| Gammarus roeseli | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Superorder: | Peracarida |
| Order: | Amphipoda |
| Family: | Gammaridae |
| Genus: | Gammarus |
| Species: | G. roeselii |
| Binomial name | |
| Gammarus roeselii | |
| Synonyms | |
Gammarus roeselii( lapsus ) | |
Gammarus roeselii is a species of freshwater amphipod native to Europe. [2]
Gervais described G. roeselii in 1835 under today's correct name G. roeselii GERVAIS , 1835. Since he wrote the description in Latin and used the Latinized name of the baron, i.e. "ROESELIUS", the genitive form is roeselii. [3] Therefore the spelling with double i is taxonomically correct, but often the spelling with only one i is often used.
Gammarus roeselii adult males reach a length of up to 22 mm; females are smaller than males. [4] The species is distinct from many other common amphipods due to the spines on its fifth through seventh pereiopods. [4] The color of G. roeselii individuals can vary from green to brown, gray, or yellow, and some have reddish markings on parts of their carapaces. [4]
Gammarus roeselii originated in the Balkan area of Europe, and appears to have populated the Pannonian Basin as a glacial refuge before expanding into central and western Europe 10,000 years ago. [5] It is now widespread across continental Europe. [2] Having been in France since at least the mid-1800s it is considered to be a well-established non-native species in central, northern, and western Europe. [6] However, it continues to expand its distribution range, including into new river basins in Italy in the 2010s. [7] Even within the same geographic area – for example in France – some refer to the species as being invasive [8] while others refer to it as being naturalized. [9]
Gammarus roeselii are found in freshwater environments such as ponds, lakes and streams. [4] They are more abundant at warmer temperatures compared to some co-occurring amphipod species. [10] Populations tend to be highest in rivers with moderate water flow and ample plants to be used as shelter.
Gammarus roeselii are omnivores. Although they consume animal prey, their mouthparts are morphologically better adapted for consuming detritus and suspended particles, and for scraping algae and fungi off of detrital material and other surfaces. [11]
Gammarus roeselii are predated on by fish. The distinctive spines of G. roeselii were found in a laboratory experiment to be associated with defense against predation by brown trout. [8]
Like other gammaridean amphipods, G. roeselii serve as hosts for microsporidian parasites. [12] The parasites have a variety of effects on infected G. roeselii. Physiologically, infection can increase salinity tolerance. [13] Infection by some microsporidians can feminize male embryos and lead to female-biased sex ratios. [14] Infection status also alters predator-avoidance behavior in G. roeselii. [15]
Males and females form precopulatory mating pairs; after mating, females carry eggs in a brood pouch and then release juveniles. Clutch size is variable, reaching up to 80 or more eggs for some females; clutch sizes are smaller, but eggs are larger, in the winter than during warmer months. [16] Development in the brood pouch can take anywhere from 10 to over 200 days depending on water temperature, and survival of embryos is highest between 10 and 16 °C. [10] Femals can produce up to eight broods over their lifetimes. [16] Juveniles moult nine or ten times before reaching sexual maturity. [17]
Gammarus roeselii are a successful invasive species due to their high reproductive rate, tolerance to changing environmental conditions and unique anti-predation characteristics.[ citation needed ]G. roeselii's mechanism of invasion is still unknown but it is most likely due to human activities such as aquaculture or fish repopulation.[ citation needed ]G. roeselii were once used as a food source in commercial fisheries, so it is possible that some individuals escaped and were able to populate new areas.[ citation needed ]G. roeselii have the ability to easily attach their bodies to substrates by using the spines on its metasomes.[ citation needed ] These organisms are also able to survive out of water for several days at a time, making the transfer of G. roeselii feasible over land.[ citation needed ]
A number of studies have investigated the effects of toxins and pollutants on G. roeselii. In the 1980s, the insecticides Dyfonate and Ditrifon (which has since been banned in the European Union, India, and other countries) were found to be toxic to G. roeselii. [18] More recently, investigations about imidacloprid, another insecticide, indicated sublethal effects on G. roeseli at environmentally-relevant levels, [19] including effects on reproductive females. [20] Silver nanoparticles have been found to reduce the feeding rate of G. roeseli. [21] The sensitivity of G. roeseli to different stressors may also be affected by infection of microsporidian parasites. For example, infected females were found to be more strongly affected by exposure to cadmium. [22]
Amphipoda is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods range in size from 1 to 340 millimetres and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 9,900 amphipod species so far described. They are mostly marine animals, but are found in almost all aquatic environments. Some 1,900 species live in fresh water, and the order also includes the terrestrial sandhoppers such as Talitrus saltator and Arcitalitrus sylvaticus.
The superorder Peracarida is a large group of malacostracan crustaceans, having members in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. They are chiefly defined by the presence of a brood pouch, or marsupium, formed from thin flattened plates (oostegites) borne on the basalmost segments of the legs. Peracarida is one of the largest crustacean taxa and includes about 12,000 species. Most members are less than 2 cm (0.8 in) in length, but the largest is probably the giant isopod which can reach 76 cm (30 in). The earliest known perecaridian was Oxyuropoda ligioides, a fossil of which has been found dating to the Late Devonian of Ireland.
