The History of Ukrainian literature includes laws of the historical and literary process, literary genres, trends, works of individual writers, features of their style, and the importance of artistic heritage in the development of Ukrainian literature.
Ukrainian literature has a thousand-year history. Its beginnings date back to the formation of Kievan-Rus. However, even in prehistoric times (before the ninth century), the ancestors of Ukrainians had a developed oral art.
The first outstanding written monument of Kievan Rus is the chronicle "The Tale of Past Years," which is not only a source of historical information but also a textbook of epic songs, and legends of the era of Kievan-Rus. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" is a poetic masterpiece of ancient literature. This heroic epic absorbed the best examples of folk art of that time and became the property and pride of the whole Slavic world.
At the end of the 18th century Ivan Kotliarevsky's burlesque travesty narrative poem Eneida marked the emergence of the newest literary Ukrainian language and the beginning of modern Ukrainian literature. This work absorbed the pearls of Ukrainian humor, and reflected the bright folklife. The humorous and satirical tone of Kotlyarevsky's works was picked up by other writers, primarily members of the so-called Kharkiv circle (P. Gulak-Artemovsky, E. Grebenka). H. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko also belonged to the Kharkiv circle, and is the founder of Ukrainian fiction, who broke the tradition of using the Ukrainian language only in comic genres.
Despite the House of Romanov's colonial policy of coercive Russification of Ukraine (1863 – Valuev Circular, 1876 – Ems Ukaz), Ukrainian literature developed and achieved significant success.
In 1798, the poem Eneida by Ivan Kotliarevsky was published – it was with it that the Ukrainian literary language began. Kotliarevsky also wrote the plays in Ukrainian: "Natalka Poltavka" and "Moskal-Charivnyk."
At the beginning of the 19th century Ukrainian literature was actively developing. Romanticism reigned in poetry at that time. The poets of the so-called "Kharkiv School of Romantics" P. Gulak-Artemovsky, M. Petrenko, V. Zabila, and others made a great contribution to the development of Ukrainian literature. The first prose works in Ukrainian were written by Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osnovyanenko: "Marusya," "Konotopska vidma," and "Saldatsky patret."
The most outstanding Ukrainian writer of the 20th century was Taras Shevchenko – poet, artist, author of prose, and dramatic works. In 1840, his collection of poems "Kobzar" was published.
Panteleimon Kulish, Marko Vovchok, Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky, Borys Hrinchenko, Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky, Lesya Ukrainka, Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Spiridon Cherkasenko, and Arkhip Teslenko made a significant contribution to the development of Ukrainian literature.
After the revolution, the literary process was particularly dramatic and complex in Ukraine, as in the entire USSR. On the one hand, Ukrainian literature at that time was experiencing an unprecedented zenith. On a rich literary palette, various art schools, styles, and trends coexisted – from radical proletarianism, whose theorists promoted the creation of a "purely proletarian culture" by "laboratory means" (V. Blaktyny, G. Mikhaylichenko, M. Khvylvoy) to futurism (M. Semenko) and even neoclassicism, whose representatives were guided by the creation of high harmonious art based on the development of classical samples of World Literature (a group of neoclassicists led by M. Zerov).
In 1925–1928, a "literary discussion" was held – a public discussion about the ways of development, ideologies, aesthetic orientation, and objectives of the new Ukrainian Soviet literature, the place, and role of the writer in society. The discussion arose due to deep differences in understanding of the nature and purpose of artistic creativity among Ukrainian writers, and the ideological and political competition of literary organizations.
However, most of the representatives of this wave of Ukrainian revival died during the Civil War, the Holodomor of 1932–33, Red Terror, and the Bolshevik repressions of the Great Purge of the 1930s. In 1938–1954, about 240 Ukrainian writers were repressed, although many of them were supporters of the Soviet government, fought for it, and became writers after the revolution. Some of them were shot, some died in prison, and the fate of some of them remained unknown after the arrests. The poet M. Rylsky, recognized by the Soviet authorities, was arrested and spent 10 years in the camps on charges of participating in a mythical Ukrainian military organization. Ostap Vyshnya, G. Kosynka, M. Zerov, M. Kulish, Y. Pluzhnyk, and M. Semenko were shot. M. Khvylovy, who tried to save many comrades, committed suicide. The Experimental Theater "Berezil" was also banned, and its head – the world-famous director Les Kurbas – was arrested and shot. This generation of writers in the history of Ukrainian literature has become known as – "Executed Renaissance."
Despite the rigid framework of the Soviet-style style of socialist realism, Ukrainian writers managed to create literature that has not lost its relevance today. These are, first of all, works by P. Tychyna, M. Rylsky, V. Sosiura, O. Dovzhenko, O. Honchar and others.
