First island chain

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The first island chain perimeter (marked in red). First island chain perimeter (marked in red).jpg
The first island chain perimeter (marked in red).

The first island chain is the first string of major Pacific archipelagos out from the East Asian continental mainland coast. It is principally composed of the Kuril Islands, the Japanese archipelago, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan (Formosa), the northern Philippines, and Borneo, hence extending all the way from the Kamchatka Peninsula in the northeast to the Malay Peninsula in the southwest. The first island chain forms one of three island chain doctrines within the island chain strategy in the U.S. foreign policy. [1] [2] It is considered a strategic military barrier to accessing the wider Pacific Ocean given the relative shallowness of waters to the west of the first island chain, which has important implications for submarine detection. [3]

Contents

First and Second Island Chains Geographic Boundaries of the First and Second Island Chains.png
First and Second Island Chains

Much of the first island chain is roughly situated in waters claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC). [4] These include the South China Sea, within the nine-dash line, as well as the East China Sea west of the Okinawa Trough.

Strategic value

China

According to a 2018 United States Department of Defense report to Congress, the People's Liberation Army's Anti-Access/Area Denial military capabilities aimed at the first island chain are its most robust. [5] The report also stated that the People's Liberation Army Navy's ability to perform missions beyond the first island chain is "modest but growing as it gains experience operating in distant waters and acquires larger and more advanced platforms." [5]

The first island chain is often cited as a natural barrier and perceived constraint to the PRC's access to the Pacific Ocean. [3] [6] Within the first island chain, the PRC's access to the South China Sea is viewed as crucial for its navy, as the Yellow Sea and East China Sea are considered too shallow for clandestine submarine operations. [7] Control over Taiwan and its deeper eastern waters would provide the People's Liberation Army Navy's ballistic missile submarines with far less detectable access to the wider Pacific where they would serve as an important component of a credible second strike capability. [8] [9] : 148–149 

Japan

Around 2009 Japanese military strategist Toshi Yoshihara and Naval War College professor James R. Holmes suggested the American military could exploit the geography of the first island chain to counter the People's Liberation Army Navy build-up. [10] The Cabinet of Japan has also passed defense white papers emphasizing the threat posed by the People's Liberation Army Navy in the first island chain. [11] [12] [13]

In the later years of the 2010s, Japan started deploying military assets to Yonaguni and its other islands to counter China's presence along that area of the first island chain. [14] [15]

Japan's strategic position in the first island chain began with US-Japan joint efforts to counter Soviet expansion. The Japan Self-Defense Forces currently plays the role of protecting US military bases and preserving military strength in East Asia. As for Japan's Territorial Protection Self-Defense Forces, which mainly rely on islands in southern Japan adjacent to the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, Japan has military advantages in anti-submarine, air defense and sea mine technologies. [16]

Philippines

In 2021, Lloyd Austin, on behalf of the United States, thanked his counterpart in the Philippines Delfin Lorenzana for retaining the 70-year-old visiting forces agreement between the two nations. [17] In 2023 four new bases were announced in the Philippines. [18]

Taiwan

In the first island chain, Taiwan is considered of critical strategic importance. [19] It is located at the midpoint of the first chain and occupies a strategic position. [19] Submarine detection and tracking is less difficult on Taiwan's western coast where the waters are shallower than on Taiwan's eastern coast. [20]

United States

U.S. General Douglas MacArthur pointed out that before World War II, the US protected its western shores with a line of defense from Hawaii, Guam, to the Philippines. However, this line of defense was attacked by Japan with the Pearl Harbor bombing of 1941, thereby drawing the U.S. into the war. The US subsequently launched the air Raid on Taipei (called Taihoku under Japan's empire) and launched the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The WW2 victory allowed the US to expand its line of defense further west to the coast of Asia, and thus the US controlled the first island chain. [21] Between the end of WW2 and the Korean War, MacArthur praised Taiwan, located at the midpoint of the first island chain, as an 'unsinkable aircraft carrier'. [22]

In April 2014, the United States Naval Institute (USNI) assessed that the first island chain is the most effective point to counter any Chinese invasion. [23] The US could not only cut off the People's Liberation Army Navy from entering the western Pacific, but also predict where they may move before trying to break through in the first place. The US and first island chain countries are able to coordinate because of the US military's freedom of navigation in the first chain block. [24] A June 2019 article published by the United States Naval Institute (USNI) called for the navy to establish and maintain a blockade around the first island chain if the US was go to war with China. [23]

