HMS Sultan (1870)

Last updated

Hms-sultan-1870.jpg
HMS Sultan as she originally appeared.
History
Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svgUnited Kingdom
NameHMS Sultan
Namesake Abdulaziz
Builder Chatham Dockyard
Laid down29 February 1868
Launched31 May 1870
Completed10 October 1871
FateBroken up, 1946
General characteristics
Displacement9,290 long tons (9,439 t)
Length325 ft (99 m)
Beam59 ft (18 m)
Draught
  • 25 ft 6 in (7.77 m) light
  • 28 ft 9 in (8.76 m) deep load
PropulsionOne-shaft Penn trunk engine, 7,720 ihp (5,757 kW)
Sail plan Full-rigged ship, sail area 49,400 sq ft (4,590 m2)
Speed
  • 14.13 knots (16.26 mph; 26.17 km/h) under power
  • 6 knots (11 km/h) under sail
Complement633
Armament
Armour
  • Belt: 6–9 in (150–230 mm)
  • Main deck battery: 9 in (230 mm)
  • Upper deck battery: 8 in (200 mm)
  • Bulkheads: 4.5–6 in (110–150 mm)

HMS Sultan was a broadside ironclad of the Royal Navy of the Victorian era, who carried her main armament in a central box battery. She was named for Sultan Abdulaziz of the Ottoman Empire, who was visiting England when she was laid down. Abdulaziz cultivated good relations with the Second French Empire and the British. In 1867 he was the first Ottoman sultan to visit Western Europe; his trip included a visit to England, where he was made a Knight of the Garter by Queen Victoria and shown a Royal Navy Fleet Review, with Isma'il Pasha of Egypt.

Contents

Design

With the exception of some small warships designed only for harbour defence, every ironclad warship so far completed, starting from HMS Warrior, had mounted their main armament in broadside batteries. Although the turret-armed ships HMS Monarch and HMS Captain were building, it was decided by the Board of Admiralty that, pending results from these two experimental ships, Sultan would carry her artillery in a centrally-placed box battery.

The design of the ship was closely based on the design of HMS Hercules. Unlike the battery of the earlier ship, that of Sultan was on two levels; the main deck guns provided broadside fire, with limited ahead fire from the foremost gun, while the upper deck guns provided additional broadside fire and also could fire astern, by traversing the after gun on a turntable.

The hull had one of the roundest amidships cross-section ever adopted at the time of her launch, and this and the low metacentric height of only three feet made her a very steady gun platform. It was soon found, however, that she lacked adequate stability - in naval parlance she was "tender" - and some six hundred tons of extra ballast had to be inserted into her double bottom.

Service history

A 10-inch (254 mm) 18-ton rifled muzzleloading gun aboard Sultan in the 1890s. HMS Sultan (1870) 10-inch gun.jpg
A 10-inch (254 mm) 18-ton rifled muzzleloading gun aboard Sultan in the 1890s.
Ville de Victoria and HMS Sultan. Steamer Ville de Victoria in collision with HMS Sultan off Lisbon.jpg
Ville de Victoria and HMS Sultan.

She was commissioned at Chatham for the Channel Fleet, in which she served until 1876. She was refitted, being reduced to barque rig, and posted to the Mediterranean under the command of His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh. She was with Admiral Geoffrey Hornby at the Dardanelles in 1878.

She was then again refitted, and reduced to re-serve in 1882, when she returned to the Mediterranean under command of Captain W. J. Hunt-Grubbe. [1] At the bombardment of Alexandria (1882) she sustained casualties of two killed and eight wounded from a single hit on the battery. [2] She was with the Particular Service Squadron during the Russian war scare of June to August, 1885, and was retained in the Mediterranean thereafter.[ citation needed ] On 24 December 1886, she collided with the French steamship Ville de Victoria off Lisbon, Portugal. Her ram holed the steamship, which sank with some loss of life. [3]

On 6 March 1889 she grounded on an uncharted rock in the Comino Channel between Malta and Gozo, ripping her bottom open. [4] The Temeraire unsuccessfully tried to pull her off. [5] The Sultan slowly flooded and in a gale on 14 March 1889 she slipped off the rock and sank. She was raised in August by the Italian firm of Baghino & Co for a fee of £50,000. [4] On 27 August the Sultan was brought into Malta. [4] Malta dockyard made preliminary repairs. In December 1889, the Sultan made the passage back to Portsmouth under her own steam, at 7 knots (8.1 mph; 13 km/h) (though accompanied by another ship), arriving at Spithead on 22 December. [5]

