Healthcare in Afghanistan

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Healthcare in Afghanistan is slowly improving after it was almost non-existent due to the decades of war. Currently, there are over 3,000 health facilities found throughout Afghanistan. [1] [2] More than 17,000 health posts have been established in the country, including the first neurosurgery hospital. Latest reports say 38,000 Afghan women work as midwives. [3] From 2001 to 2021, Afghanistan experienced improvements in healthcare, with life expectancy increasing from 56 to 64 years and the maternal mortality rate reducing by 50%. 89% of residents living in cities have access to clean water in 2021, up from 16% in 2001. [4] Despite these improvements, Afghanistan's healthcare system remains poor when compared with its neighboring countries.

Contents

The Taliban's 2021 return to power curtailed Afghan women's rights, restricting women's mobility and access to healthcare, and was followed in 2024 with a ban on basic medical training for women (including nursing and midwifery), which some elements of the Taliban had previously tolerated.

Hospitals

The Daoud Khan Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan Kabul Military Hospital - panoramio.jpg
The Daoud Khan Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan

There are over 100 government-run and private or internationally-administered hospitals in Afghanistan. The most advanced medical treatments are available in Kabul followed by in Kandahar, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif and in other major cities. The French Medical Institute for Children and Indira Gandhi Children's Hospital in Kabul are the leading children's hospitals in the country. The Afghan-Japan Hospital, [5] [6] [7] Daoud Khan Hospital, Jamhuriat Hospital, Jinnah Hospital, and Rahmat Hospital are some of the major hospitals in the Kabul area. [8] [9] The 350-bed Aino Mina Hospital and the 50-bed Mohmand Hospital in Kandahar are two of the most modern hospitals in the southern part of the country. [10] [11] [12] Many of the wealthy Afghans travel to India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, and other countries for more advanced medical treatment.

Maiwand Teaching Hospital was established in the 1960s, designed to treat between 300-400 patients a day, but in 2019 there are often 1,000 patients in a day.

History

Infant ward at a Kabul hospital, 1960s 1960s Afghanistan - Infant ward in a Kabul hospital.jpg
Infant ward at a Kabul hospital, 1960s

Economically, the Afghans were in better shape than many others in the region. [13] Afghanistan was somewhat ahead of its time until 1978, when the Saur Revolution took place. That revolution led to a continues war and poverty in the region, which began with the closure of borders and suspension of political ties between Afghanistan and its southern and western neighbors (Pakistan and Iran). Many Afghans, especially the elite class who did not want to be involved in the conflict, began escaping from the country in order to reside in other countries. Those leaving included most of the doctors and nurses. By 1992, when a major civil war began in Kabul, nearly all doctors and nurses had immigrated to other countries. Things took a turn in late 2001 when the United Nations decided to rebuild Afghanistan and resolve its political issues.

In 2003, there were 11 physicians and 18 nurses per 100,000 population, and the per capita health expenditure was $28 US dollars. The nation had one medical facility for every 27,000 people in 2004, and some centers were responsible for as many as 300,000 people. An estimated one-quarter of the population had no access to health care. The international organizations provided a large share of medical care. It was reported in 2006 that an estimated 800,000 Afghans are disabled. [14] Infant, child, and maternal mortality rates in Afghanistan reached the highest in the world, by some estimates as high as 275 per 1,000.[ citation needed ] In rural areas, one in six children die before reaching age five.[ citation needed ] This is because of poor sanitation and insufficient potable water supply, infectious and parasitic diseases such as malaria and diarrhea are very common. Malnutrition and poor nutrition also are pervasive.

Fees

User fees have been a major deterrent to accessing health care. Various interventions have been devised to improve uptake of health care services, including the distribution of waiver cards to very poor and female-headed households [15] and the introduction of community-based health insurance. [16]

Following the national user fee ban in 2008, a pilot study conducted by the Future Health Systems consortium found a 400% increase in utilization of services that had previously charged fees for services and medicine. [17] The government's strategy to collaborate with non-governmental organisations [18] has led to higher primary health outcomes among the poor, [19] with relatively high levels of perceived health care quality reported by clients in a recent study of primary care services. [20]

Effects of war

The physical and psychological effects of war have substantially increased the need for medical care. In the first quarter of 2019 there were 34 reported terrorist attacks on healthcare facilities, at least 87 were closed. At least nine workers and patients were killed.

Staffing

Average pay for a doctor in a government hospital is anywhere between 60,725 and 205,975 afghanis ($700-$2,367) a month. [21] [22] Most doctors supplement this by working after-hours at private clinics.

Maternal and child health care

Mothers and infants receiving health care at a hospital in Kabul. Recovery area of a hospital in Kabul.jpg
Mothers and infants receiving health care at a hospital in Kabul.

Afghanistan made significant improvement in the last decade to its maternal and child health care. According to United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Afghanistan's mortality rate has decreased by about 25% since 2003. It was reported in 2006 that nearly 60% of the population lives within two hours walking distance of the nearest health facility. [23]

The maternal mortality rate is currently 396 deaths/100,000 live births and its infant mortality rate is 66 [24] to 112.8 deaths in every 1,000 live births. [25] The Ministry of Public Health wants to further improve these higher rates by making them normal.

The country has about 38,000 midwives but more are needed. [3] According to Sima Ayubi, a maternity doctor in Kabul who advocates hospital births, explains: "Now pregnant women have more information about health. This mortality rate is still a problem. There's just a decrease. The problem is not completely eliminated or under control." [26]

According to a 2012 report by Save the Children, improved healthcare and the rise of females attending school have made Afghanistan climb up from its position as the worst place on earth to be a mother. "More mothers are surviving and fewer children are dying and this is something we need to be celebrating," said Rachel Maranto, Advocacy and Mobilisation senior Manager at Save the Children in Kabul.

