Fairness of the 2008 Russian presidential election

Last updated

The fairness of the 2008 Russian presidential election is disputed, with election monitoring groups giving conflicting reports. Most official reports accept that not all candidates had equal media coverage and that some election monitoring groups had restricted access to perform their role. Monitoring groups found a number of other irregularities, but made no official reports of fraud or ballot stuffing.

Contents

Vladimir Putin voting in the election Vladimir Putin 2 March 2008-4.jpg
Vladimir Putin voting in the election

Opinions of observers and Election officials

Ballot Izbiratel'nyi biulleten' dlia golosovaniia na vyborakh prezidenta Rossii 2 marta 2008 goda.jpg
Ballot

GOLOS Association

Representatives from the GOLOS monitoring group stated that "the Election Day was held in a relatively quiet atmosphere in contrast to the State Duma election day. Such large-scale violations observed then as campaigning next to polling stations, transporting of voters, intimidation of voters and others were practically non-existent." They did however report irregularities in the election. [1] Some of the more serious irregularities reported were:

Commonwealth of Independent States observer mission

The Commonwealth of Independent States observer mission said the election was free and democratic. "The CIS observer mission states that the election is a major factor in the further democratization of public life in the Russian Federation, and recognizes it as free, open and transparent," said Nauryz Aidarov, head of the CIS mission.[ citation needed ]

Council of Europe

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe observer delegation was the only Western organization to monitor the election, with other Western organizations citing alleged restrictions imposed by Russia making it "impossible for them to capture an accurate picture of campaigning." [2]

The PACE delegation concluded that no election fraud or major violations took place and that its outcome broadly reflected the will of the people, but said that not all candidates had equal media coverage. Andreas Gross, the head of the 22-member observation mission, denounced the process, saying "It is still not free and still not fair." [3]

The PACE observing group stated that the result of the election was a "reflection of the will of an electorate whose democratic potential was, unfortunately, not tapped." They said "In the elections, which had more the character of a plebiscite on the last eight years in this country, the people of Russia voted for the stability and continuity associated with the incumbent President and the candidate promoted by him. The President-elect will have a solid mandate given to him by the majority of Russians." [4] [5] Chairman Andreas Gross said there had been "uneven access" to the media during the campaign, a claim made by two of the candidates, who complained of overwhelming bias towards Medvedev by state television. He also "lamented" the absence of independent candidates in the poll, such as Mikhail Kasyanov, who he said were "deliberately excluded" from the race. [4]

The group had concerns over candidate registration and concluded that unfair access to media put into question the overall fairness of the vote. According to the group, the election "repeated most of the flaws revealed during the Duma elections of December 2007." A pre-election PACE mission found one month earlier that voters had limited choice. The mission pointed to "insurmountable difficulties" facing candidates willing to register. According to the mission, "an election where there is not a level playing field for all contestants can hardly be considered as fair." [6]

A "post-electoral" delegation from PACE, following a visit which came after widespread demonstrations in Moscow and elsewhere, called for political change in Russia, adding that it should be "substantial and sustainable", and should not be "a survival mechanism". [7]

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

Voter places their ballot in a ballot box Rf election 2008 1 (cropped1).jpg
Voter places their ballot in a ballot box

The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe boycotted the election because of what it called "severe restrictions" on its observers by the Russian government. [4] [8] [9] After weeks of negotiations, Russia agreed to increase the observer numbers for the ODIHR mission and extend the time frame for its visit, but the ODIHR claimed that the offer still didn't meet their requirements, insisting that it needed to send at least 50 of its observers to Russia on February 15, five days before the date proposed by Moscow, in order effectively monitor the election campaign.[ citation needed ] Russia responded by insisting that it was complying fully with its international obligations and that its invitation for 400 monitors meets international standards. It accused the OSCE of attempting to politicize the dispute and that it suspected ODIHR's intention from the outset was to boycott the election, saying that the ODIHR had displayed "contempt for basic ethical norms ... which, it seems, indicates that ODIHR from the start was not even trying to agree on mutually acceptable conditions for monitoring." [10]

