Humanitarian impact of the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)

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The humanitarian crisis following the 2023 Sudan conflict was further exacerbated by the violence occurring during a period of high temperatures, drought and the conflict starting during the latter part of the fasting month of Ramadan. Most residents were unable to venture outside of their homes to obtain food and supplies for fear of getting caught in the crossfire. A doctors' group said that hospitals remained understaffed and were running low on supplies as wounded people streamed in. [1] The World Health Organization recorded around 26 attacks on healthcare facilities, some of which resulted in casualties among medical workers and civilians. [2] The Sudanese Doctors' Union said more than two-thirds of hospitals in conflict areas were out of service with 32 forcibly evacuated by soldiers or caught in the crossfire. [3] The United Nations reported that shortages of basic goods, such as food, water, medicines and fuel have become "extremely acute". [4] The delivery of badly-needed remittances from overseas migrant workers was also halted after Western Union announced it was closing all operations in Sudan until further notice. [5]

Contents

The World Food Programme (WFP) said that more than $13 million worth of food aid destined for Sudan had been looted since the fighting broke out. [6] An estimated 25 million people, equivalent to more than half of Sudan’s population, were said to be in need of aid. [7] In February 2024, the WFP struggles to provide aid, and there are already reports of people dying from starvation. [8] It is estimated that about 7.2 million people have fled their homes inside and outside the country. [9] On 15 April, donors pledged more than 2 billion euros for aid in Sudan. [10]

On 1 August 2024, the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Famine Review Committee (FRC) concluded that famine conditions are prevalent in parts of North Darfur, including the Zamzam camp south of El Fasher. [11] Later that month, Médecins Sans Frontières said that "international humanitarian organizations and donors" had failed to address "the country’s escalating medical needs, from catastrophic child malnutrition to widespread disease outbreaks." [12]

Situation

Khartoum

The fighting in Khartoum left some of its five million residents stranded in their homes without electricity or water for days. On 17 April, the Sudan Medical Association said that bombs struck al-Shaab Hospital and al-Khartoum Hospital, forcing both hospitals to stop the services of their emergency departments. [13] The Sudan Doctors' Union said that 52 hospitals went out of service in the capital and adjacent areas, equating to about 70% of hospitals in the region. Nine hospitals were bombed, and 19 were subject to forced evacuation, while five ambulances had been attacked by military forces. [14] The union later told the BBC that only five hospitals were functioning in Khartoum, all of which were facing exhausted staff and major shortages of oxygen and life-saving drugs. Other hospitals were taken over by the warring parties either to shelter their fighters or for other military purposes. [15] The Sudanese government accused the RSF of seizing 12 hospitals [16] while civilian resistance committees said 22 hospitals in Khartoum were taken over by the RSF. [17] At least five ambulance crews were attacked while on duty. [18] The association described the attacks as a clear violation of international humanitarian law and called on the international community to help. [19] The World Health Organization (WHO) said that the warring sides seized ambulances. [20] The vice president of the Sudan Doctors' Trade Union told Al Jazeera that doctors and other healthcare personnel were finding it very difficult to reach hospitals because the major bridges on the Nile were blockaded. [21]

Residents were asked to limit their electricity usage as the state's distribution authority said the servers that manage online purchases of power were out of service and engineers could not reach them because it was too dangerous. [22] Two water plants were reportedly damaged in the fighting, [23] forcing residents to collect water directly from the Nile River instead. [24] A grassroots movement using the hashtag #NoToWar offered people food, medication and information about safety routes to escape the city. [25]

The Sudan Animal Rescue Centre, whose sanctuary is located southeast of the capital near a military base that saw heavy fighting, warned that the situation at its facility was "critical", with no permanent staff to take care of its 25 lions and other animals, shortages of food and no electricity to power electric barriers for its enclosures. [26]

On 19 April, the RSF announced that it had set up a call center in areas it controlled in Khartoum to receive distress calls from residents. [27]

On 28 April, Volker Türk, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights accused the RSF of evicting people from their residences during the fighting in Khartoum. [28]

Archaeologists, artists, museum workers and heritage advocates also raised concern over the status of the National Museum of Sudan, which was the scene of heavy fighting between the SAF and the RSF and was taken over by the RSF on 2 June. Archaeologists monitoring the site noted fire damage on the building during the fighting. [29] Other cultural institutions such as the Natural History Museum of Sudan, the Mohamed Omer Bashir Center for Sudanese Studies at Omdurman Ahlia University, the Abdallah Khalil museum were also destroyed or looted during the conflict. [30] [31]

The RSF was also accused of harassing pro-democracy artists during the conflict. [32]

Darfur

The governor of North Darfur called the humanitarian situation in the region dire. [33] The Project Coordinator for Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in the state's capital El-Fasher said that the only remaining hospital in North Darfur was "rapidly running out of medical supplies to treat survivors" while other hospitals have had to close due to their proximity to the fighting or the inability of staff to get to the facilities because of the violence. [34] MSF said that its compound in Nyala, South Darfur, had been raided by armed men who "stole everything including vehicles and office equipment". [35]

Save the Children said that the charity's compound in Darfur was looted by armed men, saying staff were not hurt but medical supplies were taken, as well as food and laptops. [36] Islamic Relief's office in Central Darfur was looted by armed men, and cars were stolen. [37] The World Food Programme reported the deaths of three of its employees and the looting of its facilities and vehicles during clashes at Kabkabiya, North Darfur. [38] United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator Martin Griffiths said that they were "receiving reports of attacks and sexual violence against aid workers", adding that the UN aid office in South Darfur was looted on 17 April. [39] A car carrying employees of the Norwegian Refugee Council was attacked in El-Fasher on 20 April but there were no injuries. [40] A hospital supported by MSF in Geneina was looted during fighting on 26–28 April. [41] On 3 May, Griffiths said that six trucks belonging to the World Food Programme were looted in Darfur. [42] In June, the Sudanese Health Ministry said all hospitals in West Darfur had been closed due to the fighting. [43]

