Human trafficking in Costa Rica

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Costa Rica Map Costa Rica regions map.png
Costa Rica Map

Costa Rica ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol in September 2003. [1]

Contents

Costa Rica is a source, transit, and destination country for goods and products, a great location for trade in the seas. Costa Rica is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea making it a source of imports and exports. [2] Costa Rica is approximately 19,653 square miles of land, making it smaller than West Virginia. [3]

To a lesser but increasing extent, in 2018 Costa Rica was a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to conditions of forced labor, particularly in the agriculture, construction, fishing, and domestic service sectors. [4] The economy greatly depends on the exportation of bananas and coffee, making high demands of agriculture work. [5]

In 2010, young men from Nicaragua, Vietnam, China and other Asian countries were subjected to conditions of forced labor in Costa Rica. [6] By 2018 Costa Rican women and children were forced into commercial sexual exploitation due to high rates of poverty and violence. Women and girls from Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Colombia, and Panama were identified in as victims of forced prostitution. [4] Child sex tourism was a serious problem, particularly in the provinces of Guanacaste, Limón, Puntarenas, and San José. Child sex tourists arrived mostly from the United States and Europe. [4] Adults have been identified using trafficked women and children to transport and sell drugs. [7] Neighboring countries and cities were victims as well to forced labor many times trafficked to Costa Rica. [4]

In 2018 the Government of Costa Rica did not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it made significant efforts to do so. During the previous year, the Government of Costa Rica continued to raise public awareness about human trafficking and trained many government officials, investigated allegations, in addition to maintaining limited victim services. [7] However, the government’s law enforcement efforts lagged with respect to holding trafficking offenders accountable for their crimes and in adequately addressing domestic cases of human trafficking. [7] Recently insufficient funds were seen in distribution of government funded resources that help with trafficking. [7]

The U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 2" in 2017, 2018 and 2023; [8] [4] [9] a Tier 2 country does not meet the minimum standards required to ending trafficking, but is making efforts.

Background

Costa Rica is located in Central America. The capital of Costa Rica is San José. The population includes people of European, Spanish, African, Chinese, and Indigenous descent totaling in 4.9 million people. [10] The population includes four fifths of European descent while the other percentage is made up of the indigenous people Mestizos. Mestizos is a mix of European and Indian descent. [11] The languages include Spanish, Limonese, Bribrí, Cabécar, Maléku Jaíka, Boruca, and Térraba. The major religion is Roman Catholic. The other religions are Protestant, Jewish, and Mennonite. [10]

Costa Rica's economy runs on the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry. The important goods are sugar, coffee, bananas, pineapples, cut flowers, gourmet coffee, herbs, macadamia nuts, and palm oil. The fishing industry mostly includes tuna, shrimp, and tilapia. The agriculture is the most important natural resource for Costa Rica. One third of workers in Costa Rica are women. [10]

Costa Rica's government system includes a President, two Vice Presidents, and a unicameral Legislative Assembly. There are seven provinces in Costa Rica that are divided by districts. The governors are appointed by the President. In Costa Rica there is a single judge or a panel of judges. There are no juries and death penalty in Costa Rica. [10]

The age of consent is 15 years old. [12] In Costa Rica, prostitution is legal. Individuals have to be 18 years and older. [13] Prostitutes can be found in hotels, bars, clubs, and massage parlors. Sex workers have to provide proof that they are 18 or older. The government provides identification cards and free medical exams for sex workers. [14]

Slavery was abolished by the Federal Assembly of Guatemala in 1882. Slavery was abolished in Costa Rica on April 17, 1824. Black slaves were brought to Costa Rica with Spanish conquerors. Slaves would work on cacao and banana plantations. Slaves were used in the construction of the railroad. Women were concubines. Children who were born while their mothers were concubines were set free. Free slaves owned their own farms, worked on building railroads, worked for banana companies, cleared the forest, and migrated to other places. However, they were not considered citizens so they did not have legal rights to their farms. Their lands were taken by White Ticos (Costa Ricans). [15]

