| Battle of the Riau Islands | |||||||||
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| Part of World War II, Pacific War, Dutch East Indies campaign | |||||||||
 Map of the Riau Islands | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 United Kingdom | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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| Units involved | |||||||||
Malaya Command Remnants |  Japanese Navy | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Netherlands: 4 Killed 20 Wounded | 0 | ||||||||
| 450 civilians killed [1] 40 civilians injured [1] More unaccounted for | |||||||||
The Battle of the Riau Islands (Dutch: Riouw) took place at the beginning of March 1942 during the Pacific War in the Second World War.
The Riau Archipelago is a large group of more or less small islands located east of the island of Sumatra and south of the Malay Peninsula with Singapore at its tip in the Malay Archipelago. The largest islands in the archipelago are Batam and Bintan with the capital Tanjung Pinang. The islands belonged to the Dutch colony of the Dutch East Indies. In December 1941, several KNIL troops were stationed there for garrison duty only. [2] They were all under the command of Major J. H. de Vries. Units for the Riau islands were segmented in two: [2]
The Island itself had a developed seaport for both ships and seaplanes to operate on. [3]
The Singapore Strait connects the Strait of Malacca with the South China Sea and separates the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Singapore from the Riau Islands. It forms the southern access route for ships to Singapore.
In the spring of 1941, the British delivered 560 Vickers H2 and 500 A Mark XIV sea mines to the Dutch and transported them to the Riau Archipelago. Although Dutch territory the British were eager to reinforce these islands in order to further safeguard Singapore, which was a British colonial territory. The British approached the Dutch in June 1940 about the possibility of mining the archipelago. They were aware of Dutch mine shortages and proactively offered to provide the weapons. The Dutch themselves wanted to protect the Riau Islands from Japanese attacks from the sea and accepted the offer. After a brief stop in retrieving the mines from Singapore in early 1941, the minelayer HNLMS Willem van der Zaan of the Zeemacht Nederlands-Indië (Royal Dutch Navy) was deployed to Riau in April. [3] Whilst patrolling the Riau archiapellago, she then received orders to mine the Singapore approaches and patrol the strait. [3] On 8 December 1941 after the war with Japan began she laid planned minefields until 19 December where she was redeployed to Surabaya. During her time as a Minelayer in Riau, log reports indicated that she avoided a torpedo from a Japanese submarine and had captured a Japanese officer riding a native boat. [4] From these period of time approximately 1,060 naval mines have ben set up by HNLMS Willem van der Zaan. [3]
In 1 January 1942, the Dutch shallop HNLMS Soemba, equipped as a gunboat, was stationed in the Riau archipelago for some time under Commander P. J. G. Huyer. She also laid sea mines in the Straits of Singapore. [2] [3] [5] The gunboat was the first target when she came under attack while on patrol in the Riau Archipelago hours after the start of war. On 13 January 1942, HNLMS Soemba is attacked by three Japanese aircraft. Despite having no air cover, she drove them off and claimed one shot down without sustaining any damage. [3] [5] With the threat of damage, she was to be redirected to Lampung Bay on Sumatra. [5]
Japanese air forces targeted Allied and Dutch warships traversing the Strait of Malacca as part of their broader strategy to dominate Southeast Asia. Tarempa, located on the island of Matak, became a focal point of Japan’s campaign to seize control of the south due to its strategic importance as a Dutch defense base. The city housed a critical radio station and a makeshift airport vital for Dutch military communications, making it a priority target. The first bombing of Tarempa occurred on 14 December 1941, executed by three squadrons of Japanese Navy warplanes. [1]
The assault resumed on 19 December 1941 and had caused further destruction, later culminating with the landing of Japanese sea transport troops on 24–25 January 1942. The attacks resulted in significant casualties and devastation. Estimates indicate that at least 300 residents lost their lives, 40 were wounded, and 150 bodies were left unrecognizable due to the severity of the bombing. [6] Facing an innumerable amount of civilian casualties on the island, this led Dutch officials to flee to Pekanbaru and Siak. [1] Ending on 27 December 1941, the Japanese landed on the Tambelan Islands south of the Riau Archipelago, halfway between Singapore and Singkawang, Borneo. With this, it was the first time Japan had occupied an area that belonged to the Dutch East Indies. [3]
