Haliotis kamtschatkana

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Haliotis kamtschatkana
Haliotis kamtschatkana 001.jpg
A shell of Haliotis kamtschatkana kamtschatkana
Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis 01.JPG
A shell of Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Vetigastropoda
Order: Lepetellida
Family: Haliotidae
Genus: Haliotis
Species:
H. kamtschatkana
Binomial name
Haliotis kamtschatkana
(Jonas, 1845) [2]
Synonyms

Haliotis gigantea var. kamtschatkanaJonas, 1845

Haliotis kamtschatkana, common name the northern abalone, threaded abalone, or pinto abalone, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Haliotidae, the abalones. [1] [3]

Contents

It has been listed as "Endangered" by the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species since 2006. [1]

Taxonomy

Sometimes two subspecies Haliotis kamtschatkana are recognized, though the World Register of Marine Species treats this species as monotypic: [3]

Description

The pinto abalone has an adult shell size of approximately 8 cm (3.1 in) but it can rarely grow as large as 15 cm (5.9 in). The rather thin shell is flattened and ear-shaped. The surface is covered with uneven spiral cords, often very indistinct, and strongly elevated undulations or lumps. The columellar shelf is narrow, flattened, and sloping inward. The shell has 3 to 6 elevated respiratory holes. These holes collectively make up what is known as the selenizone which form as the shell grows. The silvery interior of the shell is iridescent. The shell is generally green-brown but can have white or blue coloration and has a somewhat scalloped edge. The epipodium is lacy and green-brown in color. Tentacles surrounding the foot and extending out of the shell sense food and predators. [4]

Distribution

Pinto abalone are found in kelp beds and in rocky areas in the northeast Pacific Ocean, where they range from Salisbury Sound, Alaska, along the coasts of Canada and contiguous United States to Baja California, Mexico. [5] This is the Pacific abalone species with the widest latitudinal distribution in North America. [5]

The distribution of this species also includes Korea. [6]

Status by location

In California, Pinto abalone were never a major component of recreational or commercial catch. There was however a 10-fold decline in abundance in northern California. (156,000 in 1971 to 18,000 in 1999–2001)

In Alaska, peak harvest was between 1978 and 1981 (260,000 lbs); average harvest declined to 50,000 lbs in 1994. The commercial fishery was closed in 1996; recreational free-diving fishery remains.

In Washington State, there was no historical commercial fishing; the recreational fishing closed in 1994 due to declines in abundance. Surveys in the San Juan Islands indicate a decline in density at many sites. [7] Densities at all but one site are below or within the minimum range for successful fertilization. Abalone size has increased between 1996 and 2006 but abundance has not.

In Canada, the fishery began in the early 1970s and the peak fishery was in 1977–1978 (400t). Subsequently, there was a population decline and quotas were instituted. As populations did not recover there were continuing quota reductions through 1989 (47.2t) without population response. The fishery was closed in 1990 to all user groups but since the closure, the population decline has continued.

Habitat

This species lives on rocky shores. These abalones are found intertidally or subtidally near kelp to 30 feet (9 m) depth, but they can be found to 330 feet (100 m) depth. Like all abalones, they are herbivorous.

Reproduction

They broadcast spawn from April to June. Larval dispersal is limited. [7] Lifespan is about 15 years.

Conservation

Population size has declined due to overharvesting, illegal harvesting, predation by recovering sea otters, and disease. [1] Because of concerns about its status the Northern Abalone is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Species of Concern. Species of Concern are those species about which the U.S. Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information has been available to indicate a need to list the species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The species is called pinto abalone by NMFS. The National Marine Fisheries Service announced in November 2013 that it will conduct a status review for the pinto abalone. The Natural Resources Defense Council and the Center for Biological Diversity filed petitions over the summer calling for a status review that could lead to added protections for the species. [8] The Center for Biological Diversity filed its petition August 1, 2013. [9] On December 29, 2014, NMFS announced its finding that the pinto abalone was not warranted for listing. [10]

This species is now endangered according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, mainly due to uncontrolled harvesting and poaching of the species for food. The state of Washington never permitted commercial harvest and recreation take was outlawed in 1994. [7] Alaska outlawed commercial harvest in 1996.