Members of European Union

Germany and France made clear the vote did not meet their criteria for a democratic election, but alongside Britain and the European Union they congratulated Medvedev on a victory they said appeared to reflect the will of the Russian people. [11]

Russian reaction

Pro-Putin youth organization Nashi decided to sue the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe for libel "hurting reputation of the Russian Federation". They filed lawsuits in the courts of Russia, Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova. So far only the Leninsky Raion Court of Sevastopol, Ukraine decided that PACE and OCSE are guilty in libel and fined them ₴30 million (approximately US$6 Million). Nashi threatened to demand confiscation of European property in the Post-Soviet states if the decision of the Ukrainian court will be ignored. [12] According to Maksim Novikov and Leonid Rayevsky of Nezavisimaya Gazeta, PACE removed their December 3, 2007 statement on Russian Elections following the court decision. [12] PACE criticized organizers of the earlier State Duma elections in its December 3, 2007 statement. [13]

Election officials

The head of Russian Central Elections Commission (CEC) Vladimir Churov said that no serious violations occurred in the presidential election campaign - "There were no serious violations in the canvassing campaign, and each candidate had broad possibilities to present his program and views". [14] He also said that media coverage for the presidential election had been "fair but not equal". [15]

Prior to the election, head of the International Affairs Committee at the State Duma, Konstantin Kosachyov, criticized Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe chairman Andreas Gross for making statements that could affect voter behavior before the election results are known, calling his statements "an attempt to exert pressure on our country and our people through the international monitoring procedure".[ citation needed ]

Opinion of candidates

Dmitry Medvedev

The winner of the elections, Dmitry Medvedev said:

"The unprecedented level of the electoral activity is evidence that our citizens care about our country's future. Thank them very much for their participation in the electoral campaign: elections of the President of Russia." [16]

Gennady Zyuganov

Presidential candidate Gennady Zyuganov, who gathered 17.7% of the vote, says that

"falsification of the results to achieve the required percentage reached fantastic proportions ... According to the Communist Party (CPRF) observers, Zyuganov got 23%-24% of the vote in the Russian Far East, more than 30% in Bryansk Oblast, etc. When the electoral offices got the command to achieve Medvedev's results slightly less than Putin's on the 2004 election a Bacchanalia began. In twenty regions the electronic equipment was switched off and there were attempts to rewrite the protocols. It didn't go smoothly everywhere but in many places it worked. The president of Bashkortostan lowered Zyuganov's vote to below 7% while on all the districts there CPRF observers were present the result was 23%-24%. A similar pattern was observed in Tatarstan, Ingushetia, Mordovia. The special case was Chechnya. In Oryol Oblast (the birthplace of Zyuganov) up to 30% of Zyuganov's ballots were intentionally made invalid and thrown to the rubbish bin. Electoral observers from CPRF there were asked to leave the voting place for 5-10 minutes for the "special actions" with the ballots, otherwise the results would not be accepted by the electoral commission" [17]

Vladimir Zhirinovsky

Presidential candidate Vladimir Zhirinovsky who got 9.3% of the vote emphasized that the elections were the

"historical moment when the first time in the history of Russia the power goes from one human to another according to the Constitution, the laws on the legislative and presidential elections. We have waited this for one hundred years. For one hundred years our country did not see a peaceful transfer of powers!" [18]

Mikhail Kasyanov

Dismissed presidential candidate Mikhail Kasyanov stated on the election day:

"I do not care what the numbers: 60, 70 or 120 percent will be officially announced. Today is the day of completion for the KGB operation on illegitimate transfer of power". [19]
"Today are funerals of democracy in Russia, but it died earlier: between December and January when the Government violated the fundamental constitutional right of citizens: the right for a free election, free choice and the possibility to elect their own candidates rather than the ones enforced from above." [20]

According to Kasyanov, NTV and other media intentionally lied to people about the Central Electoral Commission finding 60 thousand counterfeit signatures in his presidency bid. [21] He says that despite very strong pressure by the local FSB and police in many Russian regions put on the people signing Kasyanovs bid to give false evidence of forgery, [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] out of more than 2 million signatures only 170 were found to be made by different people. [21] The rest of the contested signatures were related to minor technical problems with the gathered documents. [28]

