Gammarus fossarum

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Gammarus fossarum
Gammarus fossarum Podkomorske lesy.jpg
Gammarus fossarum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Superorder: Peracarida
Order: Amphipoda
Family: Gammaridae
Genus: Gammarus
Species:
G. fossarum
Binomial name
Gammarus fossarum
(Koch, 1836)
Synonyms
  • Rivulogammarus fossarum(Straskraba, 1967) [nom. inval.]

Gammarus fossarum is a species complex of freshwater amphipod crustacean native to Europe. They are abundant members of the macroinvertebrate community, and also used as model organisms for ecotoxicology. [1]

Contents

Description

Gammarus fossarum go through nine or ten moults of their exoskeleton before reaching sexual maturity; weighing just 0.1 mg at birth, by adulthood they have a wet weight of 5 to 7 mg. [2] Adult G. fossarum are between 4.5 and 10 mm in length, [3] and weigh up to 41 (females) to 61 (males) mg wet weight. [2]

Distribution

Gammarus fossarum are widely distributed throughout central and southeastern Europe. [4] They are found in France, [5] Italy, [4] Germany, [6] Switzerland, [7] Austria, [8] Slovenia, [9] Serbia, [10] the Netherlands, [11] Belgium, [12] Hungary, [13] Croatia, [13] Albania, [4] Bulgaria, [4] and Bosnia and Herzegovina. [4]

It was previously thought to be a single species based on morphological characteristics, however genetic and genomic research has revealed additional diversity within G. fossarum. Mitochondrial DNA showed that there were three distinct clades in central Europe, subsequently called types A, B, and C. [14] More recent population genetic analyses on amphipods from across the entire distribution range of G. fossarum have revealed that it is in fact a species complex of at least 80 cryptic species. [4] Thesee analyses found at least six major clades, located in Central Western Europe (CWE), Central Eastern Europe (CEE), South Eastern Europe (SEE), France and Central Europe (CRA-CE-A), Eastern Europe (EE-Q), and Central Europe (CE-B). [4] The clades diverged at least 20 million years ago, during the Miocene. [4] Populations can be highly differentiated even at the regional and local scales due to genetic drift. [15]

Gammarus fossarum are now found also outside their native range. They were detected in the United Kingdom using environmental DNA sampling in 2015. [16]

Ecology

Gammarus fossarum prefer flowing, well-oxygenated water and are often found in smaller and mid-sized streams, particularly in hilly and mountainous areas. [17] They can be found in densities up to hundreds of individuals per square meter. [3]

Gammarus fossarum are omnivorous. They are known for their shredding of leaf litter detritus that enters streams and waterways from the surrounding forest, but G. fossarum also feed on other macroinvertebrates. [18] In many locations, G. fossarum co-occur with other amphipod species, and the species engage in intraguild predation. [19] G. fossarum are prey for larger aquatic animals, such as fish. [20]

Before mating, male and female G. fossarum form precopulatory pairs and move together in their environments. [21] This behavior lasts for several days and both males and large females have some element of mate choice. [22]

Gammarus fossarum are parasitized by a number of taxa, including acanthocephalans. [23]

Use in ecotoxicology

Gammarus fossarum are a common animal to use in bioassessment and ecotoxicology. Their survival, [24] growth, [25] reproduction, [26] activity levels, [1] physiology, [1] and food consumption [27] are used as indicators of environmental conditions, including acidity, [27] nanoparticles, [1] wastewater effluent, [26] pesticides, [24] and pharmaceuticals. [25]

Related Research Articles

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Daphnia is a genus of small planktonic crustaceans, 0.2–6.0 mm (0.01–0.24 in) in length. Daphnia are members of the order Anomopoda, and are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because their saltatory swimming style resembles the movements of fleas. Daphnia spp. live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes and ponds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amphipoda</span> Order of malacostracan crustaceans

Amphipoda is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods range in size from 1 to 340 millimetres and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 9,900 amphipod species so far described. They are mostly marine animals, but are found in almost all aquatic environments. Some 1,900 species live in fresh water, and the order also includes the terrestrial sandhoppers such as Talitrus saltator and Arcitalitrus sylvaticus.

Gammarus setosus is a gammarid amphipod that inhabits the northern coasts of both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Typically, this crustacean is found in the benthic sub-tidal or low inter-tidal regions. Gammarus setosus reproduces once a year in the autumn.

<i>Gammarus pulex</i> Species of crustacean

Gammarus pulex is a species of amphipod crustacean found in fresh water across much of Europe. It is a greyish animal, growing to 21 mm (0.83 in) long.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gammarus roeseli</span> Species of crustacean

Gammarus roeselii is a species of freshwater amphipod native to Europe.

Pomphorhynchus laevis is an endo-parasitic acanthocephalan worm, with a complex life cycle, that can modify the behaviour of its intermediate host, the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex. P. laevis does not contain a digestive tract and relies on the nutrients provided by its host species. In the fish host this can lead to the accumulation of lead in P. laevis by feeding on the bile of the host species.