Types of Trafficking

Children, men, and women are victims of all types of trafficking. [4] Traffickers look for people who are vulnerable. The vulnerable population may be psychologically or emotionally vulnerable, there may be economic issues such as poverty, they may be unsupervised, they may be runaways, they may not speak the language, or they may fear the local law enforcement. These are factors that could lead someone to be in the presence of a trafficker. [16] Traffickers may use physical violence, psychological tactics, dehumanization, threats, manipulation, alcohol, drugs, false promises, or false job ads to seek out trafficker victims and to make them fear leaving. [17]

Profiling

Victims

Women and children are trafficked into Costa Rica for sex trafficking and forced labor. Most girls are trafficked from Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, and other Latin countries. Men and children are also vulnerable to forced labor, especially in agriculture and domestic areas of Costa Rica. [7]

Offender

In 2016, it was reported that 56% of those who were arrested in South America for trafficking were women while 44% were men. More women are being convicted in South America than men. [24]

Prevention

Costa Rica Legislative Assembly room Plenario de la Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica.JPG
Costa Rica Legislative Assembly room

The Costa Rican government is working to establish firm foundations and fund other organizations to aid in the elimination and prevention of human trafficking within the country. Starting in 2016, the government donated $1.15 million to create a headquarters for National Coalition against Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons (CONATT) which will aid in increasing awareness and also house a 24 hour emergency response team and as a short term shelter for victims. [25] While Rahab Foundation, a local organization, is working with police to help train them to recognize the signs of a trafficked victim and help get them out of harms way. [26] Many NGO's are working with the public and government officers to bring awareness through education. According to the Costa Rica Star, a local newspaper, in 2017 the government started providing more of the national budget to NGO's, who work to fight against trafficking. [27] After refreshing government policies, NGOs are responding to victims right away by providing food, shelter, and financial and psychological assistance. However, it has been reported that they do not respond on time nor do victims get the same amount of level of protection. [28]

Some other ways prevention is taking place is the government passing laws and other policies to discourage human trafficking acts. The government has passed Law against Trafficking and the 2013 Creation of the National Coalition against the Smuggling of Migrants and Trafficking in Persons to prosecute those who participate in the importing and exporting of persons into Costa Rica for any form of forced sexual work, labor slavery, and/or the trafficking of unlawful organs. [4] By making it illegal and prosecuting offenders, it will aid in discouraging human trafficking due to the fear of consequences. It is believed that Costa Rica can start fixing human trafficking by bringing awareness to it; even their Foreign Ministry officials believe it would be a source of "moral power" and bring about "long-term security" on the international trafficking level. [29] In 2017, the government decided to increase prevention efforts by generating a new action plan for the 2017-2022. It contains support to fund another international organization and to propose more anti-trafficking government related activities. [30]

Prosecution

The Government of Costa Rica sustained law enforcement efforts against human trafficking during the reporting period. Article 172 of the penal code, which was amended in April 2009, prescribes penalties of six to 10 years’ imprisonment for the movement of persons both across borders and within the country for the purposes of prostitution, sexual or labor servitude, slavery, forced work or services, servile marriage, forced begging, or other forms of compelled service. This statute also prohibits illegal adoption, which does not fall within the international definition of human trafficking. Sentences may be increased to eight to 16 years’ imprisonment under aggravated circumstances, such as the victimization of a child or a trafficker’s use of deception, violence, intimidation, or coercion. The penalties set forth in amended Article 172 are sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape. [31] Articles 376 and 377 of the penal code additionally prohibit child sex trafficking, prescribing penalties of two to four years’ imprisonment. Law 8754, passed in July 2009, authorized the use of expanded law enforcement and investigative measures, such as wiretapping and the use of anticipated testimonies, when undertaking human trafficking cases. [32]