Opinions of the media and political analysts

Statistical analysis of the election reports

Russian programmer Shpilkin analyzed the results of Medvedev's election statistically and came to a conclusion that the results were falsified by the election committees. However, after the correction for the falsification factor the Medvedev still came out as a winner, although with less impressive numbers. [29] Shpilkin's analysis revealed typical statistics (for example Gaussian distribution of the percent of votes for the whole sample of voting stations) for all presidential candidates except for Medvedev. In case of Medvedev, statistical distributions were highly abnormal. Namely, there was a clear correlation between the reported voting attendance and the percent of votes for Medvedev, with spikes of votes for Medvedev at the round voting attendance numbers (85, 90, 95, 100%) and an enormous peak for the unrealistic, but numerous 100% attendance. Shpilkin concluded that these extra votes for Medvedev were either added by the election officials or resulted from the voting of the state employees commanded to vote in a certain way. After Shpilkin subtracted the extra votes, Medvedev still lead the elections, but with 63% of votes instead of 70%.

Vladimir Kozlov and Dmitry Oreshkin analysed results from the polling stations that used electronic ballot counting systems (KOIB or kompleksy po obrabotke izbiratelnykh bulletney, complexes for processing of electoral ballots) and the polling stations that utilized manual counting of ballots. In Moscow on the polling stations with automatic ballot counting the average participations was 57.3% with 65.9% out of this number voting for Dmitri Medvedev. In the polling stations with manual processing of ballots the participation was 70.5% with 75.3% voting for Dmitri Medvedev. The similar results were obtained for other Russian regions. Moreover, some polling stations used automatic ballot processing for 2008 Russian presidential election but manual processing for 2007 Russian legislative election registered significant shift from the winning candidate towards the opposition while all the stations that used automatic processing for the legislative elections but manual for the presidential elections registered a dramatic shift in support for the winning candidates. According to the authors the data prove a significant manipulations (about ten percent) on the polling station in support for Dmitri Medvedev and the United Russia. According to the head of Russian Central Elections Commission (CEC) Vladimir Churov in future the Election Commission would use only manual ballot processing. [30]

Political analysts

Former Putin's economic policy adviser Andrey Illarionov demanded to recognize these elections as a special operation and a fabrication. [31]

Western Press

The Economist reported that Mr Medvedev has been mentioned over six times more often than his three rivals in 1,000 different news sources, according to figures from SCAN, a media database owned by Interfax, but stated that this could be due to Medvedev's high-profile job as chairman of the state-owned gas monopoly, Gazprom. [32]

A report by the International Herald Tribune described Medvedev's election as "the culmination of Putin's efforts to consolidate control over the government, business and the news media since taking office eight years ago." [33]

Prior to the election, British news outlet The Guardian quoted Marina Dashenkova of the GOLOS Association, Renat Suleymanov of the Communist party in Novosibirsk, Vladimir Bespalov of the Vladivostok parliament and others accusing the Russian government of pressuring government employees and students to vote. [34] In another report they painted Medvedev as a "clone" of Mr. Putin. [35]

According to Vladimir Churov, head of the Central Election Commission of Russia (CECR), most western critics of the election either did not provide any sources, or provided invalid sources for their allegations. Among the invalid sources, he mentioned 'observers from "human rights" organizations, and activists of the opposition such as Communist Gennady Zyuganov and Maria Gaidar from the liberal camp'. The CECR is considering suing western media and their Russian sources for libel. [36]

Russian journalists

Russian Novaya Gazeta claimed that there were forged election protocols and cases when independent observers were not allowed to monitor the election process. [37] Journalist Victor Shenderovich claims that only 3.5% of voters came to the elections in certain North Caucasus regions according to independent observers, whereas the Central Election committee reporter more than 90% turnaround. [38]

