Plants in this tribe have only disc florets (no ray florets) and their petals are white, slightly yellowish off-white, pink, or purple (never a full yellow).[4][6]
Within the aster family, the Eupatorieae are in the subfamily Asteroideae.[7] Within Asteroideae, they are in the supertribe Helianthodae.[8] Within Helianthodae, they belong to an informal group without taxonomic rank called the phytomelanincypsela clade, which contains 11 tribes.
The sister tribe of Eupatorieae is probably Perityleae. This result received moderate statistical support (68% bootstrap percentage) in a study published in 2002.[9]
The largest genera and the approximate number of species in each are: Mikania (440), Ageratina (290), Stevia (200), Chromolaena (165), Koanophyllon (120), Brickellia (100), and Fleischmannia (95).
Eupatorieae genera recognized by the Global Compositae Database as April 2022:[10][11][12][13][14]
In 1987, Robert M. King and Harold E. Robinson wrote a book on Eupatorieae.[15] In this book, they divided the tribe into 18 subtribes. These are Hofmeisteriinae, Oxylobinae, Oaxacaniinae, Mikaniinae, Trichocoroninae, Adenostemmatinae, Fleischmanniinae, Ageratinae, Eupatoriinae, Liatrinae, Praxelinae, Gyptidinae, Disynaphiinae, Ayapaninae, Alomiinae, Critoniinae, Hebecliniinae, and Neomirandeinae.
In 1994, Kare Bremer did a cladistic analysis of Eupatorieae in his book on the family Asteraceae.[16] He recognized only 16 subtribes, subsuming Neomirandeinae into Hebecliniinae.
In 2007, D. J. Nicholas Hind and Harold E. Robinson covered Eupatorieae for The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. They recognized 17 subtribes equivalent to those of King and Robinson (1987) except that Oaxacaniinae was placed in the synonymy of Hofmeisteriinae.
The division of this tribe into subtribes is provisional and likely to change when more data, especially DNA sequence data, becomes available.
No DNA study has yet included a large number of species and sampled widely in Eupatorieae, but 3 studies have investigated Eupatorium and its relatives within the tribe.[17][18][19] These 3 studies are the basis for the phylogeny shown below.
In some of the older works, the genus Eupatorium has been circumscribed to include as many as 1200 species, over a third of the species in the tribe.[20] In more recent works, Eupatorium has been defined to contain about 40–45 species, with the main differences between authors being whether to include Eutrochium and whether certain populations should be considered species, varieties, or hybrids.
As more becomes known about the Eupatorieae, other genera will surely have to be revised as well.
A partial phylogeny of the tribe (focusing on Eupatorium and some of the other North American genera) is:
From the positions of Stevia and Stomatanthes in the phylogeny, some of the subtribes are probably polyphyletic. Many of the branches in the tree above have only weak statistical support, so this tree can not serve as a basis for re-classification. For convenience, the genera will remain in their current subtribes until a much larger data set enables the production of a more robustly supported phylogeny.
Subtribes
In terms of the number of genera, the largest subtribes are Critoniinae (40), Gyptidinae (29), Ageratinae (26), Alomiinae (23), Ayapaninae (13), and Oxylobinae (9).
Gyptidinae, found mostly in eastern Brazil, is known to be polyphyletic. Hind and Robinson divide it into 3 groups based on Gyptis, Agrianthus, and Litothamnus.
Harold Ernest Robinson was an American botanist and entomologist.
The Heliantheae are the third-largest tribe in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). With some 190 genera and nearly 2500 recognized species, only the tribes Senecioneae and Astereae are larger. The name is derived from the genus Helianthus, which is Greek for sun flower. Most genera and species are found in North America and South America. A few genera are pantropical.
The Gnaphalieae are a tribe of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It is most closely related to the tribes Anthemideae, Astereae, and Calenduleae.
Fleischmannia is a genus of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. The name honours Gottfried F. Fleischmann (1777–1850), the teacher of Carl Heinrich Schultz at University of Erlangen–Nuremberg. Members of the genus are native to South, Central, and North America, with some species found as far north as Virginia and Illinois. They are commonly known as thoroughworts.