Insufficient familiarity with the new legislation, however, hindered the enforcement of these laws, and the government continued to use other statutes to prosecute trafficking offenders involved in the commercial sexual exploitation of children. In 2017, it was reported that they opened 26 new cases and prosecuted 39 others dealing with those who trafficked others into the country. [33] The government operated a six-person smuggling and trafficking law enforcement unit, and worked closely with foreign governments in cases of transnational human trafficking. No government officials were prosecuted or convicted of trafficking-related corruption, although during the reporting period one government official was suspended and ultimately fired for his involvement in an alleged forced labor scheme involving Chinese youths; authorities were still investigating the case. [6] For the prostitution and sex tourism laws for visitors, the government claims to offer severe prosecution to those who enter the country advertising and/or encouraging trafficking and prostitution of persons and child. [34] To ensure the safety of child and protect them against human trafficking, the government has the prosecutor's office with a specialized Prosecution Unit against Trafficking in Persons while the judicial investigative police and Ministry of Labor and Social Security (MTSS) works to investigate cases of human trafficking against children. [35]

Protection

The Costa Rican government has continued to ensure trafficking victims received access to a basic level of victim assistance during the reporting period. The government provided some officials with training on how to treat trafficking victims; however, it has been reported that there has been no proactive efforts to search for trafficking victims among vulnerable populations, such as women or children in prostitution. Although there were no government-provided shelter services dedicated to human trafficking victims, the government referred some victims to basic care at short-term government shelters for women and children. The government often relied on NGO's and religious organizations to provide specialized care for trafficking victims, and there is no shelter nor protection for male victims. [36] Foreign victims were eligible for the same services as Costa Rican citizens. The government’s “immediate attention” protocol defined the steps for different government institutions to take to detect, identify, protect and provide integrated assistance to a victim, and the Immediate Action Team provided services to two potential trafficking victims during the reporting period. The government provided some limited legal and psychological assistance, though NGOs noted the need for greater government efforts to reintegrate victims into their communities. [25]

The government generally did not penalize victims for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being trafficked. Officials treated some adult migrants as illegal immigrants, however, and deported them without taking adequate measures to determine if they were trafficking victims, and the majority of trafficking victims reported by the government were foreign citizens. Foreign nationals were eligible for work permits or refugee status, and the government had provisions in place to issue a special visa to foreign trafficking victims, though no victims received any of the above during the reporting period. A new immigration law, effective March 2010, authorizes temporary residency status specifically for foreign trafficking victims. Costa Rican authorities encouraged victims to assist with the investigation and prosecution of trafficking offenders, and the government created an enhanced witness protection program last year for victims of crime, though it was not yet fully operational. [6] In 2017, the Institutional Protocol for the Care of Minors and Survivors of Trafficking in Persons was established to detect a crime. The National Coalition against Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons (CONATT) provides services for human trafficking survivors. These services include food, housing, financial, legal, and psychological. [4]

Anti-Trafficking Organizations

In 2016, the Costa Rican government joined the Blue Heart Campaign, which was created by the UNODC to aid governments, organizations, and both media and private outlets to reveal, prevent, and fight against human trafficking within countries. [37] Bring awareness and education to the public will aid in the identification and elimination of trafficking within the communities. The following year, 2017, for the 5th time, Costa Rica and Panama paired up together to hold a walk to and from each country that aims to educate and shed light on human trafficking and how citizens can recognize and prevent it within their countries, which is supported by both Costa Rican and Panamainan law enforcement. [38] Another organization working within Costa Rica for prevention of the trafficking of Persons is the Face of Justice Association, where they are training both police officers and politicians throughout the country to educate them on victims of trafficking and on how to recognize and eliminate it. Fundación Paniamor is an organization in Costa Rica that was declared a public interest by Costa Rican State by Decree in 1989 due to their strong efforts to provide opportunities for adolescents so they can avoid being trafficked and exploited. [39]