Writer and radio host Yulia Latynina, known for her often sharp, polemic and radical statements, particularly for her claim that Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, French President Jacques Chirac, Chancellor of Germany Gerhard Schröder, and U.S. President George W. Bush have all been successfully "recruited" by Vladimir Putin to serve his political objectives, and her prediction that Mr. Putin would secure a third term, [39] said at the Echo of Moscow that election fraud was inevitable. She said that according to Russian laws, local election committees are free to rewrite the election protocol after asking the independent observers to leave the voting place; and members of those committees are not punishable for the election fraud. Even more important, she stresses, are alleged manipulations with the Russian computerized election system, which she claims follows pre-programmed instructions to automatically reject any favorable results for the opposition parties. [40]

Political analyst and United Russia member, Sergei Markov, said that the outcome of this poll was predetermined because of how much support the Russian people show for Vladimir Putin's policies. "The Russian people have seen how successful these policies have been, and they want them to continue", he says. Markov cited fears that the west would interfere and change the course of the election, like they did in Ukraine and Georgia. [41]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elections in Russia</span>

On the federal level, Russia elects a president as head of state and a parliament, one of the two chambers of the Federal Assembly. The president is elected for, at most, two consecutive six-year terms by the people. The Federal Assembly has two chambers. The State Duma has 450 members, elected for five-year terms. The Federation Council is not directly elected; each of the 89 federal subjects of Russia sends 2 delegates to the Federal Council, for a total of 208 (178 + 30, members.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2004 Russian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 14 March 2004. Incumbent President Vladimir Putin was seeking a second full four-year term. It was a landslide victory for Putin, who was re-elected with 72% of the vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gennady Zyuganov</span> Russian politician (born 1944)

Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov is a Russian politician who has been the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and served as Member of the State Duma since 1993. He is also the Chair of the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP-CPSU) since 2001. Zyuganov ran for President of Russia four times, most controversially in 1996, when he lost in the second round to Boris Yeltsin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 Russian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 26 March 2000. Incumbent prime minister and acting president Vladimir Putin, who had succeeded Boris Yeltsin after his resignation on 31 December 1999, sought a four-year term in his own right and won in the first round.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1996 Russian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 16 June 1996, with a second round being held on 3 July 1996. It resulted in a victory for the incumbent Russian president Boris Yeltsin, who ran as an independent politician. Yeltsin defeated the Communist Party of the Russian Federation challenger Gennady Zyuganov in the second round, receiving 54.4% of the vote. Yeltsin's second inauguration ceremony took place on 9 August 1996.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2004 Ukrainian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Ukraine on 31 October, 21 November and 26 December 2004. This was the fourth presidential election in Ukraine following independence from the Soviet Union. The last stages of the election were contested between the opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko and incumbent Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych from the Party of Regions. It was later determined by the Ukrainian Supreme Court that the election was plagued by widespread falsification of the results in favour of Yanukovych.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Russian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 2 March 2008, and resulted in the election of Dmitry Medvedev as the third President of Russia. Medvedev was elected for a four-year term, whose candidacy was supported by incumbent president Vladimir Putin and five political parties, received 71% of the vote, and defeated Gennady Zyuganov of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and Vladimir Zhirinovsky of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2007 Russian legislative election</span>

Legislative elections were held in Russia on 2 December 2007. At stake were the 450 seats in the 5th State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly. Eleven parties were included in the ballot, including Russia's largest party, United Russia, which was supported by President of Russia Vladimir Putin. Official results showed that United Russia won 64.3% of the votes, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation 11.6%, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 8.1%, and Fair Russia won 7.7%, and none of the other parties won enough votes to gain any seats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Ukrainian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Ukraine on 17 January 2010. As no candidate received a majority of the vote, a run-off election was held between Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko and opposition leader Viktor Yanukovych on 7 February.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">People's Freedom Party "For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption"</span> Former liberal-democratic political party in Russia

People's Freedom Party "For Russia without Lawlessness and Corruption" was a liberal-democratic political party in Russia founded on 13 December 2010 by opposition politicians Vladimir Ryzhkov, Boris Nemtsov, Mikhail Kasyanov and Vladimir Milov and de facto dissolved on 16 June 2012. The name is a reference to the original liberal-democratic Party of Popular Freedom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Russian legislative election</span>