Modernisation

The Sultan was put in dry dock at Portsmouth. [6] Between October 1892 and March 1896, [7] she was modernised at a cost of over £200,000. [8] She was given two tall funnels, a double bridge forward, and new decks. [8] [9] Her old sailing rig was removed, [6] and replaced by two military masts with fighting tops. [8] [9] She was given modern boilers capable of 150 pounds per square inch (10 atm; 1,000 kPa), [10] and modern triple-expansion engines made by J & G Thomson of Clydebank. [7] [9] [10] At natural draught, on trial in late May 1895, these made 6,531 indicated horsepower (4,870 kW) giving an average speed 14.6 knots (16.8 mph; 27.0 km/h). [8] [9] On a four-hour trial, with forced draught, she made an average of 15.3 knots (17.6 mph; 28.3 km/h), for a power of 8,244 indicated horsepower (6,148 kW). [10] Parkes said that there was intense vibration on these trials. [5]

As modernised her armament consisted of: [11]

As the modernisation affected the distribution of weights on the ship, her beam was increased with a waterline girdling of 9 inches (23 cm) teak, which raised her metacentric height. [8]

The Engineer criticised the decision to retain the muzzle-loading guns, saying that "So much money has been spent on this ship since she was brought home from the Comino Channel that one would like to see a better result." [12] According to Parkes, "nothing could be done to strengthen the old M.L. battery"; he thought that the old ship was not worth the money spent modernising her. [8]

Post-modernisation

Sultan sometime after her 1892-1896 reconstruction. Note the double-bridge, tall funnels and military masts. The fighting tops on the military masts held 3 pr (47mm) guns. HMS Sultan (1870).jpg
Sultan sometime after her 1892-1896 reconstruction. Note the double-bridge, tall funnels and military masts. The fighting tops on the military masts held 3 pr (47mm) guns.

She then served in the reserve. She commissioned for sea-service twice whilst in reserve:

In 1906, she was partially dismantled and became an artificers' training ship under the name of Fisgard IV; in 1931 she was further converted into a mechanical repair ship, regaining her original name of Sultan. During World War II she was a depot ship for minesweepers at Portsmouth, and was sold in 1947.

Related Research Articles

HMS <i>Illustrious</i> (1896) Pre-dreadnought battleship of the British Royal Navy

The third HMS Illustrious of the British Royal Navy was a Majestic-class pre-dreadnought battleship. The ship was built at the Chatham Dockyard; her keel was laid down in March 1895, her completed hull was launched in September 1896, and she was commissioned into the fleet in April 1898. She was armed with a main battery of four 12-inch (305 mm) guns and a secondary battery of twelve 6-inch (152 mm) guns. The ship had a top speed of 16 knots.

HMS <i>Invincible</i> (1869)

HMS Invincible was a Royal Navy Audacious-class ironclad battleship. She was built at the Napier shipyard and completed in 1870. Completed just 10 years after HMS Warrior, she still carried sails as well as a steam engine.

HMS <i>Colossus</i> (1882) 1886 Colossus-class ironclad battleship

The fourth HMS Colossus was a Colossus class second-class British battleship, launched in 1882 and commissioned in 1886. She had a displacement of 9,520 tons, and an armament of 4 × 12-inch breechloaders, 5 × 6-inch guns and had a respectable speed of 15.5 knots.

HMS <i>Venerable</i> (1899) Pre-dreadnought battleship of the British Royal Navy

HMS Venerable (1899) was a member of the London class of pre-dreadnought battleships built for the British Royal Navy. The Londons were near repeats of the preceding Formidable-class battleships, but with modified armour protection. Venerable's main battery consisted of four 12-inch (305-mm) guns, and she had top speed of 18 knots. The ship was laid down in January 1899, was launched in November that year, and was completed in November 1902. Commissioned that month, Venerable served in the Mediterranean Fleet until 1908, and was subsequently recommissioned into the Channel Fleet. Following a major refit in 1909, she served with the Atlantic and Home Fleets.