Some NGO's currently working within Costa Rica include: Alianza por tus Derecho is an active organization that is aiming to generate programs that promote and validate the human rights children have to eliminate the exploitation and abuse they endure during labor. [40] Some programs they offer include a psychological support system that entails individual therapy and family therapy to rehabilitate their mental health while fixing the social stigma among the family. [41] The government sustained strong prevention efforts during the reporting year, training officials and employing partnerships with NGOs, international organizations, and foreign governments to increase public awareness about human trafficking. The government, in partnership with UNICEF and other international organizations, continued the “Don’t Let Them Lie to You” anti-trafficking prevention campaign, which reached a projected fifty percent of the adult and adolescent population between October 2008 and June 2009. The government in 2018 has pledged $25,000 of its budget to go towards this program. [42]

Related Research Articles

In 2008, Taiwan was primarily a destination for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and sexual exploitation. It is also a source of women trafficked to Japan, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Women and girls from the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) and Southeast Asian countries were trafficked to Taiwan through fraudulent marriages, deceptive employment offers, and illegal smuggling for sexual exploitation and forced labor. Many trafficking victims were workers from rural areas of Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, employed through recruitment agencies and brokers to perform low skilled work in Taiwan’s construction, fishing, and manufacturing industries, or to work as domestic servants. Such workers were often charged high job placement and service fees, up to $14,000, resulting in substantial debt that labor brokers or employers use as a tool for involuntary servitude. Many foreign workers remained vulnerable to trafficking because legal protections, oversight by authorities and enforcement efforts were inadequate.

Uzbekistan ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol in August 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human trafficking in Venezuela</span>

In 2011 Venezuela was a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. Venezuela's political, economic, and social concerns contributed to the factors and types of human trafficking in the country. In particular, the severe poverty in Venezuela has increased the rate of human trafficking. Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked within the country for sexual exploitation, lured from poor regions in the nation's interior to urban and tourist areas. Victims are recruited through false job offers and subsequently forced into prostitution or conditions of labor exploitation. Child prostitution in urban areas and child sex tourism in resort destinations such as Margarita Island appear to be growing. Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation to Western Europe and Mexico, in addition to Caribbean destinations such as Trinidad and Tobago, Aruba, and the Dominican Republic. Men, women, and children from Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, and the People's Republic of China are trafficked to and through Venezuela and may be subjected to commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor.

In 2008 Vietnam was primarily a source country for women and children trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. Women and children were trafficked to the People’s Republic of China (P.R.C), Cambodia, Thailand, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Macau for sexual exploitation. Vietnamese women were trafficked to the P.R.C., Taiwan, and the Republic of Korea via fraudulent or misrepresented marriages for commercial exploitation or forced labor. Vietnam was also a source country for men and women who migrate willingly and legally for work in the construction, fishing, or manufacturing sectors in Malaysia, Taiwan, P.R.C., Thailand, and the Middle East but subsequently face conditions of forced labor or debt bondage. Vietnam was a destination country for Cambodian children trafficked to urban centers for forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. The country had an internal trafficking problem with women and children from rural areas trafficked to urban centers for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. Vietnam was increasingly a destination for child sex tourism, with perpetrators from Japan, the Republic of Korea, the P.R.C., Taiwan, the UK, Australia, Europe, and the U.S. In 2007, an Australian non-governmental organization (NGO) uncovered 80 cases of commercial sexual exploitation of children by foreign tourists in the Sa Pa tourist area of Vietnam alone.

Human trafficking in Israel includes the trafficking of men and women into the country for forced labor and sex slavery. The country has made serious efforts to reduce the problem in recent years and now ranks 90th out of 167 countries who provide data. Identification of victims, criminal justice work and efforts to co-ordinate with business and government agencies has been concerted in reducing this problem in the last decade.

Kazakhstan ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol in July 2008.

Germany is a European source, point of transit, organization and destination country for women, children, and men subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced prostitution and forced labor.

