Hebrew Roots

Last updated

The Hebrew Roots Movement (HRM) is a Christian religious movement that advocates adherence to the Mosaic Law while also recognizing Jesus, usually referred to as Yeshua, as the Messiah. [1] [2] [3] The movement stipulates that the Law of Moses was not abolished by Jesus and is, therefore, still in effect for his followers, both Jewish and Gentile. The movement advocates the keeping of the seventh-day Sabbath, biblical feasts, laws of cleanliness and circumcision. [4]

Contents

Unlike Messianic Judaism, which often embraces the broader Jewish culture and usually features mainstream Protestant theology, followers of the Hebrew Roots Movement generally avoid adopting cultural practices associated with Jews and Judaism and instead focus on a literal interpretation of the Mosaic law and Hebrew Scripture. [5] Followers of the movement do not recognize the Talmud and often reject more recent developments within Judaism like Hannukah. As such, the way in which members of the Hebrew Roots Movement observe the Mosaic Law is often vastly different from traditional Jewish observance. [6] Most of the movement's followers reject the traditional Christian holidays like Christmas and Easter which many regard as either extra-biblical or of pagan origin. [7] Many within the Hebrew Roots movement also reject mainstream Christian doctrines such as the Trinity, with some viewing Jesus as a human prophet and others taking views similar to Docetism or Nestorianism. [8]

The Hebrew Roots Movement is not a monolithic movement with a central set of doctrines or formal organizational structure. The Hebrew Roots Movement is made up of various independent groups, congregations, and sects. [9]

History

The Hebrew Roots Movement's origins can be traced back to two earlier strains of Jewish-oriented Christianity. [10] [11] [12]

The Sacred Name Movement began in the 1930s as a strain of Seventh-day Adventism which advocated for a return to the Mosaic Law in addition to standard Adventist theology. [13] Around the same time, Adventist preacher Herbert W. Armstrong founded the Worldwide Church of God, which promoted Gentile Christian observance of the Mosaic Law as well as various forms of British Israelism and apocalyptic eschatology. [14] Upon his death in the 1980s, his church splintered between those who wished to embrace mainstream Evangelical Christianity and those who wished to continue his Mosaic theology, with the latter forming their own break-off congregations and dispersing throughout the Midwest and Southern United States. [15]

Although some within the movement maintain that their ideology is distinct from the theology associated with the Worldwide Church of God, most of the movement's early congregations were founded by those formerly associated with Herbert W. Armstrong following the splintering of his church after his death. Likewise, although there are certain theological differences between the Sacred Name Movement and the Hebrew Roots Movement, mainly stemming from debates over the Sacred Name Movement's more explicit Adventist theology, both movements developed side-by-side and often overlap significantly. [16] [17] [18] [19]

The Hebrew Roots movement began emerging as a distinct phenomenon in the late 1980s and 1990s. [17] [20]

Batya Wootten's curiosity about the Gentile majority in many Messianic Jewish congregations resulted in her first book about the two houses of Israel in 1988. This was later followed by her 1998 book entitled Who is Israel (now renamed in its 4th edition as Redeemed Israel). [17]

In 1994, Dean and Susan Wheelock received their federal trademark for the term "Hebrew Roots", after which they began publishing the Hebrew Roots magazine in April/May 1998, and later a website at Hebrewroots.net. [21]

In 1997, Dean Cozzens of Open Church Ministries based in Colorado Springs, CO published "The Hebrew Movement", claiming that God had foreordained four major moves for the 20th century, Pentecostalism, faith healing, the Charismatic movement and finally the Hebrew Roots movement, the "final stage of empowerment" before Christ returns. [17]

By the late 2000s, the movement had grown substantially alongside other forms of Messianic Judaism which are continuing to grow and become more mainstream. [17] [22] [23] [24]

Beliefs

Christology

While there is no unified Christology in the Hebrew Roots movement. Many within the movement reject the Trinity, while also accepting the deity of Jesus. Others within the movement take a humanistic approach, believing Jesus to be a divinely-appointed prophet and Messiah of a completely human nature. Some groups hold to beliefs similar to Docetism, Nestorianism and Arianism. [31] [32]

Holidays & Observances

One of the more identifiable elements of the Hebrew Roots Movement is its observannce of Jewish Biblical holidays. Members of the movement often reject Christian holidays such as Christmas and Easter, which they regard as pagan. [33] Members also generally reject Jewish holidays Hanukkah and Purim which are not mentioned in the Hebrew Scripture.

