French presidential election referendum, 1962

General Charles de Gaulle, 20 May 1961

A referendum on the direct election of the President was held in France on 28 October 1962. ^[1] The question was whether to have the president of the French Republic elected by direct popular vote, rather than by an electoral college. It was approved by 62.3% of voters with a 77.0% turnout. ^[2] However, the reform was controversial because it strengthened the executive at the expense of Parliament, and because of the disputed constitutionality of the procedure used.

Background

In the Third and Fourth Republic, Parliament elected the President of the Republic. In the original 1958 constitution of the Fifth Republic, the president was elected by an electoral college, in a manner similar to the senators: electors were the members of Parliament, members of the departmental assemblies, and representatives of cities, towns and villages (such as mayors). ^[3] Charles de Gaulle was elected in this manner in the 1958 presidential election.

The presidential office in the Third and Fourth republic was largely ceremonial, with most executive power vested in the "president of the Council of ministers" (short: "president of the Council" or président du conseil), a more powerful analogue to the present-day Prime minister. Charles de Gaulle, who largely designed the constitution of the Fifth Republic, wanted a more powerful presidential office. The proposed change would have the president elected by the two-round system of voting; This direct election by more than half of the non-blank ballots directly cast by the citizenship would give the office much more legitimacy and status than indirect election by the presidential college, thus greater influence even with unchanged constitutional powers.

Proposal and debate

See French legislative election, 1962 for more about the French politics of that time.

Charles de Gaulle soon preferred to be elected by direct popular vote, which would give him a stronger political position, and proposed that the Constitution be amended. ^[4]

The referendum was highly controversial. Part of the controversy concerned the constitutional processes for modifying the Constitution. ^[5] According to article 89 of the Constitution of France, any constitutional reform must be first approved by both houses of Parliament: the National Assembly and the Senate. Then it is either approved by a referendum, or by a solemn joint session of both houses known as Congress. Instead, Charles de Gaulle used Article 11 of the Constitution, which allows the Prime Minister, then Georges Pompidou, to request the President to submit to a referendum a bill in certain areas of law, including "the organization of public powers". To summarize, supporters of de Gaulle and the referendum contended that Article 11 allowed bills to be passed on constitutional matters, while opponents considered that the existence of a special process in Article 89 precluded this. ^{[5] [6]}

Many legal scholars and politicians disagreed with this application of Article 11, which they felt was unconstitutional, while Gaullists generally supported the move. ^[5] François Mitterrand, former minister and future President of the Republic, characterized the referendum as unconstitutional. ^[7] Gaston Monnerville, president of the Senate, referred the matter to the Constitutional Council (Article 61). The council however ruled that it fell outside of its jurisdiction to strike down a reform voted by the French people, thus upholding de Gaulle's action. ^{[5] [8]} This was unsurprising: from 1958 to 1970, under Charles de Gaulle's presidency, the Constitutional Council was sometimes described as a "cannon aimed at Parliament", ^[5] protecting the executive branch against encroachment by Parliament; all referrals except the one from Monnerville had come from the Prime Minister, who always got a ruling of partial unconstitutionality (the Council had struck down for unconstitutionality provisions introduced by Parliament that the Prime Minister disagreed with). ^[5] Monnerville went as far as to use the strong word of forfaiture ("abuse of authority") against the behaviour of Prime Minister Pompidou, who had accepted the referendum project. ^{[6] [9]}

Many members of the National Assembly were also very unhappy about the situation. On 4 October 1962, the Assembly voted no-confidence in the Government, ^[10] resulting in the automatic resignation of the Prime Minister (Constitution, article 49-2); this was the only successful vote of no-confidence of the Fifth Republic. ^[11] The vote was supported by, among others, former prime ministers ^[12] Paul Reynaud and Guy Mollet, who severely criticized the referendum. ^[13] Charles de Gaulle dissolved the Assembly within a few days, ^[14] thus provoking legislative elections in November, and appointed Georges Pompidou again.

Results

Choice	Metropolitan France		Total
	Votes	%	Votes	%
For	12,809,363	61.8	13,150,516	62.3
Against	7,932,695	38.2	7,974,538	37.7
Invalid/blank votes	559,758	–	569,509	–
Total	21,301,816	100	21,694,563	100
Registered voters	27,582,113	–	28,185,478	–
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

Aftermath

Since the referendum was positive, the mode of election of the president changed, and Charles de Gaulle remains the only president of France elected by an electoral college. Charles de Gaulle was reelected in 1965, this time by direct suffrage.

References

For references to constitutional articles, see the official translation of the Constitution on the site of the French National Assembly.

1. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p674 ISBN   978-3-8329-5609-7
2. Nohlen & Stöver, p685
3. See Article 6 of the 1958 Constitution. Note that most versions of the constitution available online and in books are not the original version, but some later amended version.
4. See the radiophonic speech to the nation of 20 September 1962 by Charles de Gaulle, announcing the forthcoming referendum.
5. Alec Stone, The Birth of Judicial Politics in France: The Constitutional Council in Comparative Perspective, Oxford University Press, ISBN   0-19-507034-8, chapter III
6. French Senate, Le conflit du référendum de 1962 ("The conflict of the referendum of 1962")
7. François Mitterrand, Le coup d'état permanent ("The permanent coup d'état", alluding to Charles de Gaulle's presidency), 1966; later edition 1998, Julliard, ISBN   2-260-00378-8: Ainsi s'explique le secret de son obstination à obtenir par le référendum inconstitutionnel de 1962 cette réforme ("Thus is explained [De Gaulle's] obstination to obtain this reform by the unconstitutional referendum of 1962")
8. See decision 62-20 DC from the Constitutional Council.
9. Decree 62-1127 of 2 October 1962, preceded by a letter from Prime Minister Georges Pompidou to President Charles de Gaulle proposing him to submit to a referendum. following article 11 of the Constitution, a bill changing the method for electing the President of France.
10. Proceedings of the National Assembly, 4 October 1962, second sitting; vote tally on p. 3268. p. 38 in the PDF file
11. La motion de censure : véritable moyen de contrôle ? ("The no-confidence vote: true means of control?")
12. More precisely: during the Third and Fourth Republic, the position corresponding to the prime minister was known as Président du conseil des ministres ("president of the Council of ministers"), shortened to Président du conseil.
13. See debates of the National Assembly on 4 October 1962: first sitting, second sitting.
14. Decree of 9 October 1962 dissolving the National Assembly

Further reading

• Table ronde : la réforme de 1962, with Gilles Le Béguec, Pierre Sudreau, Jean Donnedieu de Vabres, Jean Foyer, Jean-Marcel Jeanneney, Parlement[s], Revue d'histoire politique, n° HS 1 2004/3, pp. 23–43, L'Harmattan,