As the Japanese intensified their anti-shipping missions in the South China Sea, on February 4, 1942, the HNLMS Deneb, flagship of the Gouvernmentsmarine's naval commander for the region, was anchored 500 yards west of South Brother Island alongside the auxiliary vessel Martha. The HNLMS Deneb was in the middle of a routine transfer of coastwatch personnel when seven Japanese twin-engine bombers appeared overhead. Despite prior enemy air activity in the area, little attention was initially paid to their approach until the bombers descended to a low altitude and opened their bomb bay doors. Built in 1915, the HNLMS Deneb was armed with outdated 37mm deck guns from 1890 and lacked anti-aircraft defenses. The Japanese bombers launched their attack with precision, scoring seven near misses and three direct hits, which violently shook the ship. The bombers also strafed the deck, while her crew returned fire ineffectively due to their antiquated weaponry. [3]
As the bombers turned for a second run, several crew members leapt overboard to escape. Ten more bombs were dropped during the second pass, one of which struck the ship's stern, engulfing it in flames. Captain G.P. Berlijn gave the order to abandon ship, though the forward gun crew continued firing in an attempt to force the bombers to ascend to a higher altitude. The attack resulted in heavy casualties: four crew members were killed, and 20 were seriously injured. Amidst the chaos, two crewmen from the Martha, Ordinary Seaman-Signalman T.J. Zitter and Seaman-Signalman W.C.C. van Casand, boarded a motorboat and made multiple trips between HNLMS Deneb and the Martha, rescuing crew members from the burning ship and those struggling in the water. During these efforts, the Japanese bombers made a third pass, strafing the rescue efforts and targeting the motorboat. Despite the intense attacks, Zitter and van Casand remained unscathed that day. However, both were captured when Java fell a month later. The loss of the Deneb marked a significant setback for the Dutch naval forces in the Riau Archipelago as this attack had effectively closed the ports of Sabang and Belawan to Allied operations. While Padang remained open, operating from the port became increasingly difficult. The loss of safe passage through the Malacca Strait also forced shipping to the United States to take longer routes through the Indian Ocean, further complicating Allied logistics in the region. [3]
On 8 February 1942, General Tomoyuki Yamashita led a decisive attack against Allied forces in Singapore. Despite being outnumbered, the Japanese overwhelmed the Allies under Lieutenant General Arthur Ernest Percival through swift and accurate strategies. With the threat from Japanese forces growing stronger, Singapore in the brink of total collapse, airfields in Sumatra under heavy bombardment, and Banjarmasin captured, the garrisoned KNIL troops left the Riau Islands in fear on 14 February 1942 and fled to South Sumatra. [7] Before collapse, the British Naval Command in Singapore assigned Australian civilian, Bill Reynolds, to evacuate 262 Dutch civilians stranded on Bintan Island, located approximately 128 km southeast of Singapore. Reynolds, an experienced navigator with nearly two decades of exploration in Malaya, Burma, and the Dutch East Indies, was exceptionally suited for the task. With the assistance of eight Chinese sailors, Reynolds repaired and commandeered an old seized Japanese fishing boat, the Kofuku Maru ("Lucky Ship"), from Singapore Harbor. Using his extensive knowledge of the region, he successfully transported the Dutch refugees to safety in Rengat, a small port on the Indragiri River in Sumatra. After a brief crash and multiple round trips, he managed to successfully transport all 262 Dutch civilians on the island. [2] Later totaling to 1500 people from Singapore and its surroundings. [8] Bill Reynolds would later become an important figure as he would later use his services and his fishing boat, renamed as the Krait, as the centerpiece of Operation Jaywick, a daring 1943 Allied commando raid during which operatives infiltrated Japanese-occupied Singapore Harbor and sank 37,000 tons of enemy shipping using canoes. [9] [8]
On 15 February 1942, Singapore fell to the Japanese. Following the capture of Singapore, Japan quickly moved to occupy nearby strategic locations, including Batam Island and Sambu Island. Both islands, close to Singapore, were vital for their oil resources. [1] Despite the destruction, the Japanese occupation of Batam was completed without resistance by the Japanese, within days of their victory in Singapore. [2] [1] The Japanese would later station a small garrison there. [2] On 20 February 1942, newspapers such as Het Volk and Haarlem's Dagblad reported the Japanese occupation of Batam and Sambu Island. These accounts described how Japanese troops encountered no resistance, taking over 15 oil tanks on Batam and 20 on Sambu Island. The British forces, garrisoned both islands island, implemented a scorched-earth policy, setting the oil tanks ablaze and had inadvertently set many native casualties before the Japanese arrived. [1]