Modern Ukrainian prose is the Ukrainian literature of recent decades, created by modern writers. [1] the scientific literature does not specify exactly from what point Ukrainian literature should be considered modern. However, the concept of "modern Ukrainian literature" is most often understood as a set of works of fiction – written from the time of Ukraine's independence in 1991 to the present. This distinction is due to the disappearance after 1991 of the generally binding style of socialist realism for artists of the USSR and the abolition of Soviet censorship. Fundamental changes in Ukrainian literature occurred during the years of Perestroika (1985) and especially after the Chernobyl disaster (1986). [2] Some researchers believe that modern Ukrainian literature begins in the 1970s after the generation of the Sixties. [3]
The Directorate, or Directory was a provisional collegiate revolutionary state committee of the Ukrainian People's Republic, initially formed on 13–14 November 1918 during a session of the Ukrainian National Union in rebellion against the Ukrainian State. During the Anti-Hetman Uprising it was named as the Executive Council of the State Affairs. Its authority was extended by the Labor Congress of Ukraine on 23–28 January 1919.
Merefa is a city in Kharkiv Raion, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine. Merefa hosts the administration of Merefa urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 21,202.
Kurin has two definitions: a military and administrative unit of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, Black Sea Cossack Host, and others; and of a type of housing.
The Ukrainian orthography is orthography for the Ukrainian language, a system of generally accepted rules that determine the ways of transmitting speech in writing.
Bilhorod Kyivskyi or Belgorod Kievsky was a legendary city-castle in Kievan Rus', on the right bank of the Irpin River, that was mentioned in chronicles.
The chronology of Ukrainian language suppression presents a list of administrative actions aimed at limiting the influence and importance of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine.
Hryhir Mykhaylovych Tiutiunnyk was a Ukrainian writer, brother of Hryhoriy Tiutiunnyk.
Volodymyr Potulnytskyi is a Ukrainian historian who specializes in European medieval history, Ukrainian political science, intellectual history, historiosophy and historiography of Eastern Europe.
Teodozia Zarivna is a Ukrainian writer, poet, playwright, journalist, theatre critic, and translator.
I am watching the sky and thinking a thought is a song with lyrics written by Ukrainian romantic poet Mykhailo Petrenko in 1841. It was set to music by Lyudmila Alexandrova. Vladislav Zaremba arranged this song for voice and piano. This song became one of the first two songs sung in space: this happened on August 12, 1962, on board the spacecraft "Vostok 3 and 4" when the first Ukrainian Soviet cosmonaut Pavlo Popovych from Ukraine, who had previously been fond of opera singing, performed it at the special request of Serhiy Korolyov, a prominent Soviet rocket engineer and designer of spacecraft from Ukraine, which sent the first satellite and the first people into space. 55 years after the first performance of Ukrainian song in space, on August 12, 2017, the introduction of this day of Ukrainian Song Day was initiated.
Hodovytsia is a village in Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. It belongs to Solilnyky rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.
Yaryzhka or Orthography of Slobozhanshchyna is the name of the Russian pre-revolutionary orthography used to write and print works in the Ukrainian language in the Russian Empire. Yaryzhka included all the letters that were part of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet of the pre-revolutionary period: ы, ъ, and so on.
Dokiya Humenna was a Ukrainian and Ukrainian American writer, one of the most prolific authors of the literary Ukrainian diaspora.
Arts of Ukraine is a collection of all works of art created during the entire history of Ukraine's development.
Manifesto to the Ukrainian people with ultimate demands to the Ukrainian Rada is an official document of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, prepared by Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Lenin, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Leon Trotsky, People's Commissar of Nationalities Joseph Stalin.
The Alphabet War, also called the Alphabet Blizzard, was a controversy in the 19th century among Galician Ukrainians. It concerned attempts to Latinize the Ukrainian alphabet.
Zhelekhivka was Ukrainian phonetic orthography in Western Ukraine from 1886 to 1922, created by Yevhen Zhelekhivskyi on the basis of the Civil Script and phonetic spelling common in the Ukrainian language at that time for his own "Little Russian-German Dictionary", which was published in full in 1886.
Kalenyk Vasyliovych Sheikovskyi was a Ukrainian linguist, ethnographer, publisher, teacher.
The Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council is a state-political act, universal of the Central Council of Ukraine, proclaiming the formation of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Accepted 20 November [O.S. 7 November] 1917 in November in Kyiv.
The Ukrainian orthography of 1928, also Kharkiv orthography is the Ukrainian orthography of the Ukrainian language, adopted in 1927 by voting at the All-Ukrainian spelling conference, which took place in the then capital of the Ukrainian SSR, in the city of Kharkiv, with the participation of representatives of Ukrainian lands, which were then part of different states.
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