2024 ban on women's participation in healthcare sector

In December 2024, the Taliban's health ministry banned women from being trained in nursing and midwifery, according to media reports confirmed by The Guardian . [27] This was a reversal of an earlier February 2024 decision to permit basic medical training for women. [28] According to NPR , the health ministry had lobbied for an exemption from the general ban on women's education in the healthcare sector because "in some provinces, the Taliban does not allow women to seek treatment from male medical professionals." [28] The Taliban's ban on basic medical training for women was widely condemned by human rights organizations as a danger to the health and well-being of Afghan women and children, with Afghanistan already having among the highest maternal mortality ratios in the world according to 2020 data, before the Taliban's 2021 seizure of power. [27] [28] For example, Heather Barr of Human Right Watch stated: "If you ban women from being treated by male healthcare professionals, and then you ban women from training to become healthcare professionals, the consequences are clear: women will not have access to healthcare and will die as a result." [27] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) stated that the ban "is profoundly discriminatory, short-sighted and puts the lives of women and girls at risk in multiple ways." [29]

Treatment in other countries

Afghans spend an estimated $300 million a year on medical treatment abroad, mostly in Pakistan, India and Turkey. [30]

See also

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References

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  2. ↑ "Afghanistan". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 2021-02-25.
  3. 1 2 "Health Ministry Pledges to Hire More Midwives". TOLOnews. May 16, 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  4. ↑ "Counting the costs of America's 20-year war in Afghanistan". AP NEWS. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  5. ↑ "MoPH to Distribute Covid-19 Vaccine to Provinces". TOLOnews. March 13, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  6. ↑ "Special Care Center for coronavirus in Kabul". Ariana News. February 4, 2020. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  7. ↑ "Afghan-Japan Communicable Disease Hospital inaugurated in Kabul, in the Darul Aman area". ReliefWeb. January 19, 2014. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  8. ↑ "Rahmat Hospital". Official website. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  9. ↑ ساخت بزرگترین شفاخانه میلیون دالری در قلب کابل - Construction of the largest hospital.... on YouTube (April 4, 2023)
  10. ↑ "New hospital built in Kandahar Aino Mena". Pajhwok Afghan News. March 17, 2019. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  11. ↑ "New hospital built in Kandahar Aino Mena". The Daily Outlook Afghanistan. June 6, 2019. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  12. ↑ "Mohmand Hospital Kandahar". Official website. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  13. ↑ "Helmand's Golden Age". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 2021-02-25. Their diet may not be abundant but you don't see the hunger that you do in some countries and beggars are seldom seen. Even though there are masses of people the country seems able to feed them all.
  14. ↑ Afghanistan country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (May 2006). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  15. ↑ Steinhardt, Laura; David Peters (2010). "Targeting accuracy and impact of a community-identified waiver card scheme for primary care user fees in Afghanistan". International Journal for Equity in Health. 9 (28): 28. doi: 10.1186/1475-9276-9-28 . PMC   3004906 . PMID   21114851. Archived from the original on 2014-05-09. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  16. ↑ Rao, K; et al. (27 May 2009). "An Experiment with Community Health Funds in Afghanistan". Health Policy and Planning. 24 (4): 301–311. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czp018 . PMID   19474086. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  17. ↑ Steinhardt, Laura; Iqbal Aman; Iqbalshah Pakzad; Binay Kumar; Lakhwinder Singh; David Peters (2011). "Removing user fees for basic health services: a pilot study and national roll-out in Afghanistan". Health Policy and Planning. 26 (Suppl 2): ii92–ii103. doi:10.1093/heapol/czr069. PMC   3247786 . PMID   22027924. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  18. ↑ Arur, A; et al. (22 October 2009). "Contracting for Health and Curative Care Use in Afghanistan Between 2004 and 2005". Health Policy and Planning. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  19. ↑ Hansen, Peter; et al. (2008). "Determinants of Primary Care Service Quality in Afghanistan". Int J Qual Health Care. 20 (6): 375–383. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzn039 . PMID   18799469. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  20. ↑ Hansen, Peter; et al. (2008). "Client Perceptions of the Quality of Primary Care Services in Afghanistan". Int J Qual Health Care. 20 (6): 384–391. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzn040 . PMID   18799468. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  21. ↑ "Salaries for Afghanistan health workers sends 'message of hope' to millions". UN News. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  22. ↑ "Average Doctor Salary in Afghanistan for 2023". worldsalaries.com. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  23. ↑ "Health". United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  24. ↑ "Afghanistan". UNESCO. 27 November 2016. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  25. ↑ "Afghanistan". The World Factbook. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  26. ↑ Peter, Tom A. (December 16, 2011). "Childbirth and maternal health improve in Afghanistan". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  27. 1 2 3 Kumar, Ruchi; Joya, Zahra (2024-12-06). "Taliban move to ban women training as nurses and midwives 'an outrageous act of ignorance'". The Guardian . Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  28. 1 2 3 Kumar, Ruchi (2024-12-04). "Rights Group: Afghan women barred from studying nursing and midwifery". NPR . Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  29. ↑ Mishra, Vibhu (2024-12-05). "Afghanistan: UN condemns Taliban ban on women attending medical classes". United Nations . Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  30. ↑ "Years of war and poverty take toll on Afghanistan's healthcare". Aljazeera. 25 May 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
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