Legislative elections were held in Russia on 4 December 2011. At stake were the 450 seats in the 6th State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly. United Russia won the elections with 49.32% of the vote, taking 238 seats or 52.88% of the Duma seats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Russian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 4 March 2012. There were five officially registered candidates: four representatives of registered parties, and one nominal independent. The election was the first one held after constitutional amendments were introduced in 2008, in which the elected president for the first time would serve a six-year term, rather than a four-year term.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2013 Azerbaijani presidential election</span> Presidential Elections held in 2013 in Azerbaijan, considered rigged

Presidential elections were held in Azerbaijan on 9 October 2013. The result was a victory for incumbent President Ilham Aliyev, who received a reported 85% of the vote, whilst leading opposition candidate Jamil Hasanli finished second with a reported 6% of the vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Russian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 18 March 2018. Incumbent president Vladimir Putin was eligible to run. He declared his intent to do so on 6 December 2017 and was expected to win. This came following several months of speculation throughout the second half of 2017 as Putin made evasive comments, including that he had still not decided whether he would like to "step down" from the post of president, that he would "think about running", and that he "hadn't yet decided whether to run for another term". Different sources predicted that he would run as an independent to capitalize more support from the population, and although he could also have been nominated by the United Russia party as in 2012, Putin chose to run as an independent. Among registered voters in Russia, 67.5% voted in the election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Russian legislative election</span>

Legislative elections were held in Russia from 17 to 19 September 2021. At stake were 450 seats in the 8th convocation of the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly. Going into the elections, United Russia was the ruling party after winning the 2016 elections with 343 of the 450 seats, and retaining a supermajority. In March 2020, it was proposed to hold a snap election in September 2020 due to proposed constitutional reforms, but this idea was abandoned. On 18 June 2021, Vladimir Putin signed a decree calling the election for 19 September the same year. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia, voting in the election lasted for three days, from 17 to 19 September. Final turnout was reported to be 51.72%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 Russian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Russia from 15 to 17 March 2024. It was the eighth presidential election in the country. The incumbent president Vladimir Putin won with 88% of the vote, the highest percentage in a presidential election in post-Soviet Russia, gaining a fifth term in what was widely viewed as a foregone conclusion. He was inaugurated on 7 May 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vladimir Putin 2000 presidential campaign</span> First political campaign by Russian leader

The 2000 presidential campaign of Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister of Russia, was announced on 13 January 2000, during his trip to Saint Petersburg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Candidates in the 2008 Russian presidential election</span>

This article contains the list of candidates associated with the 2008 Russian presidential election.

The Gennady Zyuganov presidential campaign, 2008 was the presidential campaign of Gennady Zyuganov in the 2008 election. This was the third presidential campaign of Zyuganov, who had been a candidate in both the 1996 and 2000 elections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Russian constitutional referendum</span> Vote on amendments to the Constitution of Russia

A constitutional referendum was held in Russia between 25 June and 1 July 2020. President Vladimir Putin proposed the referendum during his address to the Federal Assembly on 15 January 2020. The draft amendments to the constitution were submitted to a referendum in accordance with article 2 of the Law on Amendments to the Constitution. The referendum is legally referred to as an "All-Russian vote", for it is not held in accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law on the Referendum.

