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Paleontology, also spelled palaeontology or palæontology, is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch. It includes the study of fossils to classify organisms and study interactions with each other and their environments. Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BCE. The science became established in the 18th century as a result of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19th century. The term itself originates from Greek παλαιός, palaios, "old, ancient", ὄν, on, "being, creature", and λόγος, logos, "speech, thought, study".
The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology published by the Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press, is a definitive multi-authored work of some 50 volumes, written by more than 300 paleontologists, and covering every phylum, class, order, family, and genus of fossil and extant invertebrate animals. The prehistoric invertebrates are described as to their taxonomy, morphology, paleoecology, stratigraphic and paleogeographic range. However, taxa with no fossil record whatsoever have just a very brief listing.
Phlegethontia is an extinct genus of lepospondyl amphibian from the Carboniferous and Permian periods of Europe and North America.
Hypsognathus is an extinct genus of procolophonid parareptile from the Late Triassic of New Jersey, Connecticut, and Nova Scotia.
The Paleontological Society, formerly the Paleontological Society of America, is an international organisation devoted to the promotion of paleontology. The Society was founded in 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland, and was incorporated in April 1968 in the District of Columbia. The Society publishes the bi-monthly Journal of Paleontology and the quarterly Paleobiology, holds an annual meeting in the autumn in conjunction with the Geological Society of America, sponsors conferences and lectures, and provides grants and scholarships.
Polycotylidae is a family of plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous, a sister group to Leptocleididae.
Acaenasuchus is an extinct member of the order Aetosauria, endemic to what would be North America during the Triassic, existing for approximately 11.5 million years .
Ceratodus was a wide-ranging genus of extinct lungfish. Fossil evidence dates back to the Early Triassic. A wide range of fossil species from different time periods have been found around the world in places such as the United States, Argentina, Greenland, England, Germany, Egypt, Madagascar, China, and Australia. Ceratodus is believed to have become extinct sometime around the beginning of the Eocene Epoch. The closest living relative of Ceratodus is thought to be the Queensland lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, which means "new Ceratodus" in Greek.
Berru is a commune in the Marne department in northeastern France.
Cernay-lès-Reims is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.
Notobrachyops is a genus of brachyopid temnospondyl amphibian. It is known from a skull roof impression found in the Ashfield Shale of Mortdale, New South Wales, Australia. The Ashfield Shale has also yielded a shark species, a lungfish species, six species of paleoniscid fish, a species of holostean fish, a subholostean fish, and the labyrinthodont amphibian Paracyclotosaurus davidi.
Acherontemys is an extinct genus of turtle from Miocene of United States.
Protochelydra zangerli is an extinct species of chelydid in the extinct genus Protochelydra of Chelydridae.
Varasichthys is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic epoch. Fossils have been found in the Domeyko Range of Antofagasta Region, northern Chile. The genus has been compared with other South American fishes as Luisiella and Protoclupea.
Adeopapposaurus is a genus of prosauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Cañón del Colorado Formation of San Juan, Argentina. It was similar to Massospondylus. Four partial skeletons with two partial skulls are known.
Lumkuia is an extinct genus of cynodonts, fossils of which have been found in the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group in the South African Karoo Basin that date back to the early Middle Triassic. It contains a single species, Lumkuia fuzzi, which was named in 2001 on the basis of the holotype specimen BP/1/2669, which can now be found at the Bernard Price Institute in Johannesburg, South Africa. The genus has been placed in its own family, Lumkuiidae. Lumkuia is not as common as other cynodonts from the same locality such as Diademodon and Trirachodon.
Protoclupea is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived from the Oxfordian to the early Tithonian stage of the Late Jurassic epoch. Fossils have been found in the Domeyko Range of Antofagasta Region, northern Chile. The genus has been compared with other South American fishes as Luisiella and Varasichthys.
Ilchunaia is an extinct genus of sebecid mesoeucrocodylian. Fossils have been found from the Divisadero Largo Formation of Argentina dating back to the Late Eocene, and a locality in Mendoza, Argentina dating back to the Oligocene. Little material is known from the genus, with only the anterior portion of the skull being present to study.
Palatobaena is an extinct genus of baenid turtle. It was first named by Gaffney in 1972 and the type species is Palatobaena bairdi. It based on a fragmentary skull from the Fort Union Formation of the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. The two other species are P. gaffneyi and P. cohen which existed in Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota during the late Cretaceous period.
References
- ↑ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Cephalopoda entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363: 1–560. Archived from the original on 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2017-10-18.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- Arkell et al., 1957., Mesozoic Ammonoidea, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part L, Ammonoiea. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
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