On 21 February 1942, Japanese forces took Tanjungpinang. Unlike other areas, the arrival of the Japanese in Tanjungpinang was warmly received by locals, with some Chinese community leaders, including Cia Sun Haw, Oei Cap Tek, and Cei Pit Sip, assisting the Japanese. This positive reception reflected the population's amazement at Japan's swift defeat of the Dutch, who had long been seen as invincible. The fall of Dutch defenses shattered this perception and created a growing sense of self-confidence and national consciousness among the local populace. [1]
The Japanese administration of the Riau Islands was managed by the Imperial Japanese Navy in Syonanto (Singapore). Governance in Riau was overseen by a Resident appointed from Syonanto, with the position initially held by G. Yogi, a former elite member of the Kwantung Army. District areas such as Tanjungpinang, Tanjung Balai Karimun, Dabo Singkep, and Tarempa were headed by To Co, while subdistricts (onderdistricthoofd) were managed by Sonco. [1] Machinery from the bauxite mining company there was dismantled and shipped to Japan. [10] Tarempa would later functioned as a Japanese power base for the marine corps (Kaiheidan) and Jutai troops. [11]
On the Subi Islands in Natuna, an airfield constructed in 1942 using forced labor (rodi). It was part of the Japanese effort to establish a robust defense network in Natuna. The island would later become one of the Japanese air defence centres in Indonesia, particularly in the north. As Subi Island's strategic importance lay in its location facing the South China Sea, making it a target for both Japanese fortification efforts and Allied attacks. [12] The concrete airstrip was largely destroyed during the Dutch bombing campaign using high-explosive bombs. The bombings destroyed and sunk significant portions of the runway and island. [11] [13]
The Riau Islands is a province of Indonesia—not to be confused with neighbouring Riau Province from which the Riau Islands Province were separated in 2002. The capital of the province is Tanjung Pinang, while the largest city is Batam. It shares a maritime border with Riau and Jambi to the west, Bangka Belitung Islands to the south, Singapore to the northeast, Malaysia and West Kalimantan to the east, and Vietnam and Cambodia to the north. It comprises a total of 2.408 islands scattered between Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo including the Riau Archipelago. Situated on one of the world's busiest shipping lanes along the Malacca Strait and the Natuna Sea, the province shares water borders with neighboring countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei. The Riau Islands also have relatively large potential mineral resources and energy, as well as marine resources.
Natuna Regency is an islands regency located in the northernmost part of the Province of Riau Islands, Indonesia. It contains at least 154 islands, of which 127 of them are reported as uninhabited. This archipelago, with a land area of 1,978.49 km2 out of a total area of 264,198.37 km2 area, This area is divided into island clusters such as the Natuna Island Cluster and the Serasan Island Cluster. However, several other islands that are not located in the two clusters are spread over a wider area. This division reflects the geographical and administrative location of the district, but there are also other small islands that are outside these two main clusters and are not always included in the grouping. Administratively, this area is divided into 17 districts (kecamatan) which function to facilitate management and services for the local community and support the development of the potential of the region which is rich in natural resources and tourism. This regency also plays an important role in maintaining Indonesia's sovereignty in the northern border area.
The Riau Archipelago is a geographic term for the core group of islands within the Riau Islands Province in Indonesia, and located south of Singapore and east of Riau on Sumatra. Before the province of Riau Islands was formed, there was no ambiguity in term; however, in Indonesian language, both the archipelago and administrative province are referred to simply as "Kepulauan Riau". The province may have the word "Provinsi" preceding it for clarity. Additionally, the term BBK for Batam Bintan Karimun may refer to the archipelago.
Bintan Island or Negeri Segantang Lada is an island in the Riau archipelago of Indonesia. It is part of the Riau Islands province, the capital of which, Tanjung Pinang, lies in the island's south and is the island's main community.
The Battle of Makassar Strait, also known as the Action of Madura Strait, the Action North of Lombok Strait and the Battle of the Flores Sea, was a naval battle of the Pacific theater of World War II. An American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) fleet—under Schout-bij-nacht Karel Doorman—was on its way to intercept a Japanese invasion convoy reported as bound for Surabaya, when it was attacked by 36 Mitsubishi G4M1 "Betty" and 24 Mitsubishi G3M2 "Nell" medium bombers, which forced the fleet to retreat.
