See also
- Atlantic Modal Haplotype
- Genealogical DNA test
- Haplogroup R1b
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Prehistoric Europe
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
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Footnotes
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R-Z18 is a subclade of the R-U106 branch of Haplogroup R. It includes all men who have the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) designated Z18 in their Y chromosome.
Z18, also called S493, is defined to be mutation in which the nucleotide at position 14,991,735 [1] along the Y chromosome that has mutated from guanine (G) to adenine (A). R-U106 is one of the major sub groups of R1b in coastal Western Europe, but Z18 only makes up about 5-10% of R-U106.
Z18 was discovered during Phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project [2] and entered on 16 August 2014 into the SNP database dbSNP at the National Center for Biotechnology Information as reference SNP cluster report rs767290651. [3]
R-Z18 has its highest concentrations in Scandinavia, but is also found throughout areas of Germanic migration, including the Low Countries, Central Europe, and the British Isles. [4] The likely Scandinavian origins of R-Z18 are bolstered by the dominance of Scandinavian individuals among ancient DNA samples. These consist of individuals found in Sweden, Norway, and Iceland; settlers in Orkney and the Isle of Man; executed Scandinavians found in Oxfordshire and Dorset; and a Lombard individual found in what is now Hungary. [5] [6] [7] [8]
On the basis of genetic results, the first carrier of this mutation lived around 2200 B.C., with a 90% confidence range of 3000 B.C. to 1400 B.C. [9]
Major known subclades of R-Z18 include R-ZP156, R-S11601, R-DF95, R-FGC7637, R-Z2396, R-S6119 and R-Z17. [10] Although they continue to increase as more are found.
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Footnotes
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A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation. More specifically, a haplotype is a combination of alleles at different chromosomal regions that are closely linked and that tend to be inherited together. As a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, it is usually possible to predict a haplogroup from haplotypes. Haplogroups pertain to a single line of descent. As such, membership of a haplogroup, by any individual, relies on a relatively small proportion of the genetic material possessed by that individual.
Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK.
Haplogroup Q-M3 (Y-DNA) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup Q-M3 is a subclade of Haplogroup Q-L54. Haplogroup Q-M3 was previously known as Haplogroup Q3; currently Q-M3 is Q1b1a1a below Q1b-M346.
Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 (R-M479).
In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome. Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread amongst modern populations.
Paragroup is a term used in population genetics to describe lineages within a haplogroup that are not defined by any additional unique markers.
Haplogroup I-M253, also known as I1, is a Y chromosome haplogroup. The genetic markers confirmed as identifying I-M253 are the SNPs M253,M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, and L187. It is a primary branch of Haplogroup I-M170 (I*).
Haplogroup DE is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is defined by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations, or UEPs, M1(YAP), M145(P205), M203, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183. DE is unique because it is distributed in several geographically distinct clusters. An immediate subclade, haplogroup D, is mainly found in East Asia, parts of Central Asia, and the Andaman Islands, but also sporadically in West Africa and West Asia. The other immediate subclade, haplogroup E, is common in Africa, and to a lesser extent the Middle East and southern Europe.
Haplogroup R1b (R-M343), previously known as Hg1 and Eu18, is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup.
The ancestry of modern Iberians is consistent with the geographical situation of the Iberian Peninsula in the South-west corner of Europe, showing characteristics that are largely typical in Southern and Western Europeans. As is the case for most of the rest of Southern Europe, the principal ancestral origin of modern Iberians are Early European Farmers who arrived during the Neolithic. The large predominance of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b, common throughout Western Europe, is also testimony to a sizeable input from various waves of Western Steppe Herders that originated in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe during the Bronze Age.
Haplogroup Q-L54 is a subclade of Y-DNA haplogroup Q-L53. Q1a3a-L54 is defined by the presence of the L54 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP).
Haplogroup Q-NWT01 is a subclade of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q-MEH2. Haplogroup Q-NWT01 is defined by the presence of the NWT01 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP).
Haplogroup Q-Z780 is a subclade of the Y-DNA Haplogroup Q-L54. Q-Z780 is defined by the presence of the Z780 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP).
Haplogroup Q-M323 is a subclade of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q-M346. Haplogroup Q-M323 is defined by the presence of the M323 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP).
C9orf135 is a gene that encodes a 229 amino acid protein. It is located on Chromosome 9 of the Homo sapiens genome at 9q12.21. The protein has a transmembrane domain from amino acids 124-140 and a glycosylation site at amino acid 75. C9orf135 is part of the GRCh37 gene on Chromosome 9 and is contained within the domain of unknown function superfamily 4572. Also, c9orf135 is known by the name of LOC138255 which is a description of the gene location on Chromosome 9.1.
Haplogroup R-M269 is the sub-clade of human Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b that is defined by the SNP marker M269. According to ISOGG 2020 it is phylogenetically classified as R1b1a1b. It underwent intensive research and was previously classified as R1b1a2, R1b1c, R1b1b2 and R1b1a1a2.
Haplogroup Q-L804 (Y-DNA) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup Q-L804 is a subclade of Haplogroup Q-L54. Currently Q-L804 is Q1b1a1b below Q1b-M346.
R-L151, also known as R-L11 and R1b1a2a1a, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup; a subclade of the broader haplogroup R1b (R-M343). It is most often found in males from Western Europe – especially Western France, Northern Spain, Northern Portugal, Great Britain, and Ireland.
R-Z17 is a subclade of the R-U106 branch of the human Y-chromosome haplogroup named Haplogroup R, associated with the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) designated Z17. R-Z17 likely branched off from its parent clade, R-Z18, around 2150 BCE, with a range of 2805 BCE to 1607 BCE.