Gammarus acherondytes, the Illinois cave amphipod, is a species of crustacean in the family Gammaridae. The crustacean is endemic to the Illinois Sinkhole Plain of Monroe County and St. Clair County, in southwestern Illinois, including Illinois Caverns State Natural Area.

<i>Gammarus</i> Genus of crustaceans

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<i>Gammarus desperatus</i> Species of crustacean

Gammarus desperatus, commonly known as Noel's Amphipod, is a species of small, amphipod crustacean in the family Gammaridae.

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<i>Dikerogammarus villosus</i> Species of crustacean

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<i>Hyalella azteca</i> Species of crustacean

Hyalella azteca is a widespread and abundant species complex of amphipod crustacean in North America. It reaches 3–8 mm (0.12–0.31 in) long, and is found in a range of fresh and brackish waters. It feeds on algae and diatoms and is a major food of waterfowl.

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<i>Gammarus mucronatus</i> Species of crustacean

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References

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  2. 1 2 Pockl, Manfred (1992). "Effects of temperature, age and body size on moulting and growth in the freshwater amphipods Gammarus fossarum and G. roeseli". Freshwater Biology. 27 (2): 211–225. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1992.tb00534.x. ISSN   0046-5070.
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  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Wattier, Remi; Mamos, Tomasz; Copilaş-Ciocianu, Denis; Jelić, Mišel; Ollivier, Anthony; Chaumot, Arnaud; Danger, Michael; Felten, Vincent; Piscart, Christophe; Žganec, Krešimir; Rewicz, Tomasz; Wysocka, Anna; Rigaud, Thierry; Grabowski, Michał (2020-10-06). "Continental-scale patterns of hyper-cryptic diversity within the freshwater model taxon Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea, Amphipoda)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 16536. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73739-0. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   7538970 . PMID   33024224.
  5. ↑ "Gammarus fossarum Koch, 1836". Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  6. ↑ Janetzky, Wolfgang (1994). "Distribution of the genus Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) in the River Hunte and its tributaries (Lower Saxony, northern Germany)". Hydrobiologia. 294: 23–34. doi:10.1007/BF00017622. S2CID   41985494 – via SpringerLink.
  7. ↑ Altermatt, Florian; Alther, Roman; Fišer, Cene; Jokela, Jukka; Konec, Marjeta; Küry, Daniel; Mächler, Elvira; Stucki, Pascal; Westram, Anja Marie (2014-10-29). "Diversity and Distribution of Freshwater Amphipod Species in Switzerland (Crustacea: Amphipoda)". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e110328. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k0328A. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110328 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   4212965 . PMID   25354099.
  8. ↑ Pockl, M.; Humpesch, U. H. (1990). "Intra- and inter-specific variations in egg survival and brood development time for Austrian populations of Gammarus fossarum and G. roeseli (Crustacea: Amphipoda)". Freshwater Biology. 23 (3): 441–455. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00286.x. ISSN   0046-5070.
  9. ↑ Fišer, Cene; Keber, Rok; Kereži, Vesna; Moškrič, Ajda; Palandančić, Anja; Petkovska, Vesna; Potočnik, Hubert; Sket, Boris (2007-12-01). "Coexistence of species of two amphipod genera: Niphargus timavi (Niphargidae) and Gammarus fossarum (Gammaridae)". Journal of Natural History. 41 (41–44): 2641–2651. doi:10.1080/00222930701661225. ISSN   0022-2933. S2CID   84296267.
  10. ↑ Živić, Ivana; Marković, Zoran (2007). "Distribution of the Species Gammarus balcanicus and Gammarus fossarum on the Territory of Serbia (Central Part of the Balkan Peninsula)". Crustaceana. 80 (1): 67–76. doi:10.1163/156854007779696523. ISSN   0011-216X. JSTOR   20107783.
  11. ↑ Nijssen, H (1963). "Some notes on the distribution and the ecology of the amphipod Gammarus fossarum Koch, 1835, in the Netherlands (Crustacea, Malacostraca)". Beaufortia. 116 (10): 40–43.
  12. ↑ Scheepmaker, Maarten; Dalfsen, Jan van (1989-01-01). "Genetic differentiation in Gammarus fossarum and G. caparti (Crustacea, Amphipoda) with reference to G. pulex pulex in northwestern Europe". Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde. 59 (3): 127–139. doi: 10.1163/26660644-05903001 . ISSN   0067-8546.
  13. 1 2 Weiss, Martina; Macher, Jan Niklas; Seefeldt, Meike Anna; Leese, Florian (2014-01-01). "Molecular evidence for further overlooked species within the Gammarus fossarum complex (Crustacea: Amphipoda)". Hydrobiologia. 721 (1): 165–184. doi:10.1007/s10750-013-1658-7. ISSN   1573-5117. S2CID   14329912.