The Lingga Regency is a group of 600 islands in Indonesia, located south of Singapore and along both sides of the equator, off the eastern coast of Riau Province on Sumatra island. They are due south of the populated Riau Archipelago, known for the industrial island of Batam and the tourist-frequented island of Bintan, although the Lingga Islands themselves are rarely visited due to the infrequent local transportation. The equator goes through the northern tip of Lingga Island, the main island in the archipelago.
Galang is an island of 80 km2 located 25 mi (40 km) southeast of Batam, belonging to a group of three islands called Barelang. Part of the Riau Archipelago, Indonesia, Galang is located just south of Batam and Rempang which themselves are just south of Singapore and Johor. Administratively, all three islands form part of the city of Batam; the nearest other city to Galang is Tanjungpinang on Bintan island, about a 30-minute boat ride away. The island is connected by the Barelang Bridge to Rempang and Batam.
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Tanjungpinang, also colloquially written as Tanjung Pinang, is the capital city of the Indonesian province of Riau Islands. It covers a land area of 144.56 km2, mainly in the southern part of Bintan Island, as well as other smaller islands such as Dompak Island and Penyengat Island. With a population of 227,663 at the 2020 Census, it is the second largest city of the province, after Batam; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 234,840. Tanjungpinang is a historic city of the Malay culture, having served as the capital of both Johor Sultanate and Riau-Lingga Sultanate.
The first HMAS Bendigo (J187/B237/A111) was a Bathurst-class minesweeper, a group commonly known as corvettes and including escort and patrol duties along with minesweeping.
Shirakumo was a Fubuki-class destroyer and the eighth in a class of twenty-four vessels built for the Imperial Japanese Navy following World War I. When introduced into service, these ships were the most powerful destroyers in the world. They served as first-line destroyers through the 1930s, and remained formidable weapons systems well into the Pacific War.
HNLMS Van Ghent was an Admiralen-class destroyer built for the Royal Netherlands Navy in the 1920s. The destroyer served in the Netherlands East Indies but was wrecked after running aground in 1942.
The Battle of Borneo was a successful campaign by Japanese Imperial forces for control of Borneo island and concentrated mainly on the subjugation of the Raj of Sarawak, Brunei, North Borneo, and the western part of Kalimantan that was part of the Dutch East Indies. The Japanese main unit for this mission was the 35th Infantry Brigade led by Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi.
The Battle of Palembang was a battle of the Pacific theatre of World War II. It occurred near Palembang, on Sumatra, on 13–15 February 1942. The Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at nearby Plaju were the major objectives for the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War, because of an oil embargo imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom after the Japanese invaded China. With the area's abundant fuel supply and airfield, Palembang offered significant potential as a military base to both the Allies and the Japanese.
The Invasion of Sumatra was the assault by Imperial Japanese forces on the Dutch East Indies that took place from 14 February to 28 March 1942. The invasion was part of the Pacific War in South-East Asia during World War II and led to the capture of the island. The invasion of Sumatra was planned to occur prior to the invasion of Java to destroy the west flank of the allies and to give access to Java.
The Battle off Endau was a Second World War battle that took place off Endau town on 26–27 January 1942. Part of the Battle of Malaya, it was the first notable naval engagement since the sinking of the battleship Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser Repulse on 10 December 1941, and the last effort by the Royal Navy to intercept Japanese convoy shipping around the Malay Peninsula.
HNLMS Willem van der Zaan (ML-2/N82/F824/A880) was a minelayer of the Royal Netherlands Navy that was commissioned only days before the start of World War II in September 1939. She served in England, in the Netherlands East Indies, and as a convoy escort in the Indian Ocean before returning to The Netherlands in 1945. She then served again in the Netherlands East Indies and Dutch West Indies until 1950 when she was rebuilt and reclassified as a frigate. From 1961 she was used as an accommodation and repair ship until struck in 1970 and sold for scrap. She was named in honour of the 17th century Schout-bij-nacht Willem van der Zaan.
HNLMS Evertsen was a Admiralen-class destroyer of the Royal Netherlands Navy. She was destroyed by ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy on 1 March 1942, during the Battle of Sunda Strait.
HNLMS Soemba was a Flores-class gunboat built in the mid-1920s for the Royal Netherlands Navy to patrol the Dutch East Indies.
Riau-Lingga Sultanate, also known as the Lingga-Riau Sultanate, Riau Sultanate or Lingga Sultanate was a Malay sultanate that existed from 1824 to 1911, before being dissolved following Dutch intervention.