Flyriella is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, and the species are commonly called brickellbush. They are native to Texas and Mexico.
Stomatanthes is a genus of African and South American plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.
Millerieae is a tribe of flowering plants belonging to the Asteroideae subfamily. Of all the genera, only Galinsoga, Guizotia, and Sigesbeckia have species native to the Old World.
Agrianthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae described as a genus in 1836.
Barrosoa is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. All the species are endemic to South America:
Gyptis is a genus of South American flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
Helogyne is a genus of South American flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
Heterocondylus is a genus of Latin American flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.
Litothamnus is a genus of Brazilian flowering plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.
Neocabreria is a genus of Brazilian flowering plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.
Oxylobus is a genus of Mesoamerican flowering plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.
Steviopsis is a genus of Mexican plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.
Stylotrichium is a genus of Brazilian plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.
Trichogoniopsis is a genus of Brazilian plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.
Urbananthus is a genus of Caribbean plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.
Bahieae is a tribe of plants in the family Asteraceae, mostly native to North America and Mexico. It was described by Baldwin et al. in 2002.
References
↑ Susanna, Alfonso; Baldwin, Bruce G.; Bayer, Randall J.; Bonifacino, José Mauricio; Garcia‐Jacas, Núria; Keeley, Sterling C.; Mandel, Jennifer R.; Ortiz, Santiago; Robinson, Harold; Stuessy, Tod F. (2020). "The classification of the Compositae: A tribute to Vicki Ann Funk (1947–2019)". Taxon. 69 (4): 807–814. doi:10.1002/tax.12235. S2CID225592435.
1 2 3 D.J.N.Hind & H.E.Robinson. 2007. Tribe Eupatorieae In: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol.VIII. (Joachim W.Kadereit & Charles Jeffrey, volume editors. Klaus Kubitzky, general editor). Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Heidelberg.
↑ Turner,B.L.(1997). Eupatorieae. In: Turner,Billie Lee (editor) The Compositae of Mexico. A systematic account of the family Asteraceae, vol.1. Phytologia Memoirs 11:i-iv,1-272.
↑ Panero,J.L. & Funk,V.A. (2008). "The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: Major clades of the Asteraceae revealed". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (2): 757–782. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.011. PMID18375151.
↑ Robinson,H.E. 2002. "New supertribes, Helianthodae and Senecionodae, for the subfamily Asteroideae (Asteraceae)". Phytologia86(3):116-120
↑ Panero,J.L., & Funk,V.A.. 2002. "Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington115(4):909-922
↑ "Eupatorieae Cass". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
↑ "Eupatoriinae Dumort". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
↑ King,R.M., and Robinson,H.E. 1987. The Genera of Eupatorieae Missouri Botanical Garden Monographs in Systematic Botany 22:1-581. Missouri Botanical Garden/Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
↑ Schilling,E.E., Panero,J.L., and Cox,P.B. 1999. "Chloroplast DNA restriction site data support a narrow interpretation of Eupatorium". Plant Systematics and Evolution219:209-223.
↑ Ito,M., Watanabe,K., Kita,Y., Kawahara,T., Crawford,D.J., and Yahara,T. 2000. "Phylogeny and Phytogeography of Eupatorium: Insights from sequence data of the nrDNA ITS regions and cpDNA RFLP". Journal of Plant Research113(1109):79-89.
↑ Alan Whittemore (August 1987). "The Sectional Nomenclature of Eupatorium (Asteraceae)". Taxon. 36 (3): 618–620. doi:10.2307/1221856. JSTOR1221856.
Almeida, Adriana M.; Prado, Paulo I.; Lewinsohn, Thomas M. (May 2004). "Geographical distribution of Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) in South-eastern and South Brazilian Mountain Ranges". Plant Ecology. 174 (1): 163–181. doi:10.1023/B:VEGE.0000046061.41915.d9. ISSN1573-5052. S2CID44226039.
Harold Robinson; A. Michael Powell; Gerald D. Carr; Robert M. King; James F. Weedin (1989). "Chromosome Numbers in Compositae, XVI: Eupatorieae II". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 76 (4): 1004–1011. doi:10.2307/2399689. JSTOR2399689.
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