References

  1. ↑ STATEMENT # 3 OF GOLOS ASSOCIATION ON THE RESULTS OF SHORT-TERM MONITORING OF PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS ON MARCH 2, 2008 Archived April 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , The GOLOS Association, Moscow, March 3, 2008
  2. ↑ "Election observers warn of boycott of Russian vote". www.rusnet.nl.
  3. ↑ "Russian election "neither free nor fair" - Telegraph". 19 May 2008. Archived from the original on 19 May 2008.
  4. 1 2 3 Russia election not free or fair, say observers by Luke Harding, The Guardian, March 3, 2008
  5. ↑ Russian Presidential election: for an election to be good it takes a good process, not just a good election day Archived 2008-03-04 at the Wayback Machine , Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, March 3, 2008
  6. ↑ PACE pre-election delegation concerned by limited choice in Russian Presidential election Archived 2008-04-12 at the Wayback Machine , PACE, Moscow, February 8, 2008
  7. ↑ PACE post-election delegation urges Russia’s political parties to embrace change, PACE, Moscow, January 21, 2012
  8. ↑ Intervention by the Delegation of Canada on ODIHR Election Observation Mission to Russia's Presidential Election Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on March 14, 2008
  9. ↑ Vote rig claim after Putin ally landslide Archived March 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine CNN Retrieved on March 14, 2008
  10. ↑ Election watchdog scraps plans to monitor Russian vote Archived 2008-02-08 at archive.today National Post Retrieved on March 19, 2008
  11. ↑ Criticism and protests mar Medvedev's election win [ permanent dead link ] Reuters Retrieved on March 14, 2008
  12. 1 2 "НАШ" ответ Гроссу Archived 2013-04-17 at archive.today (in Russian), Максим Новиков, Леонид Раевский, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, March 13, 2008
  13. ↑ Russian Duma elections ‘not held on a level playing field’, say parliamentary observers Archived 2007-12-09 at the Wayback Machine , PACE press-release, December 3, 2007
  14. ↑ "Russia: no serious violations occur in canvassing campaign_English_Xinhua". Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
  15. ↑ Russia official admits media bias BBC Retrieved on March 14, 2008
  16. ↑ Speech Archived 2008-03-19 at the Wayback Machine on March 3, 2008 in Moscow (in Russian)
  17. ↑ "Г.Зюганов: На воровских выборах не бывает победителей". Archived from the original on 19 March 2008.
  18. ↑ В.В. Жириновский об итогах выборов Президента России. Archived 2008-03-27 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  19. ↑ Kasyanov on the results of Presidential elections Archived 2008-08-04 at the Wayback Machine Kasyanov.ru web site (in Russian)
  20. ↑ Экс-премьер Касьянов: "Сегодня умерла демократия, конституцию предали" Archived 2008-08-04 at the Wayback Machine Interview to La Repubblica (in Russian)
  21. 1 2 Штаб Касьянова: СМИ врут про наши подписи Grani.ru (in Russian)
  22. ↑ ФСБ и оппозиционные политические активисты Archived 2008-03-18 at the Wayback Machine Human rights in Russia 14 March 2008 (in Russian)
  23. ↑ "Грани.Ру: ФСБ склоняет к сотрудничеству сторонников Касьянова". graniru.org.
  24. ↑ "Грани.Ру: В Москве допрошен исполнительный директор РНДС". graniru.org.
  25. ↑ "Грани.Ру: Из активистов РНДС выбивают признания в подделке подписей за Касьянова". graniru.org.
  26. ↑ "Грани.Ру: В Калмыкии преследуют сторонников Касьянова". graniru.org.
  27. ↑ "Грани.Ру: В Тверской области заведено уголовное дело о подделке подписей за Касьянова". graniru.org.
  28. ↑ "Более 2 миллионов россиян отдали свои голоса за М.Касьянова". kasyanov.ru.
  29. ↑ Dmitri Medvedev votes were rigged, says computer boffin The Times April 18, 2008
  30. ↑ Рукодельники Archived 2009-02-21 at the Wayback Machine Novaya Gazeta 18 February 2009 (in Russian)
  31. ↑ Operation "Anti-successor", Kommersant, February 29, 2008
  32. ↑ No contest The economist Feb 28th 2008
  33. ↑ Medvedev is victor in Russia election by Clifford J. Levy International Herald Tribune, March 2, 2008
  34. ↑ Kremlin accused of fixing election, The Guardian, March 1, 2008
  35. ↑ Spin doctors reinvent the 'Nano-President' by Tom Parfitt, The Guardian, March 2, 2008
  36. ↑ Россия разберется с западными СМИ в суде [ permanent dead link ] KMNews (in Russian)
  37. ↑ Фальсификация Archived 2008-03-09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on March 12, 2008
  38. ↑ Programs echo.msk.ru [ dead link ]
  39. ↑ "Russia/Germany: Ill Will Won't Dog Merkel, Putin Ties - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  40. ↑ Programs echo.msk.ru [ dead link ]
  41. ↑ Viewpoints: Russian presidential election BBC Retrieved on March 12, 2008
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.