The particular manner of observance often differs significantly from the manner in which Judaism normally observes such holidays. Members of this movement also often use slightly different names for these holidays, often based on a literal translation of the Hebrew names given in the Hebrew Scripture. [34]

Holidays are generally calculated based upon the observance of lunar months, with leap years added based upon various calculations such as the vernal equinox or the ripening of the barley crop within the land of Israel. As such, the calendar used by members of the Hebrew Roots Movement differs significantly from the standard Jewish calendar and followers often reject the Babylonian names for the months. Disputes over calendar issues and whether or not the barley crop in Israel is ripe enough have resulted in multiple fractures and schisms within the movement over the years. [35] [36] [37]

Feast of Unleavened Bread (Passover) |Chag haMatzot (Chag haPesach)

Members of the movement celebrate the separate, but related, holidays of Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread. The Passover Memorial feast consists of a ceremonial meal, often combined with imagery of the Last Supper, and is similar to the Jewish Passover Seder. This memorial feast is followed by the week-long Feast of Unleavened Bread which is analogous to Jewish week-long holiday of Passover. [38]

Passover usually marksrepresents the first month of the lunar year, in contrast to the standard Jewish calendar with starts with Rosh HaShanah.

Feast of Weeks (Pentecost) |Chag Shavuot

Following Passover, members of the movement count the omer leading up to the Feast of Weeks, which is analagous to the Jewish holiday of Shavuot. [39] The method for counting the omer differs between different congregations and is significantly different from the manner in which Jews observe the counting of the omer. Debates over the process of counting the omer has led to multiple schisms within the movement. [40]

Feast of Trumpets |Yom Teruah ( Rosh HaShanah )

An autumnal observance marked with the blowing of the shofar and other festivities is known as the Feast of Trumpets. [41]

Many within the movement reject the traditional Jewish identification of this holiday with Rosh HaShana, believing the Jewish holiday to be of pagan Babylonian origin and believe that the Jewish practice is a corruption dating to the time of the Babylonian exile. [42]

Day of Atonement | Yom Kippur

The Day of Atonement celebration is celebrated in a manner similar to Judaism, albeit in a syncretic way which fuses Christian and Jewish theology. [43]

Feast of Booths (Tabernacles) |Chag haSukkot(Sukkot)

Sukkot is a seven-day autumn harvest festival where believers are instructed to dwell in temporary dwellings (Lev 23). The Hebrew word Sukkot is usually translated as "tabernacles," or "booths" and is the plural form of sukka (sue’-kah)— a Hebrew word meaning tent or booth. This feast is also known by other names, such as, the Festival of Ingathering (Ex. 23:16), the Feast of the Nations, the Festival of Dedication, the Festival of Lights, and the Season of Our Joy. [44]

Eighth Day | Shemini Atzeret

The Hebrew word means "Eighth [day of] Assembly" and immediately follows the Feast of Sukkot. Hebrew Roots adherents view this day in a different light than those in the Jewish faith in which the day is “characterized as a day when the Jewish people "tarries" to spend an additional day with God at the end of Sukkot”.

Messianics and some in Hebrew Roots combine this appointment with the Feast of Sukkot and, therefore, do not recognize it as the special day that it is made to be. [45]

Criticism

The movement has faced theological criticism, primarily from other Christians but also from Jews who claim that the movement misunderstands and misrepresents fundamental aspects of Judaism. It has also faced secular criticism from historians who consider the movement to be anachronistic and historically inaccurate as well as from secular Jews who have claimed that the Hebrew Roots movement, similar to the Messianic movement, is a form of cultural appropriation. [46] The latter criticism is especially significant given that most of the elements borrowed from Jewish religious and daily life are more recent developments within Ashkenazi culture and Yiddishkeit, both of which bear little resemblance to everyday Jewish life or culture in the 1st century. [47]

