that it originated as a hybrid between E. serotinum and E. mohrii but it is well-established on its own as a distinct species.
Arglabin is a sesquiterpene lactone belonging to the guaianolide subclass bearing a 5,7,5-tricyclic ring system which is known to inhibit farnesyl transferase. It is characterized by an epoxide on the cycloheptane as well as an exocyclic methylene group that is conjugated with the carbonyl of the lactone. Arglabin is extracted from Artemisia glabella, a species of wormwood, found in the Karaganda Region of Kazakhstan. Arglabin and its derivatives are biologically active and demonstrate promising antitumor activity and cytoxocity against varying tumor cell lines.