HMS <i>Thunderer</i> (1872) Royal Navy Devastation-class turret ship

HMS Thunderer was one of two Devastation-class ironclad turret ships built for the Royal Navy in the 1870s. She suffered two serious accidents before the decade was out and gained a reputation as an unlucky ship for several years afterward. The ship was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1878 and was reduced to reserve in 1881 before being recommissioned in 1885. Thunderer returned home in 1887 and was again placed in reserve. She rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet in 1891, but was forced to return to the UK by boiler problems the following year. The ship became a coast guard ship in Wales in 1895 and was again placed in reserve in 1900. Thunderer was taken out of service in 1907 and sold for scrap in 1909.

HMS <i>Shannon</i> (1875) Cruiser of the Royal Navy

The eighth HMS Shannon was the first British armoured cruiser. She was the last Royal Navy ironclad to be built which had a propeller that could be hoisted out of the water to reduce drag when she was under sail, and the first to have an armoured deck.

HMS <i>Audacious</i> (1869) British lead ship of Audacious-class

HMS Audacious was the lead ship of the Audacious-class ironclads built for the Royal Navy in the late 1860s. They were designed as second-class ironclads suitable for use on foreign stations and the ship spent the bulk of her career on the China Station. She was decommissioned in 1894 and hulked in 1902 for use as a training ship. The ship was towed to Scapa Flow after the beginning of the First World War to be used as a receiving ship and then to Rosyth after the war ended. Audacious was sold for scrap in 1929.

HMS <i>Research</i> (1863) Sloop of the Royal Navy

HMS Research was a small ironclad warship, converted from a wooden-hulled sloop and intended as an experimental platform in which to try out new concepts in armament and in armour. She was launched in 1863, laid up in 1878 and sold for breaking in 1884, having displayed serious limitations as a warship.

HMS <i>Hercules</i> (1868) 1868 ironclad of the Royal Navy

HMS Hercules was a central-battery ironclad of the Royal Navy in the Victorian era, and was the first warship to mount a main armament of 10-inch (250 mm) calibre guns.

HMS <i>Monarch</i> (1868) Royal Navy warship

HMS Monarch was the first seagoing British warship to carry her guns in turrets, and the first British warship to carry guns of 12-inch (300 mm) calibre.

HMS <i>Alexandra</i>

HMS Alexandra was a central battery ironclad of the Victorian Royal Navy, whose seagoing career was from 1877 to 1900. She spent much of her career as a flagship, and took part in operations to deter the Russian Empire's aggression against the Ottoman Empire in 1878 and the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882. She was affectionately known by her crew as Old Alex.

HMS <i>Temeraire</i> (1876)

HMS Temeraire was an ironclad battleship of the Victorian Royal Navy which was unique in that she carried her main armament partly in the traditional broadside battery, and partly in barbettes on the upper deck.

HMS <i>Collingwood</i> (1882) Admiral-class battleship

HMS Collingwood was the lead ship of her class of ironclad battleships built for the Royal Navy during the 1880s. The ship's essential design became the standard for most of the following British battleships. Completed in 1887, she spent the next two years in reserve before she was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet for the next eight years. After returning home in 1897, the ship spent the next six years as a guardship in Ireland. Collingwood was not significantly damaged during an accidental collision in 1899 and was paid off four years later. The ship was sold for scrap in 1909 and subsequently broken up.

HMS <i>Howe</i> (1885) Admiral-class battleship

HMS Howe was an Admiral-class ironclad battleship built for the Royal Navy during the 1880s. The ship was assigned to the Channel Fleet in mid-1890 and was badly damaged when she ran aground in late 1892. After repairs were completed, Howe was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in late 1893. She returned home in late 1896 and became a guardship in Ireland. Howe remained there until late 1901 when she was assigned to the Reserve Fleet. The ship was paid off in three years later and then sold for scrap in 1910.

HMS <i>Anson</i> (1886) Admiral-class battleship

HMS Anson was the last of six Admiral-class ironclad battleships built for the Royal Navy during the 1880s. The ship was completed, except for her armament, in 1887, but had to wait two years for her guns to be installed. She was assigned to the Channel Fleet in mid-1889 as a flagship for the fleet's second-in-command. Two years later, the passenger ship SS Utopia sank with the loss of 562 lives after colliding with Anson in the Bay of Gibraltar. In mid-1893, Anson was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet, subsequently returning home in 1900 when she was assigned to the Reserve Fleet. She recommissioned for the Home Fleet in early 1901. Anson was paid off three years later and then sold for scrap in 1909.