Andrew Krepinevich argued that an "archipelagic defense" of the countries that make up the first island chain would make up a big part of the implementation of the national defense strategy of 2018. [25] A 2019 report by the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments "proposes a U.S. military strategy of Maritime Pressure and a supporting joint operational concept, “Inside-Out” Defense, to stabilize the military balance in the Western Pacific and deny China the prospect of a successful fait accompli." The first island chain plays a central role in the report. [26] In 2020, the United States Marine Corps started shifting its tactics in conjunction with the United States Navy to be deployed along or near the first island chain. [10] In 2021, the United States Marine Corps announced a goal of three additional Pacific-based regiments. [27] [18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Vorndick, Wilson (October 22, 2018). "CHINA'S REACH HAS GROWN; SO SHOULD THE ISLAND CHAINS". Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  2. ↑ "How the Pentagon thinks about America's strategy in the Pacific" . The Economist . June 15, 2023. ISSN   0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2023-06-15. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  3. 1 2 Patton, James (2012-04-30). "Cold War SSN Operations: Lessons for Understanding Chinese Naval Development". China's Future Nuclear Submarine Force. Naval Institute Press. p. 278. ISBN   978-1-61251-150-4.
  4. ↑ Holmes, James R.; Yoshihara, Toshi (2012-09-10). Chinese Naval Strategy in the 21st Century: The Turn to Mahan. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-135-98176-1. OCLC   811506562.
  5. 1 2 "Annual Report to Congress: Military and security developments involving the PRC 2018" (PDF). Office of the Secretary of Defense. 16 May 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  6. ↑ Yoshihara, Toshi (July 2012). "China's Vision of Its Seascape: The First Island Chain and Chinese Seapower". Asian Politics & Policy . 4 (3): 293–314. doi:10.1111/j.1943-0787.2012.01349.x.
  7. ↑ Ernst, Maximilian (2024-12-18). China's Coercion of States in the Asia-Pacific Region: Balancing and Wedge Strategies in the Context of Sino-American Competition (1 ed.). London: Routledge. p. 14. doi:10.4324/9781003498766. ISBN   978-1-003-49876-6.
  8. ↑ Howarth, Peter (2006-04-18). China's Rising Sea Power. Routledge. pp. 28–40. doi:10.4324/9780203029152. ISBN   978-1-134-20395-6.
  9. ↑ Wachman, Alan M. (2007-08-01). Why Taiwan?: Geostrategic Rationales for China's Territorial Integrity. Stanford University Press. doi:10.1515/9781503626379. ISBN   978-1-5036-2637-9.
  10. 1 2 "U.S. rearms to nullify China's missile supremacy". Reuters . May 6, 2020. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  11. ↑ Gady, Franz-Stefan (August 2, 2016). "Japan's Defense White Paper Highlights Growing Threat From China". The Diplomat . Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  12. ↑ "Japan and Vietnam ink first maritime patrol ship deal as South China Sea row heats up". Japan Times . August 11, 2020. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  13. ↑ "2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN" (PDF). Ministry of Defense Publications. Japanese Ministry of Defense. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  14. ↑ "Japan builds an island 'wall' to counter China's intensifying military, territorial incursions". The Washington Post . August 21, 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  15. ↑ "Taiwan to benefit from Japan's move to boost island defense capabilities". Taiwan News . March 18, 2019. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  16. ↑ "The Future of Sino-Japanese Competition at Sea". nippon.com. 2012-03-23. Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
  17. ↑ "Jim Gomez, The Associated Press (30 Jul 2021) Philippines retains pact allowing US war exercises as China tensions mount". 30 July 2021. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  18. 1 2 Dress, Brad (2023-04-03). "Here's where US military will open bases in the Philippines in move to counter China". The Hill . Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  19. 1 2 Easton, Ian (2019). The Chinese Invasion Threat: Taiwan's Defense and American Strategy in Asia. Eastbridge Books. ISBN   978-1-78869-176-5. OCLC   1102635997.
  20. ↑ Hung Son, Nguyen; Thi Lan Anh, Nguyen, eds. (2025). The South China Sea: The Geo-political Epicenter of the Indo-Pacific?. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. p. 17. doi: 10.1007/978-981-97-8209-3 . ISBN   978-981-97-8208-6.
  21. ↑ Duffy, Bernard K. (1997). Douglas MacArthur : warrior as wordsmith. Greenwood Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN   0313291489. OCLC   636642115.
  22. ↑ Michael, Mazza (March 8, 2011). "Why Taiwan Matters". The Diplomat . Archived from the original on 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
  23. 1 2 "Blockade the First Island Chain". Proceedings. United States Naval Institute. June 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  24. ↑ "Defend the First Island Chain". U.S. Naval Institute. 2014-04-01. Archived from the original on 2019-05-22. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
  25. ↑ Krepinevich, Andrew (February 21, 2018). "How To Implement The National Defense Strategy In Pacific". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  26. ↑ "Tightening the Chain: Implementing a Strategy of Maritime Pressure in the Western Pacific". Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments . May 23, 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-02-14. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  27. ↑ South, Todd (2021-02-05). "Marine Corps looks at building 3 new Pacific regiments to counter China". Marine Corps Times . Archived from the original on 2021-02-08. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
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