Afghanistan is one of the source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced labor and forced prostitution. Trafficking within Afghanistan is more prevalent than transnational trafficking, and the majority of victims are children. In 2005 the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) reported 150 child trafficking cases to other states. Afghan boys and girls are trafficked within the country and into Iran, Pakistan and India as well as Persian gulf Arab states, where they live as slaves and are forced to prostitution and forced labor in brick kilns, carpet-making factories, and domestic service. In some cases the boys and girls were used for organ trafficking. Forced begging is a growing problem in Afghanistan; Mafia groups organize professional begging rings. Afghan boys are subjected to forced prostitution and forced labor in the drug smuggling industry in Pakistan and Iran. Afghan women and girls are subjected to forced prostitution, arranged and forced marriages—including those in which husbands force their wives into prostitution—and involuntary domestic servitude in Pakistan and Iran, and possibly India. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) report that over the past year, increasing numbers of boys were trafficked internally. Some families knowingly sell their children for forced prostitution, including for bacha bazi - a practice combining sexual slavery and child prostitution, through which wealthy men use harems of young boys for social and sexual entertainment. Other families send their children with brokers to gain employment. Many of these children end up in forced labor, particularly in Pakistani carpet factories. NGOs indicate that families sometimes make cost-benefit analyses regarding how much debt they can incur based on their tradable family members.

Albania ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol in August 2002.

Angola ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol in September 2014.

Bangladesh is a source and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced labor and forced prostitution. A significant share of Bangladesh's trafficking victims are men recruited for work overseas with fraudulent employment offers who are subsequently exploited under conditions of forced labor or debt bondage. It also includes the trafficking of children – both boys and girls – within Bangladesh for commercial sexual exploitation, bonded labor, and forced labor. Some children are sold into bondage by their parents, while others are induced into labor or commercial sexual exploitation through fraud and physical coercion. Women and children from Bangladesh are also trafficked.

In 2009 Bosnia and Herzegovina was primarily a source for Bosnian women and girls who were subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced prostitution within the country, though it was also a destination and transit country for foreign women and girls in forced prostitution in Bosnia and Western Europe. There were four identified victims from Serbia in 2009. Most trafficked women entered the country through Serbia or Montenegro. There were reports that some girls, particularly Roma, were trafficked, using forced marriage, for the purpose of involuntary domestic servitude, and that Roma boys and girls were subjected to forced begging by organized groups. There was one case involving Bosnian males recruited for labor and subjected to coercive conditions in Azerbaijan in 2009. NGO's report that traffickers frequently use intermediaries to bring clients to private apartments, motels, and gas stations where victims are held.

Human trafficking in Nepal is a growing criminal industry affecting multiple other countries beyond Nepal, primarily across Asia and the Middle East. Nepal is mainly a source country for men, women and children subjected to the forced labor and sex trafficking. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 2" in 2017.

Nicaragua ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol in October 2004.

Croatia ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol in January 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human trafficking in the Dominican Republic</span>

Human trafficking in the Dominican Republic is the third largest international crime enterprise in the Caribbean, generating 9.5 billion U.S, dollars annually. The large population of undocumented or stateless persons of Haitian descent in the country is particularly vulnerable to trafficking. Women and children have been reportedly subjected to forced sex in the country and throughout the Caribbean, Europe, South America, and the United States. Women from other countries are also brought to the Dominican Republic for prostitution, and an unknown number may have subsequently become trafficking victims, even if they came voluntarily at first.

In 2009 El Salvador was a source, transit, and destination country for women and children who were subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced prostitution and forced labor. Most victims were Salvadoran women and girls from rural areas who were forced into commercial sexual exploitation in urban areas, though some adults and children were subjected to forced labor as agricultural workers and domestic workers. The majority of foreign victims were women and children from neighboring countries, such as Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic, who migrated to El Salvador in response to job offers, but were subsequently forced into prostitution or domestic servitude. Trafficking offenders used fraudulent documentation to facilitate the movement of foreign victims. Salvadorans have been subjected to forced prostitution in Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, the United States, Spain, and Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sex trafficking in Europe</span>

Sex trafficking is defined as the transportation of persons by means of coercion, deception and/or forced into exploitative and slavery-like conditions and is commonly associated with organized crime.