HMS <i>Nile</i> (1888) British Trafalgar-class battleship

HMS Nile was one of two Trafalgar-class ironclad battleships built for the Royal Navy during the 1880s. Late deliveries of her main guns delayed her commissioning until 1891 and she spent most of the decade with the Mediterranean Fleet. Nile returned home in 1898 and became the coast guard ship at Devonport for five years before she was placed in reserve in 1903. The ship was sold for scrap in 1912 and broken up at Swansea, Wales.

HMS <i>Royal Sovereign</i> (1891) Royal Sovereign-class battleship

HMS Royal Sovereign was the lead ship of the seven ships in her class of pre-dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the 1890s. The ship was commissioned in 1892 and served as the flagship of the Channel Fleet for the next five years. She was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1897 and returned home in 1902, and was briefly assigned as a coast guard ship before she began a lengthy refit in 1903–1904. Royal Sovereign was reduced to reserve in 1905 and was taken out of service in 1909. The ship was sold for scrap four years later and subsequently broken up in Italy.

HMS <i>Empress of India</i> 1893 Royal Sovereign-class battleship

HMS Empress of India was one of seven Royal Sovereign-class pre-dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy during the 1890s. The ship was commissioned in 1893 and served as the flagship of the second-in-command of the Channel Fleet for two years. She was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1897, during which time Empress of India was assigned to the International Squadron blockading Crete during the uprising there. She returned home in 1901 and was briefly assigned as a coast guard ship in Ireland before she became the second flagship of the Home Fleet. The ship was reduced to reserve in 1905 and accidentally collided with the submarine HMS A10 the following year. Empress of India was taken out of service in early 1912 and accidentally struck a German sailing ship while under tow. She was sunk as a target ship in 1913.

HMS <i>Barfleur</i> (1892) British pre-dreadnought battleship

HMS Barfleur was the second and last of the Centurion-class pre-dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the 1890s. Intended for service abroad, they exchanged heavy armour and a powerful armament for high speed and long range to counter the foreign armoured cruisers then being built as commerce raiders and were rated as second-class battleships.

HMS <i>Venus</i> (1895) Eclipse-class cruiser

HMS Venus was an Eclipse-class protected cruiser built for the Royal Navy in the mid-1890s.

References

  1. Famous Fighters of the Fleet, Edward Fraser, 1904, p.310
  2. Goodrich, Caspar F (Lt Cdr), Report of the British Naval and Military Operations In Egypt 1882, Navy Department, Washington, 1885, p.27
  3. "Ironclads in Collision". The Times. No. 31952. London. 25 December 1886. col F, p. 5.
  4. 1 2 3 Gossett (1986), p.133.
  5. 1 2 3 Parkes, British Battleships, p165
  6. 1 2 "Miscellanea" (PDF), The Engineer, p. 62, 18 January 1895 via Grace's Guide to British Industrial History
  7. 1 2 Dodson, Aidan (2015), "The Incredible Hulks: the Fisgard Training Establishment and Its Ships", Warship 2015, London: Conway, p. 33, ISBN   978-1-84486-276-4
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Parkes, British Battleships, p165-6
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Miscellanea" (PDF), The Engineer, p. 473, 31 May 1895 via Grace's Guide to British Industrial History
  10. 1 2 3 "Miscellanea" (PDF), The Engineer, p. 497, 7 June 1895 via Grace's Guide to British Industrial History
    On her forced draught trial, the steam pressure was 150 pounds per square inch (10 atm; 1,000 kPa), the engines made an average of 93.8 revolutions per minute. The power from the three cylinders of the engine was as follows:
    • High pressure cylinder 2,277 indicated horsepower (1,698 kW)
    • Intermediate pressure cylinder 2,989 indicated horsepower (2,229 kW)
    • Low pressure cylinder 2,978 indicated horsepower (2,221 kW)
    These results were achieved with an air pressure in the stokehold of 36 inches of mercury (1.2 atm; 120 kPa). The coal consumption was 2.4 pounds per indicated horsepower (1.5 kg/kW).
  11. The Naval Annual, 1897, p233
  12. "Although H.M.S. Sultan..." (PDF), The Engineer, p. 146, 15 February 1895 via Grace's Guide to British Industrial History
  13. 1 2 The Naval Annual 1897, ed TA Brassey, p149.
  14. UK National Archives catalogue ADM 53/15883
  15. 1 2 The Naval Annual 1901, ed John Leyland, p90-91.
  16. UK National Archives catalogue ADM 53/27016
  17. The Naval Annual 1901, ed John Leyland, p112.

Publications