Eutrochium

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Joe-Pye weeds
Joe Pye 5426.JPG
Joe-Pye weed in flower
Monarch&JoePyeWeed 02.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Eupatorieae
Genus: Eutrochium
Raf.
Synonyms [1]

Eutrochium is a North American genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. They are commonly referred to as Joe-Pye weeds. They are native to the United States and Canada, and have non-dissected foliage and pigmented flowers. The genus includes all the purple-flowering North American species of the genus Eupatorium as traditionally defined, [2] and most are grown as ornamental plants, particularly in Europe and North America.

Contents

Taxonomy

Eupatorium has recently undergone some revision and has been broken up into smaller genera. [3] [4] Joe Pye weeds were initially included in the genus Eupatorium, but as early as the 19th century Franco-American botanist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque proposed separating them into their own genus Eutrochium. [5] [lower-alpha 1] Unaware of this, [5] research botanists Robert M. King and Harold Robinson proposed assigning them to a new genus Eupatoriadelphus in 1970. [7] This was widely accepted, and Joe Pye weeds began to be referred to as such. [5]

In 1987, Robinson and King reincluded the genus Eupatoriadelphus in Eupatorium, while recognizing this former genus as being the same group of plants as Rafinesque's Eutrochium. [8] This decision was also widely accepted. [9]

Based on chloroplast DNA analysis published by Edward E, Schilling et al. in 1999, [10] the Joe Pye weeds were again separated into their own genus, Eutrochium, [11] as Eutrochium is the senior synonym of Eupatoriadelphus. [12] [13] This usage quickly became formalized. [5]

Eupatorium in the revised sense (about 42 species of white-flowered plants from the temperate Northern hemisphere) is apparently a close relative of Eutrochium. In addition to flower color, another difference between Eutrochium and Eupatorium is that the former has mostly whorled leaves and the latter mostly opposite ones. [13] [14] Eupatorium and Eutrochium are both placed in the subtribe Eupatoriinae, but South American plants which have sometimes been placed in that subtribe, such as Stomatanthes , seem to belong elsewhere in the tribe Eupatorieae. [4]

Species [15]

Uses

All of the Joe Pye weed species except E. steelei are widely cultivated as ornamental landscape plants. [17] Cultivars have been developed for a more compact habit (e.g. E. dubium ‘Little Joe’, E. dubium ‘Baby Joe’, E. maculatum ‘Little Red’) and varied flower color.

Joe Pye weeds have traditionally been ascribed with medicinal powers. A peer-reviewed study suggests that Joe Pye of plant fame was a Mohican sachem named Schauquethqueat who lived in the mission town of Stockbridge, Massachusetts from c. 1740 to c. 1785 and who took as his Christian name, Joseph Pye. [18] Sources (although without citation) claim the plant was used to treat typhus outbreaks [19] and for the treatment of kidney stones and other urinary tract ailments. [20]

Bumblebee pollinating Joe-Pye weed Bombus 6867.JPG
Bumblebee pollinating Joe-Pye weed
Whorled leaves of a Joe Pye Weed. Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina, September 2012 Whorled leaves of Joe Pye Weed.jpg
Whorled leaves of a Joe Pye Weed. Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina, September 2012

Notes

  1. ↑ Or as Eupatorium sect. Verticillatum by de Candolle in 1836. [6]

Related Research Articles

<i>Eutrochium fistulosum</i> Species of flowering plant

Eutrochium fistulosum, also called hollow Joe-Pye weed, trumpetweed, or purple thoroughwort, is a perennial North American flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to southern Canada and throughout the eastern and south central United States from Maine west to Ontario, Wisconsin, and Missouri and south as far as Florida and Texas. The specific name fistulosum refers to the tubular stem; see fistula.

<i>Liatris</i> Genus of flowering plants

Liatris, commonly known as gayfeather and blazing star is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae native to North America. Some species are used as ornamental plants, sometimes in flower bouquets. They are perennials, surviving the winter and resprouting underground corms.

<i>Eupatorium</i> Genus of plants

Eupatorium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing from 36 to 60 species depending on the classification system. Most are herbaceous perennials growing to 0.5–3 m (1.6–9.8 ft) tall. A few are shrubs. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most are commonly called bonesets, thoroughworts or snakeroots in North America. The genus is named for Mithridates Eupator, king of Pontus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eupatorieae</span> Tribe of plants

Eupatorieae is a tribe of over 2000 species of plants in the family Asteraceae. Most of the species are native to tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate areas of the Americas, but some are found elsewhere. Well-known members are Stevia rebaudiana, a number of medicinal plants (Eupatorium), and a variety of late summer to autumn blooming garden flowers, including Ageratum (flossflower), Conoclinium (mistflower), and Liatris.

