Hanoish languages

Last updated
Southern Loloish
Hanoish
Geographic
distribution		 Southern China and Indochina
Linguistic classification

Sino-Tibetan

Glottolog hani1249 [1]

The Southern Loloish or Southern Ngwi languages, also known as the Hanoish (Hanish) languages, constitute a branch of the Loloish languages that includes Akha and Hani.

The Loloish languages, also known as Yi in China and occasionally Ngwi or Nisoic, are a family of fifty to a hundred Sino-Tibetan languages spoken primarily in the Yunnan province of China. They are most closely related to Burmese and its relatives. Both the Loloish and Burmish branches are well defined, as is their superior node, Lolo–Burmese. However, subclassification is more contentious.

The Hani languages are a group of closely related but distinct languages of the Loloish (Yi) branch of the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group. They are also referred to as the Hanoid languages by Lama (2012) and as the Akoid languages by Bradley (2007).

Contents

Languages

The branches included in Lama (2012), with languages from Bradley (2007), are:

Hanoish 


Jinuo



  Bisoid  


Cốông




Sangkong



Bisu (Laomian), Phunoi (Singsali, Singsili), Pyen





 Hanoid 


Sila (Sida), Phana’




Akeu (Chepya)



Hani (Akha–Hani, Honi)




Bi-Ka


Piyo, Enu, Mpi



Kaduo






Hanoid in Lama (2012) is alternatively called Akoid in Bradley (2007), who recognizes the Hani-Akha and Haoni-Baihong languages as part of the Akoid group.

Other Southern Loloish languages are:

Muda is a Loloish language of China.

Paza is a Loloish language of northern Laos. Paza speakers consist of 2,100 people distributed in 8 villages of Ban Phusang Mai, Muang Samphan, Phongsaly, and 1 village in Oudomxay. It is documented as "Phusang" in Kato (2008), which has a brief word list of the language collected from Phusangkao village, Samphan District.

Laos Socialist state in southeast Asia

Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, commonly referred to by its colloquial name of Muang Lao, is a socialist state and the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. Located at the heart of the Indochinese peninsula, Laos is bordered by Myanmar (Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand to the west and southwest.

Kato (2008) also documents:

Muteun is a Loloish language of northern Laos.

Khongsat, also called Suma, is a Loloish language of northern Laos.

Khir is a Loloish language of northern Laos.

Other Southern Loloish language varieties in south-central Yunnan include Bukong 布孔, Budu 布都, [4] Asuo 阿梭, Duota 堕塔, [5] Amu 阿木, Lami 腊米, Qiedi 切弟, Kabie 卡别, [6] , Woni 窝尼, Duoni 多尼, and Habei 哈备. Habei is unclassified within Southern Loloish.

Bukong is a Southern Loloish language of Yunnan, China. Bukong is spoken in Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County, Mojiang Hani Autonomous County, and Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County.

Budu is a Southern Loloish language of Yunnan, China. Budu is spoken in Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County, Mojiang Hani Autonomous County, Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County, and Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County.

Asuo is a Southern Loloish language of Yunnan, China. Asuo is spoken in Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County, Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County, Lüchun County, Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County, and Yuanyang County, Yunnan.

Hsiu (2016, 2018)

A 2016 computational phylogenetic lexical analysis by Hsiu (2016) [7] distinguished the following five branches of Southern Loloish, providing further support for the Hanoid (Akoid) and Bisoid branches in Lama (2012) and Bradley (2007). A new Siloid branch was added.

  1. Hanoid
  2. Bisoid
  3. Siloid
  4. Bi-Ka (?)
  5. Jinuo
Southern Loloish

The Honi language, also known as Haoni, Baihong, Hao-Bai, or Ho, is a language of the Loloish (Yi) branch of the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group spoken in Yunnan, China. The Chinese government groups speakers of this language into the Hani nationality, one of China's 56 recognized nationalities and considers the language to be a dialect of the wider Hani languages. Honi itself is divided into two distinct dialects, Baihong and Haoni, which may be separate languages.

Baihong is a Southern Loloish language of Yunnan, China. It is spoken in Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County, Mojiang Hani Autonomous County, Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County, Lüchun County, and Yuanyang County, Yunnan.

