Haliotid herpesvirus 1

Haliotid herpesvirus 1
Virus classification
Group:	Group I (dsDNA)
Order:	Herpesvirales
Family:	Malacoherpesviridae
Genus:	Haliotivirus (syn. Aurivirus); Savin et al., 2010 [1]
Species
	Haliotid herpesvirus 1 (AbHV-1)

Last updated May 26, 2019

Haliotid herpesvirus 1 (AbHV-1), common name abalone herpesvirus, is a virus in the family Malacoherpesviridae.^[1]

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.

Family is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy; it is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as being the "walnut family".

Malacoherpesviridae is a family of DNA viruses in the order Herpesvirales. Molluscs serve as natural hosts. There are currently only two species in this family, divided among 2 genera. Diseases associated with this family include: sporadic episodes of high mortality among larvae and juveniles. The family name Malacoherpesviridae is derived from Greek word 'μαλακός (malacos) meaning 'soft' and from Greek word 'μαλάκιον (malakion) meaning 'mollusc'.

Discovery

In 2005 there was an outbreak of acute ganglioneuritis in an Australian population of the edible gastropod mollusc, abalone or Haliotis spp.^[1] Potential herpesvirus particles had also been identified previously in Taiwan following mortalities in Haliotis diversicolor .^[1] Using transmission electron microscopy, herpes-like particles were observed in ganglia of affected abalone and purified virions from moribund abalone nervous tissues were identified as resembling those of herpesviruses.^[1]

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a state in East Asia. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres (13,826 sq mi), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area. Other major cities include Kaohsiung, Taichung, Tainan and Taoyuan. With 23.5 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated states, and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations (UN).

Haliotis diversicolor, common name the variously coloured abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

Transmission electron microscopy is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device.

A diagnostic PCR test has been developed to detect the abalone virus in 2010.^[1] The test has detected viral DNA sequences in diseased abalone from separate geographical locations in Australia and in DNA isolated from a herpes-like virus found some time ago in Taiwan.^[1] Savin et al. (2010)^[1] have purified abalone virus particles and isolated and sequenced genomic DNA of the Haliotid herpesvirus 1.^[1]

Description

Haliotid herpesvirus 1 has an icosahedral capsid approximately 100 nm in diameter, surrounded by a 150 nm diameter spiked viral envelope.^[1]

Capsid The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles. It comprises numerous regularly arranged subunits, or capsomeres.

A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. It consists of several oligomeric structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The capsid encloses the genetic material of the virus.

Viral envelope lipid bilayer of a virion that surrounds the protein capsid, and may also contain glycoproteins

Some viruses have viral envelopes covering their protective protein capsids. The envelopes are typically derived from portions of the host cell membranes, but include some viral glycoproteins. They may help viruses avoid the host immune system. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host.

Taxonomy

Haliotid herpesvirus 1 is the only known species in the genus Haliotivirus.^[1]

Host range

Haliotid herpesvirus 1 infects the large edible sea snails known as abalones: Haliotis species such as Haliotis diversicolor .^[1]

Sea snail is a common name for slow moving marine gastropod molluscs usually with visible external shells, such as whelks or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the absence of a visible shell.

Abalone any of a group of small to very large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Haliotidae

Abalone is a common name for any of a group of small to very large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Haliotidae.

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References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference ^[1]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Savin, K. W.; Cocks, B. G.; Wong, F.; Sawbridge, T.; Cogan, N.; Savage, D.; Warner, S. (2010). "A neurotropic herpesvirus infecting the gastropod, abalone, shares ancestry with oyster herpesvirus and a herpesvirus associated with the amphioxus genome". Virology Journal. 7: 308. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-308. PMC 2994540 . PMID 21062506.

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[Savin_2010-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Savin, K. W.; Cocks, B. G.; Wong, F.; Sawbridge, T.; Cogan, N.; Savage, D.; Warner, S. (2010). "A neurotropic herpesvirus infecting the gastropod, abalone, shares ancestry with oyster herpesvirus and a herpesvirus associated with the amphioxus genome". Virology Journal. 7: 308. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-308. PMC 2994540 . PMID 21062506.