GJ 1214

Last updated
GJ 1214 / Orkaria
GJ1214b (Artist's impression).jpg
This artist's impression shows how the super-Earth orbiting the nearby star GJ 1214 may look.
Credit: ESO/L. Calçada
Observation data
Epoch J2000       Equinox J2000
Constellation Ophiuchus [1]
Right ascension 17h 15m 18.93399s [2]
Declination +04° 57′ 50.0666″ [2]
Apparent magnitude  (V)14.71±0.03 [3]
Characteristics
Spectral type M4.5 [4]
Apparent magnitude  (B)16.40 [5]
Apparent magnitude  (R)14.394 ± 0.17 [5]
Apparent magnitude  (I)11.52 ± 0.03 [3]
Apparent magnitude  (J)9.750±0.024 [6]
Apparent magnitude  (H)9.094±0.024 [6]
Apparent magnitude  (K)8.782±0.020 [6]
B−V color index 1.73 [7]
V−R color index 0.9
R−I color index 2.7
Variable type planetary transit [8]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)+20.91±0.65 [2]  km/s
Proper motion (μ)RA: 580.202  mas/yr [2]
Dec.: −749.713  mas/yr [2]
Parallax (π)68.2986 ± 0.0652  mas [2]
Distance 47.75 ± 0.05  ly
(14.64 ± 0.01  pc)
Absolute magnitude  (MV)14.10
Details
Mass 0.181±0.005 [9]   M☉
Radius 0.204±0.0085 [9]   R☉
Luminosity 0.00351±0.00010 [9]   L☉
Surface gravity (log g)4.991±0.029 [8]   cgs
Temperature 3,111+69
−66 [9]   K
Metallicity [Fe/H]0.11±0.09 [9]   dex
Rotation 125±5 d [10]
Age 5–10 [11]   Gyr
Other designations
Orkaria, GJ  1214, G 139-21, LHS  3275, LSPM J1715+0457, NLTT  44431, TIC  467929202, 2MASS J17151894+0457496 [5]
Database references
SIMBAD data
Exoplanet Archive data
ARICNS data

GJ 1214 (sometimes Gliese 1214) is a dim M4.5 [4] red dwarf star in the constellation Ophiuchus with an apparent magnitude of 14.7. [3] It is located at a distance of 47.8 light-years (14.7 parsecs ) from Earth. [12] GJ 1214 hosts one known exoplanet. [8]

Contents

Nomenclature

The designation GJ 1214 comes from the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars. This star was first included in the second edition of the catalogue, published in 1979 by Gliese and Jahreiß, hence the GJ prefix usually used for this star. [13]

In August 2022, this planetary system was included among 20 systems to be named by the third NameExoWorlds project. [14] The approved names, proposed by a team from Kenya, were announced in June 2023. GJ 1214 is named Orkaria and its planet is named Enaiposha, after the Maa words for red ochre and for a large body of water, alluding to the color of the star and likely composition of the planet. [15]

Properties

GJ 1214 is about one-fifth the radius of the Sun [16] with a surface temperature estimated to be 3,110 K (2,840 °C; 5,140 °F). [9] Its luminosity is only 0.35% that of the Sun. [9]

The estimate for the stellar radius is 15% larger than predicted by theoretical models. [8] It also shows a 1% intrinsic variability in the near-infrared probably caused by stellar spots. [3] The star is rotating slowly, with a period that is most likely an integer multiple of 53 days. It is probably at least three billion years old and a member of the old thin disk of the Milky Way. [3] Although GJ 1214 has a low to moderate level of magnetic activity, it does undergo flares and is a source of X-ray emission with a base luminosity of 7.4×1025 erg s−1. The temperature of the stellar corona is estimated to be about 3.5×106 K. [11]

In 2021–2022, the star is suspected to be in the low-activity phase of its magnetic starspot cycle. [17]

Planetary system

In mid-December 2009, a team of Harvard-Smithsonian astronomers announced the discovery of a companion extrasolar planet, GJ 1214 b, potentially composed largely of water and having the mass and diameter of a super-Earth, [8] [16] though now more often described as a mini-Neptune based on its composition. [18]

Discovered by the MEarth Project and investigated further by the HARPS spectrograph on ESO’s 3.6-metre telescope at La Silla, GJ 1214 b was the second super-Earth exoplanet for which astronomers determined the mass and radius, giving vital clues about its structure. It was also the first super-Earth around which an atmosphere was found. A search for additional planets using transit timing variations was negative. [3]