Suobi 梭比 is a Southern Loloish language of south-central Yunnan, China. It is documented in Bai (2010). Suobi is closely related to Haoni.

The Southern Loloish tree above was subsequently revised by Hsiu (2018) [8] as follows, with 6 subgroups included.

Southern Loloish

Hsiu (2018) considers the Hani-Akha and Bi-Ka subgroups to be part of a northern linkage in south-central Yunnan, while the Siloid, Bisoid, Jino, and Mpi subgroups are part of a southern linkage in the China-Laos border region. [8]

Innovations

Lama (2012) lists the following changes from Proto-Loloish as Hanoish innovations.

Related Research Articles

Hani people ethnic group

The Hani or Ho people are an Lolo speaking ethnic group in southern China and northern Laos and Vietnam. They form one of the 56 officially recognized nationalities of the People's Republic of China, and one of the 54 officially recognized ethnic groups of Vietnam. In Laos, the Hani are more commonly known as Ho.

Akha is the language spoken by the Akha people of southern China, eastern Burma, northern Laos, and northern Thailand.

JinoLanguage autonyms:, ) Jino language is a pair of Loloish languages spoken by the Jino people of Yunnan.

The Northern Loloish languages, also known as Northern Ngwi, are a branch of the Loloish languages that includes the literary standard of the Yi people. In Lama's (2012) classification, it is called Nisoid (Nisu–Lope), which forms the Nisoish branch together with the Axi-Puoid languages.

Bisu is a Loloish language of Thailand, with a couple thousand speakers in China. Varieties are Bisu proper (Mbisu) and Laomian (Guba), considered by Pelkey to be distinct languages.

Mondzish languages

Mondzish (Mangish) is a small group of languages that constitute the most divergent branch of the Lolo–Burmese languages in the classification of Lama (2012).

The Central Loloish languages, also known as Central Ngwi, is a branch of Loloish languages in Bradley (1997). It is not used in Lama's (2012) classification. Central Loloish is also not supported in Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages.

Sila is a Loloish language spoken by 2,000 people in Laos and Vietnam. Sila speakers are an officially recognized group in Vietnam, where they are known as the Si La.

Laoseng is a Loloish language of northern Laos. David Bradley (2007) lists law˨˩sɛŋ˨˩ as the autonym.

Cosao is a Loloish language of China and Laos. The Cosao call themselves, but are referred to by other ethnic groups as the Paijiao people (排角人). They are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Hani people.

Duota is a Southern Loloish language of Yunnan, China. Duota is spoken in Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County, Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County, and Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County.

Habei is a Southern Loloish language of Yunnan, China. Hsiu (2018) suggests that Habei belongs to the Bisoid branch.

The Bisoid (Phunoi) languages belong to the Southern Loloish (Hanoish) branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Most Bisoid languages are spoken in Phongsaly Province, northern Laos, with smaller numbers of speakers living in China (Yunnan), Vietnam, Myanmar, and northern Thailand.

Wanyä is a Loloish language of northern Laos. It is spoken in Ipoeching village, Bun Tay District, Phongsaly Province.

The Siloid languages belong to the Southern Loloish (Hanoish) branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Siloid branch was first proposed by Hsiu (2016).

References

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Hani–Jino". Glottolog 3.0 . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Paza.htm
  3. ↑ Bradley, David (2007). "Language Endangerment in China and Mainland Southeast Asia". In Matthias Brenzinger, ed. Language diversity endangered. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  4. ↑ 中国少数民族社会历史调查资料丛刊》修订编辑委员会. 2009. 哈尼族社会历史调查, p.94, 99. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
  5. ↑ Jiangcheng County Almanac (1989:351)
  6. ↑ Jiang Ying [蒋颖], Cui Xia [崔霞], Qiao Xiang [乔翔]. 2009. A study of Ximoluo [西摩洛语研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].
  7. ↑ Hsiu, Andrew. 2016. The classification of Cosao: a Lolo-Burmese language of China and Laos . Presented at the 22nd Himalayan Languages Symposium, Guwahati, India.
  8. 1 2 Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages.
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