The movement's emphasis on Hebrew culture and identity has resulted in criticism by some historians. Second Temple Judaism and the culture of Roman Judaea during the time of Jesus was a syncretic mixture of Greek-speaking Hellenized Jews, Aramaic speaking peasantry influenced by Persian culture and Gentiles practicing Roman paganism and Greek Neo-Platonism. [48] Modern Judaism and Jewish culture developed primarily in the diaspora after the destruction of the Second Temple and subsequent dispersal of Jews throughout the Roman empire. [49]

Hebrew ceased to exist as a living language following the Babylonian exile except for in small, isolated pockets. Aramaic replaced Hebrew as the primary language of the Jews following their return to Israel. Likewise, the Greek and Persian languages also existed as lingua francas, representing the two dominant world powers in the region just prior to the arrival of Christianity. The predominant view of modern scholarship is that Jesus spoke Aramaic. Likewise, Mishnaic Hebrew did not develop until after the time of Jesus, and Aramaic, rather than Hebrew, was the standard liturgical language used during the time of Jesus.

While Orthodox Jewish tradition holds that the Masoretic Text dates to the time of Moses, historical evidence suggests that this version of the Tanakh/Old Testament only dates to the early Middle Ages and is a Hebrew translation which derives from the Septuagint and an earlier, post-Christian Greek translation produced by Aquila of Sinope. [50]

The Greek Septuagint was written both for Jews and by Jews, and represented the primary version of Jewish scripture in use prior to the arrival of Christianity. [51] Historically, the Septuagint represents the oldest complete compilation of Jewish literature presented as a single volume in the form of a "Hebrew Bible". While many of the individual books within this compilation were written in Paleo-Hebrew prior to being catalogued and translated in the Septuagint, many were also written in Aramaic, with the vast majority being written after the Babylonian exile and after Hebrew ceased to exist as a living language. This has led some scholars to reject that a Hebrew ur-text even exists for the Hebrew Bible, believing either the Septuagint or Peshitta to be the original Hebrew Bible. [52] [53] [53]

As such, many consider the Hebrew Roots movement to be anachronistic and ahistorical. [54]

There are also many criticisms of the movement from a theological standpoint.

The Hebrew Roots movement contradicts the general Christian belief that when Jesus died, he fulfilled (and thereby rendered obsolete) the Mosaic Law. Many Christians also argue that the Mosaic Law was only meant for the Jews, meaning that Gentiles are exempt from obedience to the Law of Moses. This is also the position of modern Judaism, which only promotes the Seven Laws of Noah to the Gentiles and does not seek converts. [55]

A leading critic of the Hebrew Roots Movement is Professor R. L. Solberg (Nashville, TN), who has published a book called Torahism: Are Christians Required to Keep the Law of Moses . This is the first book published by a scholar that specifically addresses many of the theological positions held by HRM. Prof. Solberg has debated a number of Hebrew Roots teachers and his apologetic ministry Defending the Biblical Roots of Christianity focuses on this area of theology.

Others have criticized the movement for its use of the name Yeshua to refer to Jesus. In Aramaic, Jesus is referred to as Isho, which derives from the Hebrew name Yehoshua, and was rendered in Greek as Iesous. Critics of referring to Jesus as Yeshua believe the name to be derived from an anti-Christian Hebrew slur meaing "may his name be blotted out". [56]

See also

Related Research Articles

Christianity began as a movement within Second Temple Judaism, but the two religions gradually diverged over the first few centuries of the Christian era. Today, differences of opinion vary between denominations in both religions, but the most important distinction is Christian acceptance and Jewish non-acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah prophesied in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish tradition. Early Christianity distinguished itself by determining that observance of halakha was not necessary for non-Jewish converts to Christianity. Another major difference is the two religions' conceptions of God. Depending on the denomination followed, the Christian God is either believed to consist of three persons of one essence, with the doctrine of the incarnation of the Son in Jesus being of special importance, or like Judaism, believes in and emphasizes the Oneness of God. Judaism, however, rejects the Christian concept of God in human form. While Christianity recognizes the Hebrew Bible as part of its scriptural canon, Judaism does not recognize the Christian New Testament.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judaism</span> Ethnic religion of the Jewish people