<i>Eupatorium capillifolium</i> Species of flowering plant

Eupatorium capillifolium, or dogfennel, is a North American perennial herbaceous plant in the family Asteraceae, native to the eastern and south-central United States. It is generally between 50 cm and 2 meters tall with several stems that fork from a substantial base. The stems and base are covered in leaves so dissected that they resemble branching green threads coming out of the stem in fractal patterns. When crushed, the leaves have a sour odor similar to dill pickles. The flowers have a subtle floral odor.

<i>Chromolaena odorata</i> Species of flowering plant

Chromolaena odorata is a tropical and subtropical species of flowering shrub in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the Americas, from Florida and Texas in the United States south through Mexico and the Caribbean to South America. It has been introduced to tropical Asia, West Africa, and parts of Australia.

<i>Eupatorium perfoliatum</i> Species of flowering plant

Eupatorium perfoliatum, known as common boneset or just boneset, is a North American perennial plant in the family Asteraceae. It is a common native to the Eastern United States and Canada, widespread from Nova Scotia to Florida, west as far as Texas, Nebraska, the Dakotas, and Manitoba. It is also called agueweed, feverwort, or sweating-plant. In herbal medicine, the plant is a diaphoretic, or an agent to cause sweating. It was introduced to American colonists by natives who used the plant for breaking fevers by means of heavy sweating, and commonly used to treat fever by the African-American population of the southern United States. The name "boneset" comes from the use of the plant to treat dengue fever, which is also called "break-bone fever." It is nearly always found in low, wet areas.

<i>Eutrochium purpureum</i> Species of flowering plant

Eutrochium purpureum, commonly known as purple Joe-Pye weed or sweetscented joe pye weed, is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to eastern and central North America, from Ontario east to New Hampshire and south as far as Florida, Louisiana, and Oklahoma.

<i>Eupatorium altissimum</i> Species of flowering plant

Eupatorium altissimum, with the common names tall thoroughwort and tall boneset, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the Asteraceae family with a native range including much of the eastern and central United States and Canada. It is a tall plant found in open woods, prairies, fields, and waste areas, with white flowers that bloom in the late summer and fall.

<i>Eutrochium maculatum</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae

Eutrochium maculatum, the spotted joe-pyeweed, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread through much of the United States and Canada. It is the only species of the genus Eutrochium found west of the Great Plains.

<i>Chromolaena</i> Genus of flowering plants

Chromolaena is a genus of about 165 species of perennials and shrubs in the family Asteraceae. The name is derived from the Greek words χρῶμα (khrôma), meaning "color", and χλαῑνα (khlaīna) or λαῑνα (laīna) meaning "cloak". It refers to the colored phyllaries of some species. Members of the genus are native to the Americas, from the southern United States to South America. One species, Chromolaena odorata, has been introduced to many parts of the world where it is considered a weed.

<i>Conoclinium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Conoclinium, the mistflowers, is a genus of four species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants, native to North America. They are 0.5 to 2 metres tall, and have blue to purple or violet flowers.

<i>Eupatorium serotinum</i> Species of flowering plant

Eupatorium serotinum, also known as late boneset or late thoroughwort, is a fall-blooming, perennial, herbaceous plant native to North America.

<i>Eupatorium hyssopifolium</i> Species of flowering plant

Eupatorium hyssopifolium, also known as hyssopleaf thoroughwort, is a fall-blooming herbaceous plant native to North America. Like other members of the genus Eupatorium it has inflorescences containing a large number of very small flower heads, each with 5 white disc florets but no ray florets. At 0.5 to one meter tall, it is towards the shorter end of the range of heights found in Eupatorium species.

<i>Eupatorium sessilifolium</i> Species of flowering plant

Eupatorium sessilifolium, commonly called upland boneset or sessile-leaved boneset, is a North American plant species in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the eastern and central United States, found from Maine south to North Carolina and Alabama, and west as far as Arkansas, Kansas, and Minnesota.

