Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) (EC 1.1.1.1) are a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to NADH. In humans and many other animals, they serve to break down alcohols that are otherwise toxic, and they also participate in the generation of useful aldehyde, ketone, or alcohol groups during the biosynthesis of various metabolites. In yeast, plants, and many bacteria, some alcohol dehydrogenases catalyze the opposite reaction as part of fermentation to ensure a constant supply of NAD+.
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually utilizes NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactors. Transmembrane oxidoreductases create electron transport chains in bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria, including respiratory complexes I, II and III. Some others can associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or be anchored to the membranes through a single transmembrane helix.
Methylotrophs are a diverse group of microorganisms that can use reduced one-carbon compounds, such as methanol or methane, as the carbon source for their growth; and multi-carbon compounds that contain no carbon-carbon bonds, such as dimethyl ether and dimethylamine. This group of microorganisms also includes those capable of assimilating reduced one-carbon compounds by way of carbon dioxide using the ribulose bisphosphate pathway. These organisms should not be confused with methanogens which on the contrary produce methane as a by-product from various one-carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide. Some methylotrophs can degrade the greenhouse gas methane, and in this case they are called methanotrophs. The abundance, purity, and low price of methanol compared to commonly used sugars make methylotrophs competent organisms for production of amino acids, vitamins, recombinant proteins, single-cell proteins, co-enzymes and cytochromes.
Pyrococcus furiosus is a heterotrophic, strictly anaerobic, extremophilic, model species of archaea. It is classified as a hyperthermophile because it thrives best under extremely high temperatures, and is notable for having an optimum growth temperature of 100 °C. P. furiosus belongs to the Pyrococcus genus, most commonly found in extreme environmental conditions of hydrothermal vents. It is one of the few prokaryotic organisms that has enzymes containing tungsten, an element rarely found in biological molecules.
Ammonium formate, NH4HCO2, is the ammonium salt of formic acid. It is a colorless, hygroscopic, crystalline solid.
In enzymology, a methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:
In enzymology, an alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor) (EC 1.1.99.8) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an alcohol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a formaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.46) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) (EC 1.2.2.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome-c-553) (EC 1.2.2.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a formate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.17.1.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.306) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.41) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a formaldehyde transketolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
A dismutase is an enzyme that catalyzes a dismutation reaction.
Methanol dehydrogenase (nicotinoprotein) (EC 1.1.99.37, NDMA-dependent methanol dehydrogenase, nicotinoprotein methanol dehydrogenase, methanol:N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline oxidoreductase) is an enzyme with systematic name methanol:acceptor oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Methanol toxicity is poisoning from methanol, characteristically via ingestion. Symptoms may include a decreased level of consciousness, poor or no coordination, vomiting, abdominal pain, and a specific smell on the breath. Decreased vision may start as early as twelve hours after exposure. Long-term outcomes may include blindness and kidney failure. Blindness may occur after drinking as little as 10 mL; death may occur after drinking quantities over 15 mL.
In enzymology, an aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.7.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.99.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:
