HMS Enterprise (D52)

Last updated

HMS Enterprise WWII IWM FL 005389.jpg
Enterprise in November 1943
History
Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svgUnited Kingdom
NameEnterprise
Builder John Brown & Company, (Clydebank, Scotland)
Yard number484
Laid down28 June 1918
Launched23 December 1919
Commissioned7 April 1926
Decommissioned13 January 1946
Identification Pennant number: D52
Motto
  • Spes aspera levat
  • (Latin:"Hope lightens difficulties")
Honours and
awards
  • Atlantic (1939-40)
  • Norway (1940)
  • Biscay (1943)
  • Normandy (1944)
Fate
  • Scrapped
  • Handed over to BISCO for scrapping 11 April 1946
  • Arrived at Cashmore's yard at Newport, Wales on 21 April 1946 for breaking up
BadgeOn a field red, a lion rampant under a star silver.
General characteristics
Class and type Emerald-class light cruiser
Displacement
  • 7,580 long tons (7,700  t)
  • 9,435 long tons (9,586 t)
Length570 ft (173.7 m)
Beam54 ft 6 in (16.6 m)
Draught16 ft 6 in (5.0 m)
Installed power
Propulsion4 × shafts; 4 × geared steam turbines
Speed33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph)
Range8,000  nmi (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Complement572 officers and ratings
Armament
Armour
  • Belt: 3 in (76 mm) (amidships); 1.5–2.5 in (38–64 mm) (bow); 2 in (51 mm) (stern)
  • Deck: 1 in (25 mm) (upper, amidships); 1 in (25 mm) (over rudder)
Aircraft carried1 × Seafox
Aviation facilities1 × catapult (later removed)

HMS Enterprise was one of two Emerald-class light cruisers built for the Royal Navy. She was built by John Brown & Company, with the keel being laid down on 28 June 1918. She was launched on 23 December 1919, and commissioned on 7 April 1926. She was the 14th ship to serve with the Royal Navy to carry the name Enterprise, a name which is still used in the Royal Navy today.

Contents

Enterprise was completed with a prototype twin 6" turret in place of the original design two forward single mounts; and with the trials proving successful it was retained for the rest of her service career. This turret was later worked into the design of the Leander, Amphion and Arethusa classes. The turret installation occupied less space than the superimposed 'A' and 'B' guns of Emerald, therefore the bridge was placed further forward. The bridge was of a new design, being a single block topped by a director tower, rather than the traditional platforms built around the foremast and wheelhouse topped with a spotting top. This design of bridge would appear in the County-class cruisers.

Service history

Pre-war

Enterprise at Haifa on 6 May 1936 HMS Enterprise 1936 LOC matpc 20226.jpg
Enterprise at Haifa on 6 May 1936
1936 photo showing the experimental twin turret HMS Enterprise 1936 LOC matpc 20229.jpg
1936 photo showing the experimental twin turret

After several months in home waters, Enterprise served with the 4th Cruiser Squadron in the East Indies her first commission ending in December 1928. Her first commission was remarkable mostly for its culmination and the events that took place between 19 September and 10 December 1928 which are outlined under the history of the Enterprise Cup, a rugby union trophy that is still contested to this day in Kenya. Enterprise undertook several subsequent commissions on the East Indies Station, until she returned home and was reduced to care and maintenance on 4 July 1934, followed by a major refit. She returned to the East Indies in January 1936.

On the afternoon of 4 May 1936, Enterprise departed Djibouti in French Somaliland carrying the Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie who had fled there as Italy completed its conquest of Ethiopia in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and transported him to Haifa in the British Mandate of Palestine, beginning his five-year period in exile in England at Fairfield House, Bath before he returned to Ethiopia in 1941. [1]

The cruiser Manchester relieved Enterprise on the East Indies Station at the end of 1937, and Enterprise came home. In February 1938, she was tasked with transporting Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone and her husband The Earl of Athlone to Saudi Arabia [2] - the first visit by a member of the British Royal Family. Later that year, she was employed to take crews to the China Station, returning home to pay off on 30 September 1938, when she was reduced to the Reserve Fleet.

Second World War

Initial stages

At the start of the Second World War in September 1939, Enterprise was recommissioned and joined Atlantic patrols with the 4th Cruiser Squadron. She later joined the North America and West Indies Squadron. Enterprise was employed on Atlantic escort duties with the Halifax Escort Force in 1939–1940. In October 1939, she oversaw the transfer of £10 million (£660 million in today's currency) in gold bullion to Canada during Operation Fish.

In April 1940, she was transferred to the Home Fleet for the Norwegian Campaign. In April–May, she supported the British Army ashore by bombardments in and around Narvik, Norway, and on 19 April was attacked unsuccessfully by the German submarine U-65. On 25 May, she left Harstad with a third of the Norwegian National Treasury bound for Britain. She sailed first to Scapa Flow, surviving two German air attacks on the way, then proceeded to Greenock, where the gold was taken ashore. [3]

After some repairs, Enterprise joined the newly formed Force H in June 1940 and set sail for the Mediterranean Sea where, in July, she participated in negotiations with the French Navy regarding the future of the French fleet in the war. Following the unsatisfactory outcome of the negotiations, she participated in Operation Catapult at Mers-El-Kébir. She also participated in the delivery of aircraft to Malta in late July.

Outside home waters

Force H was then re-organised and Enterprise was sent to Cape Town after which she became the flagship for operations in South America, primarily involved in trade defence and interception duties. In December 1940, she was deployed with the cruisers Cumberland and Newcastle in an unsuccessful search for the German auxiliary cruiser Thor which had attacked and damaged the armed merchant cruiser Carnarvon Castle.

In early 1941, she was redeployed to the Indian Ocean where, accompanied by a sizeable fleet of Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy ships led by the aircraft carrier Hermes, she participated in a search for the German cruiser Admiral Scheer. After the search was abandoned, Enterprise took up convoy escort duty before being sent to Basra after a pro-German revolt by Rashid Ali al-Gaylani started the Anglo-Iraqi War. The war was won by the end of May, after which Enterprise was released back into convoy escort duty in the Indian Ocean.

Cornwall sinking after a Japanese attack, Enterprise rescued some of her crew. HMS Cornwall - 1942 - WWII.jpg
Cornwall sinking after a Japanese attack, Enterprise rescued some of her crew.

In November, she was under refit and repair in Colombo, which was finished just in time for the start of the War with Japan in December 1941. She escorted troop ships to Singapore and Rangoon, Burma, and then joined the Eastern Fleet under Admiral Sir James Somerville, taking part in protection of trade for the next year. On 6 April 1942, together with the destroyers Paladin and Panther, she picked up some of the 1,120 survivors of the cruisers Cornwall and Dorsetshire, which had been sunk by the Japanese in their Easter Sunday Raid. The Easter Sunday Raid was part of the larger Japanese Indian Ocean raid, which threatened British Ceylon. Enterprise participated in yet another fruitless search for enemy ships during this period, when it was believed the Japanese were preparing to strike and possibly invade the Indian Ocean island.

Home waters

On 25 December 1942, she returned to Clyde for extensive refit and modernisation works, which were completed only in October 1943. Trials and tests continued throughout November.

In late December 1943, she was deployed with the cruisers Gambia and Glasgow for Operation Stonewall.

On 28 December, she engaged a force of 11 German destroyers and torpedo boats, the tardy escort for their blockade runner Alsterufer (which had been sunk the previous day by air attack). Enterprise sank the torpedo boat T26 with a torpedo, while T25 and Z27 were also sunk. Four other German ships were damaged in the engagement.

From 3–29 February 1944, Enterprise was docked at Devonport for refit, and from 27–31 March she was fitted for missile jamming gear at Devonport.

The invasion of Normandy

In May, Enterprise was then assigned to Bombardment Force "A" with British ships Hawkins, Black Prince, Erebus, Netherlands ship Soemba, and US ships Nevada, Tuscaloosa, and Quincy. She was in sub-group Assault Force "U" (for Utah Beach), of which she was the lead ship.

When the Normandy Landings started on 6 June 1944, Bombardment Force "A" bombarded St. Martin de Varreville. Enterprise engaged the coastal defences of Cherbourg; in the ensuing action, her Captain and her Commander were both wounded, and the ship was brought back to Portland by the First Lieutenant, Lieutenant Commander Brown. Twenty days later, she was also involved in the bombardment of Querqueville, silencing the German guns there. German shore batteries opened fire, but caused no significant damage to Enterprise. During the D-day operations, Enterprise fired about 9,000 6-inch shells and required two overnight gun changes at Portsmouth. [4]

In July, she was deployed off the French coast in support of British operations, and on 17 July, she provided naval gunfire for two days in support for British attacks near Caen with the cruiser Mauritius and the monitor Roberts. In September, she was deployed in a similar capacity off the Dutch coast in support of the Second Army; however, she was not required to support the troops.

In October, after a contemplated transfer to the Royal Canadian Navy was not implemented, Enterprise was taken out of active service and placed in reserve at Rosyth.

Post-war

Starting in May 1945, Enterprise helped return British troops from Asia and Africa. On 13 January 1946, she returned to the United Kingdom for the final time. She was handed over to BISCO for scrapping on 11 April, arriving at J Cashmore in Newport, Wales, on 21 April for breaking-up.

Armament refits

Enterprise - May 1936 HMS Enterprise 1936 LOC matpc 20242.jpg
Enterprise - May 1936
Enterprise - May 1936 HMS Enterprise 1936 LOC matpc 20251.jpg
Enterprise - May 1936

Throughout her service, Enterprise was refitted with a slightly differing array of weaponry. Below is a table of the new armament after her first refit:

DatesArmament
Aug 1939 - Aug 19421 × 2 6-inch turret
5 × 6-inch single guns
2 × 0.5-inch MG quadruple guns
4 × 2 pdr pom-pom single guns
4 × 21-inch quadruple torpedo tubes
Apr 1943 - Apr 19441 × 2 6-inch turret
5 × 6-inch single guns
2 × 2 pdr pom-poms quad guns
4 × 2 pdr pom-pom single guns
6 × 20 mm dual power-operated guns
4 × 21-inch quadruple torpedo tubes
Apr 1944 - 19451 × 2 6-inch turret
5 × 6-inch single guns
2 × 2 pdr pom-poms quad guns
4 × 2 pdr pom-pom single guns
6 × 20 mm dual power-operated guns
6 × 20 mm single guns
4 × 21-inch quadruple torpedo tubes

Battle honours

For her service in the Second World War, Enterprise was awarded four battle honours:

In addition, the ship inherited a battle honour from the fourth-rate ship of the line Enterprize, which fought against Bourbon Spain in the Seven Years' War:

Related Research Articles

HMS <i>Jaguar</i> (F34) Destroyer of the Royal Navy

HMS Jaguar was a J-class destroyer of the Royal Navy. Commissioned in September 1939, she was present at the Dunkirk evacuation the following year, during which Jaguar was damaged by dive bombers. She later served in the Mediterranean and was involved in several actions there. She was torpedoed off the coast of Egypt on 26 March 1942 and sunk.

HMS <i>Jamaica</i> (44) Fiji-class cruiser

HMS Jamaica, a Fiji-class cruiser of the Royal Navy, was named after the island of Jamaica, which was a British Crown Colony when she was built in the late 1930s. The light cruiser spent almost her entire wartime career on Arctic convoy duties, except for a deployment south for the landings in North Africa in November 1942. She participated in the Battle of the Barents Sea in 1942 and the Battle of North Cape in 1943. Jamaica escorted several aircraft carriers in 1944 as they flew off airstrikes that attacked the German battleship Tirpitz in northern Norway. Late in the year she had an extensive refit to prepare her for service with the British Pacific Fleet, but the war ended before she reached the Pacific.

HMS <i>Kenya</i> Fiji-class cruiser

HMS Kenya was a Fiji-class cruiser of the Royal Navy. The ship was named after Kenya, a British possession at the time of the ship's construction.

HMS <i>Glorious</i> Royal Navy aircraft carrier sunk in WWII

HMS Glorious was the second of the three Courageous-class battlecruisers built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. Designed to support the Baltic Project championed by the First Sea Lord, Lord Fisher, they were relatively lightly armed and armoured. Glorious was completed in late 1916 and spent the war patrolling the North Sea. She participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in November 1917 and was present when the German High Seas Fleet surrendered a year later.

HMS <i>Glasgow</i> (C21) Town-class cruiser

HMS Glasgow was a Town-class cruiser commissioned in September 1937. She took part in the Fleet Air Arm raid that crippled the Italian Fleet at Taranto in 1940. She had the unfortunate experience of sinking two Allied ships during her wartime service, once through accidental collision and the other by gunfire after a case of mistaken identity.

HNLMS <i>Jacob van Heemskerck</i> (1939) Royal Netherlands Navy light cruiser

HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck was the second and last of the Tromp-class light cruisers of the Royal Netherlands Navy, named after Admiral Jacob van Heemskerk (1567–1607).

HMS <i>Ajax</i> (22) Leander-Class cruiser

HMS Ajax was a Leander-class light cruiser which served with the Royal Navy during World War II. She became famous for her part in the Battle of the River Plate, the Battle of Crete, the Battle of Malta and as a supply escort in the siege of Tobruk. This ship was the eighth in the Royal Navy to bear the name. In February 1942, she was adopted by the civil community of Halifax, West Yorkshire.

HMS <i>Cumberland</i> (57) County-class cruiser

HMS Cumberland was a County-class heavy cruiser of the Royal Navy that saw action during the Second World War.

HMS <i>Sheffield</i> (C24) Town-class cruiser

HMS Sheffield was one of the Southampton sub class of the Town-class cruisers of the Royal Navy during the Second World War. She took part in actions against several major German warships. Unlike most Royal Navy ships of her time, her fittings were constructed from stainless steel instead of the more traditional brass. This was an attempt to reduce the amount of cleaning required on the part of the crew. Her nickname, the "Shiny Sheff", stemmed from this. A prototype radar system was placed into service in August 1938 on the Sheffield. It was the first vessel in the Royal Navy to be so equipped.

HMS <i>Emerald</i> (D66) Emerald-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy

HMS Emerald was an Emerald-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy. She was built by Armstrong at Newcastle-on-Tyne, with the keel being laid down on 23 September 1918. She was launched on 19 May 1920 and commissioned 14 January 1926.

French cruiser <i>Primauguet</i> (1924)

Primauguet was a French Duguay-Trouin-class light cruiser built after World War I. During the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa in 1942, she was burnt out and abandoned, having been subject to gunfire from a fleet led by the battleship Massachusetts, and repeated aerial attacks by SBD Dauntless dive bombers. She was named after the 15th century Breton captain Hervé de Portzmoguer, nicknamed "Primauguet".

<i>Emerald</i>-class cruiser Class of two light cruisers built for the Royal Navy

The Emerald class or E class was a class of two light cruisers built for the Royal Navy. Following the Cavendish class, three ships of a new class were ordered in March 1918, towards the end of World War I, designed to emphasise high speed at the cost of other qualities, for use against rumoured new high-speed German cruisers – like the Brummer class – and particularly minelayers, in the North Sea. The third ship was cancelled in November 1918.

French cruiser <i>Montcalm</i> (1935)

Montcalm was a French La Galissonnière-class cruiser, named in honour of Louis-Joseph de Montcalm. During World War II, she served with both Vichy France and the Allies. It was commissioned in 1937, decommissioned in 1957, and finally scrapped in 1970.

HMS <i>Delhi</i> (D47) Cruiser of the Royal Navy

HMS Delhi was a Danae-class cruiser that served with the Royal Navy through the Second World War, from the Caribbean to eastern China. She was laid down in 1917, launched in 1918 and commissioned for service in 1919, serving until decommissioning in mid-1945 due to extensive battle damage, and was to be scrapped in 1948 after lengthy war and peacetime service around the world.

HMS <i>Roebuck</i> (H95) R-class destroyer converted to Type 15 frigate of the Royal Navy

HMS Roebuck was an R-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy that saw service during World War II. She was the fifteenth ship to carry this traditional ship name, after a small deer native to the British Isles, which was used as far back as the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.

HMS <i>Ceres</i> (D59) Royal Navy C-class light cruiser

HMS Ceres was a C-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy. She was the name ship of the Ceres group of the C-class of cruisers.

HMS <i>Hawkins</i> (D86) British Hawkins-class heavy cruiser

HMS Hawkins was the lead ship of her class of five heavy cruisers built for the Royal Navy during the First World War, although the ship was not completed until 1919. She was assigned to the China Station until 1928 and was briefly assigned to the Atlantic Fleet in 1929–1930, always serving as a flagship, before being placed in reserve. Hawkins was recommissioned in 1932 for service on the East Indies Station, but returned to reserve three years later. The ship was disarmed in 1937–1938 and converted into a cadet training ship in 1938.

HMS <i>Fury</i> (H76) British F-class destroyer

HMS Fury was an F-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the 1930s. Although assigned to the Home Fleet upon completion, the ship was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1935–36 during the Abyssinia Crisis. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, she spent time in Spanish waters, enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict. The ship escorted the larger ships of the fleet during the early stages of World War II and played a minor role in the Norwegian Campaign of 1940. Fury was sent to Gibraltar in mid-1940 and formed part of Force H where she participated in the attack on Mers-el-Kébir and the Battle of Dakar. The ship escorted numerous convoys to Malta in 1940–41 and Arctic convoys during 1942.

Italian cruiser <i>Giuseppe Garibaldi</i> (1936)

Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian Duca degli Abruzzi-class light cruiser, that served in the Regia Marina during World War II. After the war she was retained by the Marina Militare and upgraded. She was built by CRDA, in Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino shipyard Trieste and named after the Italian general Giuseppe Garibaldi.

HNLMS <i>Tjerk Hiddes</i> (G16)

The destroyer HNLMS Tjerk Hiddes was a British built, Dutch warship of World War II. She was laid down on 22 May 1940 as a British N-class destroyer and launched on 25 June 1941 as HMS Nonpareil, but on 27 May 1942, she was transferred to the Royal Dutch Navy. The ship was commissioned in 1942 as HNLMS Tjerk Hiddes, named after the 17th century Dutch admiral, Tjerk Hiddes de Vries. Much of her war service was with the Royal Navy and United States Navy in the Indian Ocean and Australia. Following the war, the destroyer was sold to Indonesia and renamed RI Gadjah Mada. She was scrapped in 1961.

References

Notes

  1. Barker, A.J., The Rape of Ethiopia 1936, New York: Ballantine Books, Inc., 1971, p. 131.
  2. "Journey of a Lifetime The visit of HRH Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" (PDF).
  3. Kindell, Don. "Naval Events, May 1940, Part 4 of 4 Wednesday 22nd – Friday 31st". Naval-History.net. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  4. Warship International, No. 1, 1997, p. 7.

Bibliography