Gammarus setosus is a gammarid amphipod that inhabits the northern coasts of both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Typically, this crustacean is found in the benthic sub-tidal or low inter-tidal regions. Gammarus setosus reproduces once a year in the autumn.
Gammarus pulex is a species of amphipod crustacean found in fresh water across much of Europe. It is a greyish animal, growing to 21 mm (0.83 in) long.
Pomphorhynchus laevis is an endo-parasitic acanthocephalan worm, with a complex life cycle, that can modify the behaviour of its intermediate host, the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex. P. laevis does not contain a digestive tract and relies on the nutrients provided by its host species. In the fish host this can lead to the accumulation of lead in P. laevis by feeding on the bile of the host species.
Gammarus acherondytes, the Illinois cave amphipod, is a species of crustacean in the family Gammaridae. The crustacean is endemic to the Illinois Sinkhole Plain of Monroe County and St. Clair County, in southwestern Illinois, including Illinois Caverns State Natural Area.
Gammarus is an amphipod crustacean genus in the family Gammaridae. It contains more than 200 described species, making it one of the most species-rich genera of crustaceans. Different species have different optimal conditions, particularly in terms of salinity, and different tolerances; Gammarus pulex, for instance, is a purely freshwater species, while Gammarus locusta is estuarine, only living where the salinity is greater than 25‰.
Gammarus desperatus, commonly known as Noel's Amphipod, is a species of small, amphipod crustacean in the family Gammaridae.
Gammarus hyalelloides is a species of amphipod crustacean in the family Gammaridae. It is endemic to four springs in Jeff Davis County and Reeves County, Texas, and is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List.
Dikerogammarus villosus, also known as the killer shrimp, is a species of amphipod crustacean native to the Ponto-Caspian region of eastern Europe, but which has become invasive across the western part of the continent. In the areas it has invaded, it lives in a wide range of habitats and will prey on many other animals. It is fast-growing, reaching sexual maturity in 4–8 weeks. As it has moved through Europe, it threatens other species and has already displaced both native amphipods and previous invaders.
Hyalella azteca is a widespread and abundant species complex of amphipod crustacean in North America. It reaches 3–8 mm (0.12–0.31 in) long, and is found in a range of fresh and brackish waters. It feeds on algae and diatoms and is a major food of waterfowl.
Gammarus lacustris is an aquatic amphipod.
Crangonyx islandicus is a species of groundwater amphipods, endemic to Iceland, which was described in 2006. This species lives in freshwater beneath recent lava fields and is relatively widespread in the geologically youngest parts of Iceland. Morphological data, species distribution, genetic diversity and population structure suggest that this species survived repeated glaciation periods in Iceland in sub-glacial refugia. Considering that this species is most closely related genetically to Crangonyx species from North America, the ancestor of C. islandicus might have colonized Iceland via Greenland.
The microsporidian Cucumispora dikerogammari is a parasitic fungal species that infects the invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus. The first recorded evidence of Cucumispora dikerogammari was, as cited by Ovcharenko and Vita, in Germany, circa 1895, by Dr. L. Pfeiffer in the Dnieper Estuary. The Dnieper Estuary and lower parts of the Danube River are considered to be the parasite’s native range. As its host, D. villosus, began to invade novel habitats, C. dikerogammari followed, and has now expanded its range to be found in many of the main bodies of water in Central and Western Europe. At this time, only limited research has been conducted regarding the ecological implications of C. dikerogammari spreading beyond its native range. However, there is evidence to suggest that C. dikerogammari may cause imbalance to the male/female sex ratio of its host D. villosus.
Pleistophora mulleri (Pfeiffer) Georgev. 1929 is a parasite of the amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus. The parasite targets the freshwater shrimp species and has shown higher rates of cannibalism, which in turn, affects biological communities and ecology.
Hamiltosporidium is a genus of Microsporidia, which are intracellular and unicellular parasites. The genus, proposed by Haag et al. in 2010, contains two species; Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis, and Hamiltosporidium magnivora. Both species infect only the crustacean Daphnia magna (Waterflea).
Crangonyx floridanus is a species of amphipod. Also known as the Florida crangonyx, Crangonyx floridanus is a small omnivorous, freshwater amphipod. These freshwater amphipods originated from North America. They have a high invasion potential due to their high growth rate and wide ecological amplitude. Their growth rates have a substantial effect on local populations of the natural communities. Native populations may be reduced or eliminated by this invading species.
Iphigenellidae is a freshwater family of amphipods in the superfamily Gammaroidea. It is found in the Ponto-Caspian region, which encompasses the Black, Azov, and Caspian Seas.
Niphargellus is a genus of Amphipod crustaceans within the family Niphargidae. The genus contains three known species, which are characterized by the absence of D-setae on the Amphipods mandibular palp. The presence or absence of setae, specifically the D-setae, is a distinguishing feature used to classify organisms within the genus.
Gammarus fossarum is a species complex of freshwater amphipod crustacean native to Europe. They are abundant members of the macroinvertebrate community, and also used as model organisms for ecotoxicology.