No transit-time variations have yet been found for this transit. As of 2012, "the given data does not allow us to conclude that there is a [second] planet in the mass range 0.1–5 Earth-masses and the period range 0.76–1.23 or 1.91–3.18 days." [19] The X-ray flux from the host star is estimated to have stripped 2–5.6 ME from the planet over the lifetime of the system. [11]

The GJ 1214 planetary system [20]
Companion
(in order from star)		 Mass Semimajor axis
(AU)		 Orbital period
(days)		 Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b / Enaiposha 8.17±0.43  M🜨 0.01490±0.000261.580404571(42) [21] <0.06388.7±0.1 ° 2.742+0.050
−0.053  R🜨

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">GJ 1214 b</span> Super-Earth orbiting GJ 1214

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References

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  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Berta, Zachory K.; et al. (2011). "The GJ1214 Super-Earth System: Stellar Variability, New Transits, and a Search for Additional Planets". The Astrophysical Journal. 736 (1). 12. arXiv: 1012.0518 . Bibcode:2011ApJ...736...12B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/12. S2CID   118428858.
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  7. ↑ van Altena, William F.; et al. The General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes. Yale University Observatory. ASIN   B000UG5T6Y. Vizier catalog entry
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Charbonneau, David; et al. (2009). "A super-Earth transiting a nearby low-mass star" (PDF). Nature. 462 (7275): 891–894. arXiv: 0912.3229 . Bibcode:2009Natur.462..891C. doi:10.1038/nature08679. PMID   20016595. S2CID   4360404.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pineda, J. Sebastian; Youngblood, Allison; France, Kevin (September 2021). "The M-dwarf Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Sample. I. Determining Stellar Parameters for Field Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 918 (1): 23. arXiv: 2106.07656 . Bibcode:2021ApJ...918...40P. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea . S2CID   235435757. 40.
  10. ↑ Mallonn, M.; et al. (2018). "GJ 1214: Rotation period, starspots, and uncertainty on the optical slope of the transmission spectrum". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 614. A35. arXiv: 1803.05677 . Bibcode:2018A&A...614A..35M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732300. S2CID   73721250.
  11. 1 2 3 Lalitha, S.; et al. (July 2014). "X-Ray Emission from the Super-Earth Host GJ 1214". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 790 (1): 5. arXiv: 1407.2741 . Bibcode:2014ApJ...790L..11L. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/790/1/L11. S2CID   118774018. L11.
  12. ↑ Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Rojas-Ayala, Bárbara; Boss, Alan P.; Weinberger, Alycia J.; Lloyd, James P. (2012). "GJ 1214b revised. Improved trigonometric parallax, stellar parameters, orbital solution, and bulk properties for the super-Earth GJ 1214b". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 551: A48. arXiv: 1210.8087v3 . Bibcode:2013A&A...551A..48A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219250. S2CID   55117987.
  13. ↑ "Dictionary of Nomenclature of Celestial Objects". Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  14. ↑ "List of ExoWorlds 2022". nameexoworlds.iau.org. IAU. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  15. ↑ "2022 Approved Names". nameexoworlds.iau.org. IAU . Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  16. 1 2 David A. Aguilar (2009-12-16). "Astronomers Find Super-Earth Using Amateur, Off-the-Shelf Technology". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  17. ↑ Henry, Gregory W.; Bean, Jacob L. (2023), C14 Automatic Imaging Telescope Photometry of GJ 1214, arXiv: 2302.07874
  18. ↑ Brennan, Pat (10 May 2023). "NASA's Webb Takes Closest Look Yet at Mysterious Planet". NASA . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  19. ↑ Kennet B. W. Harpsøe; et al. (2012). "The transiting system GJ1214: high-precision defocused transit observations and a search for evidence of transit timing variation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 549: A10. arXiv: 1207.3064 . Bibcode:2013A&A...549A..10H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219996. S2CID   53418632.
  20. ↑ Cloutier, Ryan; Charbonneau, David; Deming, Drake; Bonfils, Xavier; Astudillo-Defru, Nicola (2021), "A More Precise Mass for GJ 1214 b and the Frequency of Multiplanet Systems Around Mid-M Dwarfs", The Astronomical Journal, 162 (5): 174, arXiv: 2107.14732 , Bibcode:2021AJ....162..174C, doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac1584 , S2CID   236635146
  21. ↑ Kokori, A.; et al. (14 February 2023). "ExoClock Project. III. 450 New Exoplanet Ephemerides from Ground and Space Observations". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 265 (1) 4. arXiv: 2209.09673 . Bibcode: 2023ApJS..265....4K . doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ac9da4 . Vizier catalog entry
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