Judaism is an Abrahamic monotheistic ethnic religion that comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jewish people. Religious Jews regard Judaism as their means of observing the Mosaic covenant, which was established between God and the Israelites, their ancestors. The religion is considered one of the earliest monotheistic religions in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sukkot</span> Jewish Holiday, Harvest Festival, Festival of Booths

Sukkot, also known as the Feast of Tabernacles or Feast of Booths, is a Torah-commanded holiday celebrated for seven days, beginning on the 15th day of the month of Tishrei. It is one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals on which Israelites were commanded to make a pilgrimage to the Temple in Jerusalem. Biblically an autumn harvest festival and a commemoration of the Exodus from Egypt, Sukkot’s modern observance is characterized by festive meals in a sukkah, a temporary wood-covered hut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jews for Jesus</span> Messianic Jewish organization

Jews for Jesus is an international Christian missionary organization headquartered in San Francisco, California, that is affiliated with the Messianic Jewish religious movement. The group is known for its proselytism of Jews and promotes the belief that Jesus is the Christ and the Son of God. It was founded in 1970 by Moishe Rosen as Hineni Ministries before being incorporated under its current name in 1973.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messianic Judaism</span> Religious sect that considers itself Jewish, but which is considered by Jews to be Christian

Messianic Judaism is a syncretic Abrahamic new religious movement that combines various Jewish traditions and elements of Jewish prayer with Evangelical Protestant theology. It considers itself to be a form of Judaism but is generally considered to be a sect of Christianity, including by all major groups within mainstream Judaism, since Jews consider belief in Jesus as the Messiah and divine in the form of God the Son to be among the most defining distinctions between Judaism and Christianity. It is also generally considered a Christian sect by scholars and other Christian groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Messiah in Judaism</span> Savior and liberator of the Jewish people

The Messiah in Judaism is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jews. The concept of messianism originated in Judaism, and in the Hebrew Bible a messiah is a king or High Priest of Israel traditionally anointed with holy anointing oil.

This is an index page of Wikipedia articles related to the topic of religion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shavuot</span> Jewish holiday

Shavuot, or Shvues, is a Jewish holiday, one of the biblically ordained Three Pilgrimage Festivals. It occurs on the sixth day of the Hebrew month of Sivan; in the 21st century, it may fall anywhere between May 15 and June 14 on the Gregorian calendar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Law of Moses</span> The Torah or the first five books of the Hebrew Bible

The Law of Moses, also called the Mosaic Law, is the law said to have been revealed to Moses by God. The term primarily refers to the Torah or the first five books of the Hebrew Bible.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judaizers</span> Faction of Jewish Christians

The Judaizers were a faction of the Jewish Christians, both of Jewish and non-Jewish origins, who regarded the Levitical laws of the Old Testament as still binding on all Christians. They tried to enforce Jewish circumcision upon the Gentile converts to early Christianity and were strenuously opposed and criticized for their behavior by the Apostle Paul, who employed many of his epistles to refute their doctrinal positions.

The Three Pilgrimage Festivals or Three Pilgrim Festivals, sometimes known in English by their Hebrew name Shalosh Regalim, are three major festivals in Judaism—two in spring; Passover, 49 days later Shavuot ; and in autumn Sukkot —when all Israelites who were able were expected to make a pilgrimage to the Temple in Jerusalem as commanded by the Torah. In Jerusalem, they would participate in festivities and ritual worship in conjunction with the services of the kohanim (priests) at the Temple.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dual-covenant theology</span> School of thought in Christianity

Dual-covenant or two-covenant theology is a school of thought in Christian theology regarding the relevance of the Hebrew Bible, which Christians call the Old Testament.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hebrew Catholics</span> Jews who converted to the Catholic Church

Hebrew Catholics are a movement of Jews who have converted to Catholicism, and Catholics of non-Jewish origin, who choose to keep Mosaic traditions in light of Catholic doctrine. The phrase was coined by Father Elias Friedman (1987), who was himself a converted Jew. In the Holy Land, they are gathered in the Saint James Vicariate for Hebrew Speaking Catholics in Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Noahidism</span> Jewish new religious movement

Noahidism or Noachidism is a monotheistic Jewish religious movement aimed at non-Jews, based upon the Seven Laws of Noah and their traditional interpretations within Orthodox Judaism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hebrew Christian movement</span> 1800s–1900s UK and US religious movement

The Hebrew Christian movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries consisted of Jews who converted to Christianity, but worshiped in congregations separate from denominational churches. In many cases, they retained some Jewish practices and liturgy, with the addition of readings from the Christian New Testament. The movement was incorporated into the parallel Messianic Jewish movement in the late 1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian views on the Old Covenant</span>

The Mosaic covenant or Law of Moses – which Christians generally call the "Old Covenant" – played an important role in the origins of Christianity and has occasioned serious dispute and controversy since the beginnings of Christianity: note for example Jesus' teaching of the Law during his Sermon on the Mount and the circumcision controversy in early Christianity.

This is a glossary of terms used in Christianity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian observances of Jewish holidays</span>

Some Christian groups incorporate Jewish holidays into their religious practice, typically altering and reinterpreting their observation to suit a supersessionist theology.

Daniel C. Juster is an author and advocate of Messianic Judaism. He has served in the Messianic Jewish movement since 1972.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Israel College of the Bible</span> Private Hebrew-speaking Messianic Bible college in Netanya, Israel

Israel College of the Bible, also known as ONE FOR ISRAEL Bible College is a Christian evangelical fundamentalist private Hebrew-speaking Messianic Bible college in Netanya, Israel. It is an independent academically accredited institution not recognized by the State of Israel.

References

  1. ↑ "What Is Torah?". Founded in Truth Fellowship.
  2. ↑ "Q & A". House of David Fellowship.
  3. ↑ "Apaulogetic". Apaulogetic. 3 November 2017.
  4. ↑ "Hebrew Roots of Christianity - the Hebrew Roots Movement". Hebrew Roots of Christianity. 22 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  5. ↑ "The roots of Hebrew Roots". The Christian Century. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  6. ↑ "Hebrew Roots Movement: Origins, Beliefs, and Modern Impact". DivineNarratives. 8 December 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  7. ↑ A Rood Awakening! (14 December 2010). Christmas: The Hidden Truth Exposed - Part 1 of 2 - By Michael Rood . Retrieved 26 December 2024– via YouTube.
  8. ↑ Ministry, Yahweh's Restoration (5 May 2017). "Pagan Trinity Exposed". Yahweh's Restoration Ministry. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  9. ↑ "What is the Hebrew Roots movement?". GotQuestions.org. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  10. ↑ "The Ultimate Guide to Understanding Torah Observant Christians - Christian Educators Academy". 27 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  11. ↑ DART, JOHN (1 April 1989). "Top Ratings for Schuller, 'World Tomorrow' : Two TV Ministries Rise Above Bible Belt". Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  12. ↑ "About | Hebrew Roots ®" . Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  13. ↑ Melton, J. Gordon (1992). Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-0-8153-1140-9.
  14. ↑ "Compendium of Herbert W. Armstrong Material". web.archive.org. 20 August 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  15. ↑ lhvm (7 November 2006). Called to be Free . Retrieved 26 December 2024– via YouTube.
  16. ↑ "Home page of the ReligiousTolerance.org web site". Religioustolerance.org. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "Our Father's Festival! – What is the Hebrew Roots® Movement?The Hebrew Roots AwakeningREAD THE FREE BOOKUpdated 2/21/21". Ourfathersfestival.net. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  18. ↑ Ministry, Yahweh's Restoration (18 January 2022). "What Is Our History?". Yahweh's Restoration Ministry. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  19. ↑ https://www.assembliesofyahweh.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/april-2015-snb.pdf
  20. ↑ Kurian, George Thomas; Lamport, Mark A. (10 November 2016). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   978-1-4422-4432-0.
  21. ↑ "Apply for a Trademark. Search a Trademark". trademarkia.com.
  22. ↑ "Hebraic Roots—Heritage or Heresy?". Bridgesforpeace.com. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  23. ↑ "NameBright - Coming Soon" (PDF). www.umjc.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007.
  24. ↑ The Messianic Israel Alliance Herald. Boot Camp 2. August 2011, p3
  25. ↑ "Articles | Hebrew Roots ®" . Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  26. ↑ "Gentiles and the Law | Hebrew Roots ®" . Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  27. ↑ https://www.hebrewroots.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Hebrew-Roots-SPCTF-Celebrate-the-Festivals-Introduction-to-Feasts-of-the-LORD.pdf
  28. ↑ https://yrm.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Schedule-8.5x11.pdf
  29. ↑ Wilson, Dr. Marvin R.; Our Father Abraham: Jewish Roots of the Christian Faith; Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989, ISBN   0-8028-0423-3.
  30. ↑ "Articles by Kehilat Sar Shalom authors". Rabbiyeshua.com.
  31. ↑ Frostad, Benjamin G. (October 2019). Jews, Gentiles, and Torah: Exploring the Contours of the Messianic Torah Spectrum (Certificate in Advanced Biblical & Religious Studies thesis). Tacoma, Washington: TorahResource Institute.
  32. ↑ "Teaching that Messiah is God is Promotion of "Other Gods"". Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  33. ↑ "The Pagan Christian Connection Exposed - Michael Rood". Equipping the Church. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  34. ↑ "HHMI: Biblical/Jewish Calendar". hebroots.com. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  35. ↑ Dumond, Joseph F. (11 March 2016). "The Barley is Aviv Or the Barley is not Aviv. That is the question". sightedmoon.com. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  36. ↑ Dumond, Joseph F. (24 October 2019). "Do You Pray to Yahweh or to Jupiter or to Both?". sightedmoon.com. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  37. ↑ "Biblical Calendar – A Rood Awakening" . Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  38. ↑ Staff, FIRM (18 April 2024). "What is Passover? Its Biblical Roots & Relevance to Christians". FIRM Israel. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  39. ↑ "The Feast of Weeks – Pentecost / Shavuot". www.messianicgoodnews.org. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  40. ↑ https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/afc54bfe/files/uploaded/omercountingcontroversy.pdf
  41. ↑ Administrator (1 October 2019). "Month 7 – The Feast of Trumpets & the New Moon". Messianic Sabbath. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  42. ↑ Gordon, Nehemia (11 September 2023). "How Yom Teruah Became Rosh Hashanah - NehemiasWall.com". Nehemia's Wall. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  43. ↑ "Yom Kippur - Day of Atonement". hebrew4christians.com. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  44. ↑ "Sukkot, The Feast of Booths (known to some as the Feast of Tabernacles) | Jewish Voice". www.jewishvoice.org. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  45. ↑ "The 8th Day". Messianic Sabbath. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  46. ↑ Sarahbeth, Caplin (29 August 2018). "How Some Christians Mistake Honoring Jewish Culture With Appropriating It".
  47. ↑ Wilkinson, Alissa (15 January 2021). "Why Christians keep appropriating Jewish ritual symbols". Vox. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  48. ↑ Adams, Samuel L. (2014). Social and Economic Life in Second Temple Judea.
  49. ↑ Sand, Shlomo (4 August 2020). The Invention of the Jewish People.
  50. ↑ "Septuagint vs. Masoretic: Which Is More Authentic?" . Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  51. ↑ Nelson, Ryan (24 August 2018). "What Is the Septuagint? The Beginner's Guide". OverviewBible. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  52. ↑ Geoffrey W. Bromiley et al.: The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Grand Rapids, 1988, volume 4, page 405.
  53. 1 2 Isaac Leo Seeligmann, Robert Hanhart, Hermann Spieckermann: The Septuagint Version of Isaiah and Cognate Studies, Tübingen 2004, pages 33-34.
  54. ↑ Lattin, Pesach. "Christians need to stop stealing Jewish culture".
  55. ↑ Chabad. "The 7 Noahide Laws: Universal Morality".
  56. ↑ "Yeshua or Yeshi-What Does It Mean?".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.