Sex trafficking in Myanmar is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and slavery that occurs in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Myanmar is primarily a source and transit country for sexually trafficked persons.

Sex trafficking in Japan is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and slavery that occurs in the country. Japan is a country of origin, destination, and transit for sexually trafficked persons.

References

  1. ↑ United Nations Treaty Collection website, Chapter XVIII Penal Matters section, Section 12a, retrieved August 19, 2024
  2. ↑ "Costa Rica History". CostaRica.org. 24 May 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  3. ↑ "About Costa Rica". essential Costa Rica. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Trafficking in Persons Report 2018". www.state.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
  5. ↑ "Costa Rica history". costarica.org. 24 May 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  6. 1 2 3 "Costa Rica". Trafficking in Persons Report 2010. U.S. Department of State (June 14, 2010). PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Trafficking in Persons Report 2018 – Costa Rica – Tier 2 Watch List | U.S. Embassy in Costa Rica". U.S. Embassy in Costa Rica. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
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  9. ↑ US Government website, Trafficking in Persons Report 2023
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  13. ↑ "LightForce International | FAQ" . Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  14. ↑ Parker, Jenn (20 March 2018). "Revealing Costa Rica's Legal Sex Industry". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  15. ↑ "Costa Rica abolishes Slavery". African American Registry. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
  16. 1 2 "What Is Human Trafficking?". Department of Homeland Security. 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
  17. ↑ "Psychological Tactics Used by Human Traffickers". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  18. 1 2 McGrath, Siobhán. "Unfree labor, Capitalism, and contemporary forms of slavery" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-31.
  19. ↑ "Domestic Servitude | Enslavement of Live-in Help - End Slavery Now". endslaverynow.org. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  20. ↑ "Forced Labor | Modern Day Slavery - End Slavery Now". endslaverynow.org. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
  21. ↑ "Organ Trafficking". www.unodc.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  22. ↑ "Sex Tourism | Travelers' Health | CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
  23. ↑ "Sex Trafficking | Human Trafficking for Sex - End Slavery Now". endslaverynow.org. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
  24. ↑ Fedotov, Yury (2018). "Global Report on Trafficking Persons 2018" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
  25. 1 2 Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report - Costa Rica". Refworld. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  26. ↑ "Sex tourism a driver for human trafficking in Costa Rica, says foundation". The Tico Times Costa Rica. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
  27. ↑ "US State Dept Notes Costa Rica's Success in Curbing Human Trafficking". Costa Rica Star News. 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  28. ↑ "Trafficking in Persons Report 2017 – Costa Rica – Tier 2 Watch List | U.S. Embassy in Costa Rica". U.S. Embassy in Costa Rica. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  29. ↑ Brysk, Alison (2009). Global good Samaritans : human rights as foreign policy. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780199700691. OCLC   317495489.
  30. ↑ "Costa Rica". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
  31. ↑ Staff, Global Legal Research Directorate (April 2010). "Crimes Against Humanity Statutes and Criminal Code Provisions". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-10.
  32. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | 2011 Trafficking in Persons Report - Costa Rica". Refworld. Retrieved 2019-04-10.
  33. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report - Costa Rica". Refworld. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  34. ↑ "Costa Rica International Travel Information". travel.state.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  35. ↑ "Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Costa Rica". United States Department of Labor. 2016-09-30. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  36. ↑ "Costa Rica". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  37. ↑ "Costa Rica joins the Blue Heart Campaign". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  38. ↑ "Panama and Costa Rica walk together against human trafficking | Mesoamerica Program". programamesoamerica.iom.int. 4 September 2017. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  39. ↑ "Paniamor - Quiénes somos". www.paniamor.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  40. ↑ "Mision and vision | Alianza por tus Derechos". en.alianzaportusderechos.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
  41. ↑ "Psychological support | Alianza por tus Derechos". en.alianzaportusderechos.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
  42. ↑ "Country Narratives -- Countries A Through C". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
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