See also
- Atlantic Modal Haplotype
- Genealogical DNA test
- Haplogroup R1b
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Prehistoric Europe
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
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Footnotes
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R-Z18 is a subclade of the R-U106 branch of Haplogroup R1b. It includes all men who have the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) designated Z18 in their Y chromosome.
R-Z18, also called R-Z19, is defined to be mutation in which the nucleotide at position 14,991,735 [1] along the Y chromosome that has mutated from guanine (G) to adenine (A). R-U106 is one of the major sub groups of R1b in Europe, but Z18 only makes up about 5-10% of R-U106.
Z18 was discovered during Phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project [2] and entered on 16 August 2014 into the SNP database dbSNP at the National Center for Biotechnology Information as reference SNP cluster report rs767290651. [3]
The R-Z18 subclade was formed around approximately 2850 BCE. [1] It is a subclade of haplogroup R-U106, one of the principal R1b lineages in Europe. The earliest R-U106 sample was found in what is now Bohemia, among the early Corded Ware Culture. [3] R-Z18 most likely formed somewhere in Northern Germany or Southern Scandinavia. The earliest R-Z18 sample identified is from late Neolithic Zealand, Denmark.
R-Z18 samples dating to the Late Neolithic and Nordic Bronze Age have been found in Denmark and southern Sweden. [4] Samples from the Iron Age, in addition to Denmark and southern Sweden, have also been found in northern Norway, northeastern Germany, and in the Wielbark Culture of northern Poland. [5] By the Migration Period and Viking Age samples are found in northwestern Germany, Bavaria, Hungary, Flanders, Anglo-Saxon England, Scandinavia, Iceland, and parts of the British Isles influenced by Scandinavians. Samples from the later Middle Ages and Early Modern Period have been found in Jutland, Cambridgeshire, and in the wreck of the Kronan. [6] [7] [8]
R-Z18 has its highest concentrations in Norway and Sweden, but is also found throughout areas of Germanic migration, including the Low Countries, British Isles, and Central Europe. It is also present at lower frequencies across Europe, as well as in areas of the world settled by Europeans. [9] [10] R-Z18's early presence in Scandinavia indicate a likely origin in the region, with subsequent migrations of Germanic peoples during the Migration Era and Viking Age spreading the haplogroup around Europe.
Major known subclades of R-Z18 include R-ZP156, R-S11601, R-DF95, R-FGC7637, R-Z2396, R-S6119 and R-Z17. [11] Although they continue to increase as more are found.
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Footnotes
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The Wielbark culture is an Iron Age archaeological complex which flourished on the territory of today's Poland from the 1st century AD to the 5th century AD.
A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation. More specifically, a haplotype is a combination of alleles at different chromosomal regions that are closely linked and that tend to be inherited together. As a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, it is usually possible to predict a haplogroup from haplotypes. Haplogroups pertain to a single line of descent. As such, membership of a haplogroup, by any individual, relies on a relatively small proportion of the genetic material possessed by that individual.
Haplogroup A is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, which includes all living human Y chromosomes. Bearers of extant sub-clades of haplogroup A are almost exclusively found in Africa, in contrast with haplogroup BT, bearers of which participated in the Out of Africa migration of early modern humans. The known branches of haplogroup A are A00, A0, A1a, and A1b1; these branches are only very distantly related, and are not more closely related to each other than they are to haplogroup BT.
Haplogroup F, also known as F-M89 and previously as Haplogroup FT, is a very common Y-chromosome haplogroup. The clade and its subclades constitute over 90% of paternal lineages outside of Africa.
Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 (R-M479).
In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by specific mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA on the male-specific Y chromosome (Y-DNA). Individuals within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The Y-chromosome accumulates approximately two mutations per generation, and Y-DNA haplogroups represent significant branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree, each characterized by hundreds or even thousands of unique mutations.
Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread among modern populations.
Haplogroup I-M253, also known as I1, is a Y chromosome haplogroup. The genetic markers confirmed as identifying I-M253 are the SNPs M253,M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, and L187. It is a primary branch of Haplogroup I-M170 (I*).
The genetic history of the British Isles is the subject of research within the larger field of human population genetics. It has developed in parallel with DNA testing technologies capable of identifying genetic similarities and differences between both modern and ancient populations. The conclusions of population genetics regarding the British Isles in turn draw upon and contribute to the larger field of understanding the history of the human occupation of the area, complementing work in linguistics, archaeology, history and genealogy.
Haplogroup R1a, or haplogroup R-M420, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is distributed in a large region in Eurasia, extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to Central Asia, southern Siberia and South Asia.
Haplogroup R1b (R-M343), previously known as Hg1 and Eu18, is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup.
Haplogroup R-L295 also known as R2a1 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic marker L295, which has been found in South Asia, Anatolia, Arabian Peninsula, Europe and Central Asia.
Haplogroup Q-NWT01 is a subclade of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q-MEH2. Haplogroup Q-NWT01 is defined by the presence of the NWT01 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP).
Population genetics is a scientific discipline which contributes to the examination of the human evolutionary and historical migrations. Particularly useful information is provided by the research of two uniparental markers within our genome, the Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), as well as autosomal DNA. The data from Y-DNA and autosomal DNA suggests that the Croats mostly are descendants of the Slavs of the medieval migration period, according to mtDNA have genetic diversity which fits within a broader European maternal genetic landscape, and overall have a uniformity with other South Slavs from the territory of former Yugoslavia.
Haplogroup R-M269 is the sub-clade of human Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b that is defined by the SNP marker M269. According to ISOGG 2020 it is phylogenetically classified as R1b1a1b. It underwent intensive research and was previously classified as R1b1a2, R1b1c, R1b1b2 and R1b1a1a2.
In human genetics, Haplogroup R-DF27 (R1b1a2a1a2a) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup R-M269 defined by the presence of the marker DF27. Along with R-U152 and R-L21, the lineage is to a significant extent associated with Proto-Celtic, Celtic and later Celtiberian movements.
sample
Haplogroup Q-L804 (Y-DNA) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup Q-L804 is a subclade of Haplogroup Q-L54. Currently Q-L804 is Q1b1a1b below Q1b-M346.
R-L151, also known as R-L11 and R1b1a2a1a, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup; a subclade of the broader haplogroup R1b (R-M343). It is most often found in males from Western Europe – especially Western France, Northern Spain, Northern Portugal, Great Britain, and Ireland.
R-Z17 is a subclade of the R-U106 branch of the human Y-chromosome haplogroup named Haplogroup R, associated with the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) designated Z17. R-Z17 likely branched off from its parent clade, R-Z18, around 2150 BCE, with a range of 2805 BCE to 1607 BCE.