Harvest has been illegal in Canada since 1990. [11] The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) has listed it as an endangered species. [12] The Canadian Species at Risk Act listed it in the List of Wildlife Species at Risk as being endangered in Canada. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abalone</span> Common name for a group of sea snails

Abalone is a common name for any of a group of small to very large marine gastropod molluscs in the family Haliotidae. Other common names are ear shells, sea ears, and, rarely, muttonfish or muttonshells in parts of Australia, ormer in the UK, perlemoen in South Africa, and pāua in New Zealand. Abalones are marine snails. Their taxonomy puts them in the family Haliotidae, which contains only one genus, Haliotis, which once contained six subgenera. These subgenera have become alternative representations of Haliotis. The number of species recognized worldwide ranges between 30 and 130 with over 230 species-level taxa described. The most comprehensive treatment of the family considers 56 species valid, with 18 additional subspecies. The shells of abalones have a low, open spiral structure, and are characterized by several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell's outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of nacre (mother-of-pearl), which in many species is highly iridescent, giving rise to a range of strong, changeable colors which make the shells attractive to humans as decorative objects, jewelry, and as a source of colorful mother-of-pearl. The flesh of abalones is widely considered to be a desirable food, and is consumed raw or cooked by a variety of cultures.

<i>Haliotis cracherodii</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis cracherodii, the black abalone, is a species of large edible sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis australis</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis australis, common name the queen pāua,yellowfoot pāua, or austral abalone, is a species of edible sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis virginea</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis virginea, Virgin pāua, is a species of edible sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis laevigata</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis laevigata, common name the smooth Australian abalone or greenlip abalone or whitened ear shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis rufescens</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis rufescens is a species of very large edible sea snail in the family Haliotidae, the abalones, ormers (British) or pāua. It is distributed from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico. It is most common in the southern half of its range.

<i>Haliotis corrugata</i> Species of gastropod

The pink abalone, scientific name Haliotis corrugata, is a species of large edible sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis rubra</i> Species of gastropod

The blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra, is an Australian species of large, edible sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis gigantea</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis gigantea, common name the giant abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones. It is also known as Siebold's abalone, after Philipp Franz von Siebold.

<i>Haliotis discus</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis discus, commonly called disk abalone or Edo abalone, is a species of abalone sea snail.

<i>Haliotis fulgens</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis fulgens, commonly called the green abalone, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Haliotidae, the abalones. The shell of this species is usually brown, and is marked with many low, flat-topped ribs which run parallel to the five to seven open respiratory pores that are elevated above the shell's surface. The inside of the shell is an iridescent blue and green.

<i>Haliotis jacnensis</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis jacnensis, common name Jacna abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis mariae</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis mariae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis planata</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis planata, common name the planate abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis rugosa pustulata</i> Subspecies of gastropod

Haliotis rugosa pustulata is a subspecies of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis scalaris</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis scalaris, common name the staircase abalone or the ridged ear abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis semiplicata</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis semiplicata, common name the semiplicate abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis stomatiaeformis</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis stomatiaeformis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Haliotidae, the abalones. It is endemic to a small portion of the Mediterranean Sea, off the coasts of Sicily and Malta.

<i>Haliotis walallensis</i> Species of gastropod

Haliotis walallensis, common name the flat abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

<i>Haliotis</i> Genus of gastropods

Haliotis, common name abalone, is the only genus in the family Haliotidae.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Peters, H.; Rogers-Bennett, L. (2021). "Haliotis kamtschatkana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T61743A78775083. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T61743A78775083.en .
  2. ↑ Jonas, Zeitschr.f. Mal. 1845, p. 168.
  3. 1 2 Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Haliotis kamtschatkana Jonas, 1845". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  4. ↑ H.A. Pilsbry (1890) Manual of Conchology XII; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1890
  5. 1 2 National Marine Fisheries Service (2014). Status Review Report for Pinto Abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana).
  6. ↑ (in Japanese) Uichida K. & Yamamoto T. (1942). "朝鮮近海に於けるアハビの分布 On the distribution of Haliotis species in the Korean waters". ヴヰナス The Venus11(4): 119–125. abstract
  7. 1 2 3 Hester, JB; Walker, JM; Dinnel, PA; Schwarck, NT (2011). "Survey of Previously Outplanted Pinto (Northern) Abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) in the San Juan Island Archipelago, Washington State". In Pollock, NW (ed.). Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 30th Symposium. Diving for Science 2011. Dauphin Island, AL: AAUS. Archived from the original on 2013-05-23. Retrieved 2013-03-18.
  8. ↑ Dan Joling, "Agency considers pinto abalone for endangered list", Anchorage Daily News (November 19 2013)
  9. ↑ Petition to list the pinto abalone (Haliotis Kamtschatkana) under the endangered species act
  10. ↑ NMFS. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Notice of 12-Month Finding on Petitions to List the Pinto Abalone as Threatened or Endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Federal Register; V 78 (December 29, 2014), 77998–78022.
  11. ↑ DFO. (2006). . Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
  12. ↑ "Terms of Reference". 22 April 2020.
  13. ↑ "Error".

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