Hartwrightia is a genus of North American flowering plants in the tribe Eupatorieae of the family Asteraceae. The genus contains a single species, Hartwrightia floridana, native to the US states of Georgia and Florida. The species is sometimes referred to by the common name Florida hartwrightia.

Stomatanthes is a genus of African and South American plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.

<i>Eutrochium dubium</i> Species of flowering plant

Eutrochium dubium, also called coastal plain joe pye weed, is a North American flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the eastern United States and Canada, primarily the Atlantic coastal plain from Georgia to Nova Scotia.

<i>Eutrochium steelei</i> Species of flowering plant

Eutrochium steelei, also known as Appalachian Joe-Pye weed or Steele's eupatorium, is a North American species of plants in the family Asteraceae. It is found only in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, in the States of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia.

Edward Strieby Steele (1850–1942) was an American botanist.

References

  1. ↑ "Eutrochium". Tropicos . Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  2. ↑ Siripun, Kunsiri Chaw & Schilling, Edward E. (2006): Molecular confirmation of the hybrid origin of Eupatorium godfreyanum (Asteraceae). Am. J. Bot. 93(2): 319-325. PDf fulltext [ dead link ]
  3. ↑ Ito, Motomi; Watanabe, Kuniaki; Kita, Yoko; Kawahara, Takayuki; Crawford, D.J. & Yahara, Tetsukazu (2000): Phylogeny and Phytogeography of Eupatorium (Eupatorieae, Asteraceae): Insights from Sequence Data of the nrDNA ITS Regions and cpDNA RFLP. Journal of Plant Research113(1): 79-89. doi : 10.1007/PL00013913 (HTML abstract)
  4. 1 2 Schmidt, Gregory J. & Schilling, Edward E. (2000): Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data. Am. J. Bot. 87(5): 716-726. doi : 10.2307/2656858 PMID   10811796 PDF fulltext [ dead link ]
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Spotted Joe Pye weed (Eutrochium maculatum)" at Minnesota Seasons web page. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  6. ↑ Alan Whittemore. "The Sectional Nomenclature of Eupatorium (Asteraceae)." Taxon.36:3 (August 1987): 619. JSTOR   1221856 doi:10.2307/1221856
  7. ↑ R. M. King and H. Robinson. "Eupatorium, a Composite Genus of Arcto-Tertiary Distribution." Taxon.19.5: 770 (October 1970). JSTOR   3562296 doi : 10.2307/1219289
  8. ↑ Robert Merrill King and Harold Robinson. The Genera of the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). Missouri Botanical Garden, 1987. p. 65. ISSN   0161-1542
  9. ↑ Eric E. Lamont. Taxonomy of Eupatorium Section Verticillata (Asteraceae). New York Botanical Garden, 1995. ISBN   9780893273910
  10. ↑ Edward E. Schilling, Jose L. Panero and Patricia B. Cox. "Chloroplast DNA restriction site data support a narrowed interpretation of Eupatorium (Asteraceae)." Plant Systematics and Evolution.219(3/4):221 (January 1999).
  11. ↑ Gregory J Schmidt and Edward E Schilling. "Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data." American Journal of Botany.87(5): 716. (May 2000). doi : 10.2307/2656858
  12. ↑ Lamont, Eric E. (2004): New combinations in Eutrochium, an earlier name for Eupatoriadelphus. Sida21: 901-902.
  13. 1 2 Lamont, Eric E. (2006). "Eutrochium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 21. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  14. ↑ Siripun, Kunsiri Chaw; Schilling, Edward E. (2006). "Eupatorium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 21. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  15. ↑ The Plant List, search for Eutrochium
  16. ↑ "Eupatorium maculatum" at Plants4Bees. Archived on 3 March 2016.
  17. ↑ Richard Hawke. "A Comparative Study of Joe-Pye Weeds (Eutrochium spp.) and Their Relatives." Plant Evaluation Notes. Chicago Botanic Garden. 37 (2014).
  18. ↑ Pearce, Richard B & Pringle, James S. (2017). Joe Pye, Joe Pye’s Law, and Joe-Pye-Weed: The History and Eponymy of the Common Name Joe-Pye-Weed for Eutrochium Species (Asteraceae),The Great Lakes Botanist, 56(3-4):177-200.Fulltext
  19. ↑ Audubon Society (1988). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
  20. ↑ Hemmerly, T. E. (2000). Appalachian Wildflowers. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.

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