Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, and in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells, the cytosol. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Glycolysis is a sequence of ten reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually utilizes NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactors. Transmembrane oxidoreductases create electron transport chains in bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria, including respiratory complexes I, II and III. Some others can associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or be anchored to the membranes through a single transmembrane helix.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (GAPN) is an enzyme that irreversibly catalyzes the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate using the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH. GAPN is used in a variant of glycolysis that conserves energy as NADPH rather than as ATP. The NADPH and 3-PG can then be used for synthesis. The most familiar variant of glycolysis uses glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and phosphoglycerate kinase to produce ATP. GAPDH is phosphorylating. GAPN is non-phosphorylating.
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible redox conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
In enzymology, a sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.140) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an erythrose-4-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.72) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a glycerol-3-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.177) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (EC 1.1.1.8) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a glycerol dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.72) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 4-hydroxythreonine-4-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.262) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 4-phosphoerythronate dehydogenase (EC 1.1.1.290) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a L-glycol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.185) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.44) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a ribitol-5-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.137) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) (EC 1.2.7.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) (EC 1.2.1.59) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (phosphorylating) (EC 1.2.1.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) (EC 1.6.5.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate is a compound produced by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, present in high concentrations in many organisms, from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and arsenate in the glycolysis pathway. The compound is unstable and hydrolyzes spontaneously to 3-phosphoglycerate, bypassing the energy producing step of glycolysis.
