Eutrochium

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Joe-Pye weeds
Joe Pye 5426.JPG
Joe-Pye weed in flower
Monarch&JoePyeWeed 02.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Eupatorieae
Genus: Eutrochium
Raf.
Synonyms [1]

Eutrochium is a North American genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. They are commonly referred to as Joe-Pye weeds. They are native to the United States and Canada, and have non-dissected foliage and pigmented flowers. The genus includes all the purple-flowering North American species of the genus Eupatorium as traditionally defined, [2] and most are grown as ornamental plants, particularly in Europe and North America.

Contents

Taxonomy

Eupatorium has recently undergone some revision and has been broken up into smaller genera. [3] [4] Joe Pye weeds were initially included in the genus Eupatorium, but as early as the 19th century Franco-American botanist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque proposed separating them into their own genus Eutrochium. [5] [a] Unaware of this, [5] research botanists Robert M. King and Harold Robinson proposed assigning them to a new genus Eupatoriadelphus in 1970. [7] This was widely accepted, and Joe Pye weeds began to be referred to as such. [5]

In 1987, Robinson and King reincluded the genus Eupatoriadelphus in Eupatorium, while recognizing this former genus as being the same group of plants as Rafinesque's Eutrochium. [8] This decision was also widely accepted. [9]

Based on chloroplast DNA analysis published by Edward E, Schilling et al. in 1999, [10] the Joe Pye weeds were again separated into their own genus, Eutrochium, [11] as Eutrochium is the senior synonym of Eupatoriadelphus. [12] [13] This usage quickly became formalized. [5]

Eupatorium in the revised sense (about 42 species of white-flowered plants from the temperate Northern hemisphere) is apparently a close relative of Eutrochium. In addition to flower color, another difference between Eutrochium and Eupatorium is that the former has mostly whorled leaves and the latter mostly opposite ones. [13] [14] Eupatorium and Eutrochium are both placed in the subtribe Eupatoriinae, but South American plants which have sometimes been placed in that subtribe, such as Stomatanthes , seem to belong elsewhere in the tribe Eupatorieae. [4]

Species [15]

Uses

All of the Joe Pye weed species except E. steelei are widely cultivated as ornamental landscape plants. [17] Cultivars have been developed for a more compact habit (e.g. E. dubium ‘Little Joe’, E. dubium ‘Baby Joe’, E. maculatum ‘Little Red’) and varied flower color.

Joe Pye weeds have traditionally been ascribed with medicinal powers. A peer-reviewed study suggests that Joe Pye was a Mohican sachem named Schauquethqueat who lived in the mission town of Stockbridge, Massachusetts from c. 1740 to c. 1785 and who took as his Christian name, Joseph Pye. [18] Sources (although without citation) claim the plant was used to treat typhus outbreaks [19] and for the treatment of kidney stones and other urinary tract ailments. [20]

Bumblebee pollinating Joe-Pye weed Seney National Wildlife Refuge - Youth (9705383116).jpg
Bumblebee pollinating Joe-Pye weed
Whorled leaves of a Joe Pye Weed. Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina, September 2012 Whorled leaves of Joe Pye Weed.jpg
Whorled leaves of a Joe Pye Weed. Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina, September 2012

Notes

  1. ↑ Or as Eupatorium sect. Verticillatum by de Candolle in 1836. [6]

References

  1. ↑ "Eutrochium". Tropicos . Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  2. ↑ Siripun, Kunsiri Chaw & Schilling, Edward E. (2006): Molecular confirmation of the hybrid origin of Eupatorium godfreyanum (Asteraceae). Am. J. Bot. 93(2): 319-325. PDf fulltext [ dead link ]
  3. ↑ Ito, Motomi; Watanabe, Kuniaki; Kita, Yoko; Kawahara, Takayuki; Crawford, D.J. & Yahara, Tetsukazu (2000): Phylogeny and Phytogeography of Eupatorium (Eupatorieae, Asteraceae): Insights from Sequence Data of the nrDNA ITS Regions and cpDNA RFLP. Journal of Plant Research113(1): 79-89. doi : 10.1007/PL00013913 (HTML abstract)
  4. 1 2 Schmidt, Gregory J. & Schilling, Edward E. (2000): Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data. Am. J. Bot. 87(5): 716-726. doi : 10.2307/2656858 PMID   10811796 PDF fulltext [ dead link ]
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Spotted Joe Pye weed (Eutrochium maculatum)" at Minnesota Seasons web page. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  6. ↑ Alan Whittemore. "The Sectional Nomenclature of Eupatorium (Asteraceae)." Taxon.36:3 (August 1987): 619. JSTOR   1221856 doi:10.2307/1221856
  7. ↑ R. M. King and H. Robinson. "Eupatorium, a Composite Genus of Arcto-Tertiary Distribution." Taxon.19.5: 770 (October 1970). JSTOR   3562296 doi : 10.2307/1219289
  8. ↑ Robert Merrill King and Harold Robinson. The Genera of the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). Missouri Botanical Garden, 1987. p. 65. ISSN   0161-1542
  9. ↑ Eric E. Lamont. Taxonomy of Eupatorium Section Verticillata (Asteraceae). New York Botanical Garden, 1995. ISBN   9780893273910
  10. ↑ Edward E. Schilling, Jose L. Panero and Patricia B. Cox. "Chloroplast DNA restriction site data support a narrowed interpretation of Eupatorium (Asteraceae)." Plant Systematics and Evolution.219(3/4):221 (January 1999).
  11. ↑ Gregory J Schmidt and Edward E Schilling. "Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data." American Journal of Botany.87(5): 716. (May 2000). doi : 10.2307/2656858
  12. ↑ Lamont, Eric E. (2004): New combinations in Eutrochium, an earlier name for Eupatoriadelphus. Sida21: 901-902.
  13. 1 2 Lamont, Eric E. (2006). "Eutrochium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 21. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  14. ↑ Siripun, Kunsiri Chaw; Schilling, Edward E. (2006). "Eupatorium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 21. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  15. ↑ The Plant List, search for Eutrochium
  16. ↑ "Eupatorium maculatum" at Plants4Bees. Archived on 3 March 2016.
  17. ↑ Richard Hawke. "A Comparative Study of Joe-Pye Weeds (Eutrochium spp.) and Their Relatives." Plant Evaluation Notes. Chicago Botanic Garden. 37 (2014).
  18. ↑ Pearce, Richard B & Pringle, James S. (2017). Joe Pye, Joe Pye’s Law, and Joe-Pye-Weed: The History and Eponymy of the Common Name Joe-Pye-Weed for Eutrochium Species (Asteraceae),The Great Lakes Botanist, 56(3-4):177-200.Fulltext
  19. ↑ Audubon Society (1988). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
  20. ↑ Hemmerly, T. E. (2000). Appalachian Wildflowers. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.

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