  14. ↑ Müller, Jakob (2000-05-01). "Mitochondrial DNA Variation and the Evolutionary History of Cryptic Gammarus fossarum Types". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 15 (2): 260–268. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0740. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   10837155.
  15. ↑ Weiss, Martina; Leese, Florian (2016-07-29). "Widely distributed and regionally isolated! Drivers of genetic structure in Gammarus fossarum in a human-impacted landscape". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 153. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0723-z. ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   4966747 . PMID   27473498.
  16. ↑ Blackman, Rosetta C; Constable, Drew; Hahn, Christoph; Sheard, Andrew M.; Durkota, Jessica; Hänfling, Bernd; Lawson Handley, Lori (2017). "Detection of a new non-native freshwater species by DNA metabarcoding of environmental samples – first record of Gammarus fossarum in the UK" (PDF). Aquatic Invasions. 12 (2): 177–189. doi:10.3391/ai.2017.12.2.06.
  17. ↑ Pöckl, Manfred; Webb, Bruce W.; Sutcliffe, David W. (2003). "Life history and reproductive capacity of Gammarus fossarum and G. roeseli (Crustacea: Amphipoda) under naturally fluctuating water temperatures: a simulation study: Natural thermal regimes and reproductive capacity of Gammarus spp". Freshwater Biology. 48 (1): 53–66. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.00967.x.
  18. ↑ Syrovátka, Vít; Zhai, Marie; Bojková, Jindřiška; Šorfová, Vanda; Horsák, Michal (2020-06-01). "Native Gammarus fossarum affects species composition of macroinvertebrate communities: evidence from laboratory, field enclosures, and natural habitat". Aquatic Ecology. 54 (2): 505–518. doi:10.1007/s10452-020-09756-y. ISSN   1573-5125. S2CID   211074697.
  19. ↑ Kinzler, Werner; Maier, Gerhard (2003-08-01). "Asymmetry in mutual predation: possible reason for the replacement of native gammarids by invasives". Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 157 (4): 473–481. doi:10.1127/0003-9136/2003/0157-0473.
  20. ↑ Kinzler, Werner; Maier, Gerhard (2006-02-01). "Selective predation by fish: a further reason for the decline of native gammarids in the presence of invasives?". Journal of Limnology. 65 (1): 27–34. doi: 10.4081/jlimnol.2006.27 . ISSN   1723-8633.
  21. ↑ Lagrue, Clement; Wattier, Remi; Galipaud, Matthias; Gauthey, Zoe; Rullmann, Jean-Paul; Dubreuil, Christine; Rigaud, Thierry; Bollache, Loic (2014). "Confrontation of cryptic diversity and mate discrimination within Gammarus pulex and Gammarus fossarum species complexes". Freshwater Biology. 59 (12): 2555–2570. doi:10.1111/fwb.12453.
  22. ↑ Sutcliffe, David W. (1992). "Reproduction in Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda): basic processes". Library@fba.org.uk. ISSN   0961-4664.
  23. ↑ Labaude, Sophie; Rigaud, Thierry; Cézilly, Frank (2017). "Additive effects of temperature and infection with an acanthocephalan parasite on the shredding activity of Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea: Amphipoda): the importance of aggregative behavior". Global Change Biology. 23 (4): 1415–1424. Bibcode:2017GCBio..23.1415L. doi:10.1111/gcb.13490. ISSN   1354-1013. PMID   27591398. S2CID   23739658.
  24. 1 2 Bundschuh, Mirco; Zubrod, Jochen P.; Klemm, Patricia; Elsaesser, David; Stang, Christoph; Schulz, Ralf (2013-09-01). "Effects of peak exposure scenarios on Gammarus fossarum using field relevant pesticide mixtures". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 95: 137–143. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.05.025. ISSN   0147-6513. PMID   23790476.
  25. 1 2 Dietrich, Sabine; Dammel, Shana; Ploessl, Florian; Bracher, Franz; Laforsch, Christian (2010-02-25). "Effects of a pharmaceutical mixture at environmentally relevant concentrations on the amphipod Gammarus fossarum". Marine and Freshwater Research. 61 (2): 196–203. doi:10.1071/MF09048. ISSN   1448-6059.
  26. 1 2 Wigh, Adriana; Geffard, Olivier; Abbaci, Khedidja; Francois, Adeline; Noury, Patrice; Bergé, Alexandre; Vulliet, Emmanuelle; Domenjoud, Bruno; Gonzalez-Ospina, Adriana; Bony, Sylvie; Devaux, Alain (2017-04-15). "Gammarus fossarum as a sensitive tool to reveal residual toxicity of treated wastewater effluents". The Science of the Total Environment. 584–585: 1012–1021. Bibcode:2017ScTEn.584.1012W. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.154. ISSN   1879-1026. PMID   28174047.
  27. 1 2 Dangles, Olivier; Guérold, François (2001). "Linking Shredders and Leaf Litter Processing: Insights from an Acidic Stream Study". Hydrobiology. 86 (4–5): 395–406. doi:10.1002/1522-2632(200107)86:4/5<395::AID-IROH395>3.0.CO;2-1.
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