Effects on relief organizations

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies said it is nearly impossible to provide humanitarian services around Khartoum, and warned that Sudan's health system is at risk of collapse. [44] The World Food Programme (WFP) confirmed that one of its aircraft had been damaged at Khartoum International Airport during an exchange of gunfire on 15 April, which it says impacted its ability to move staff and provide assistance to people across the country. [38]

An internal UN document seen by CNN stated that armed personnel, reportedly from the RSF, stormed the homes of people working for the UN and other international organizations in downtown Khartoum, sexually assaulting women and stealing belongings including cars. One incident of rape was reported. Two Nigerian men working for an international organization were abducted and later released; a building housing the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs was targeted; and a rocket-propelled grenade hit the home of a local UN staff member in Khartoum. The RSF denied the claims, blaming the Sudanese military for committing the crimes while wearing RSF uniforms. In turn, the SAF denied involvement and blamed the RSF. [35] The United Nations said that the fighting had "totally shut down" its work in Sudan and affected one-third of the country's population. [45]

Due to attacks against their staff and facilities, Save the Children, WFP, Islamic Relief and the Danish Refugee Council suspended their operations in Sudan. [38] [46] [35] [40] Fifty-seven Sudanese aid workers and 20 Indian workers were relocated from Sudan to Chad. [47]

On 30 April, the Red Cross sent its first aid delivery to Sudan by air since the conflict began, ferrying eight tonnes of humanitarian cargo from Amman, Jordan to Port Sudan. [48] The World Food Programme resumed operations on 1 May. [49]

Disease

Medecins Sans Frontieres said that measles outbreaks had broken out in refugee camps, with at least 13 deaths recorded. [50] Aid groups later reported measles outbreaks in 11 of Sudan's 18 states. [51] In August 2024 cholera was declared an epidemic in the country and as of 8 September 2024, there were 5,692 cases of cholera including 185 deaths. [52]

It has been reported that thousands of decomposing corpses on the streets of Khartoum may lead to an epidemic. [53]

Refugees

The United Nations said in December that the fighting in Sudan had produced more than 1.5 million refugees, while more than five million had been internally displaced. [54] It also said that all of Sudan's 18 states experienced displacement, with most refugees coming from Khartoum, which accounted for about 69 percent of the total number of displaced people, [55] followed by West Darfur with more than 17 percent. [56] The UN projected that the total number of refugees fleeing Sudan could reach 1.8 million people. [57]

Related Research Articles

The Janjaweed are an Arab nomad militia group from the Sahel region that operates in Sudan, particularly in Darfur and eastern Chad. They have also been speculated to be active in Yemen. According to the United Nations definition, Janjaweed membership consists of Arab nomad tribes from the Sahel, the core of whom are Abbala Arabs, traditionally employed in camel herding, with significant recruitment from the Baggara.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War in Darfur</span> Genocidal conflict in Southwestern Sudan

The War in Darfur, also nicknamed the Land Cruiser War, was a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting against the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president, Omar al-Bashir, for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rapid Support Forces</span> Sudanese paramilitary force formed in 2013

The Rapid Support Forces is a paramilitary force formerly operated by the Government of Sudan. The RSF grew out of, and is primarily composed of, the Janjaweed militias which previously fought on behalf of the Sudanese government. Its actions in Darfur qualify as crimes against humanity in the opinion of Human Rights Watch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hemedti</span> Sudanese military officer, former warlord and Janjaweed mercenary

Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, generally referred to mononymously as Hemedti, is a Sudanese military officer and the current head of the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF). A Janjaweed leader from the Rizeigat tribe in Darfur, he was the Deputy head of the Transitional Military Council (TMC) following the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état. Since 2013, Hemetti has commanded the RSF. He was considered by The Economist to be the most powerful person in Sudan as of early July 2019.

The following lists events during 2023 in the Republic of the Sudan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudanese civil war (2023–present)</span> Ongoing civil war in Sudan since 2023

A civil war between two major rival factions of the military government of Sudan, the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) under Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and its allies under the Janjaweed leader Hemedti, began during Ramadan on 15 April 2023. Three minor (neutral) factions have participated in the fighting: Darfur Joint Protection Force, SLM (al-Nur) under Abdul Wahid al-Nur, and SPLM-N under Abdelaziz al-Hilu. Fighting has been concentrated around the capital city of Khartoum and the Darfur region. As of 8 September 2024, at least 20,000 people had been killed and 33,000 others were injured. As of 5 July 2024, over 7.7 million were internally displaced and more than 2.1 million others had fled the country as refugees, and many civilians in Darfur have been reported dead as part of the Masalit massacres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Khartoum (2023–present)</span> Ongoing major battle of the Sudanese civil war

The battle of Khartoum is an ongoing major battle for control of Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan, with fighting in and around the city between the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), and the Sudanese Armed Forces. The battle began on 15 April 2023, after the RSF captured Khartoum International Airport, several military bases, and the presidential palace, starting an escalating series of clashes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudanese refugee crisis (2023–present)</span> Ongoing refugee crisis caused by the Sudanese civil war

An ongoing refugee crisis began in Africa in mid-April 2023 after the outbreak of the Sudanese civil war. By June 2024, around 2.1 million people have fled the country, while around 12 million have been internally displaced within Sudan; these numbers include at least 75,000 migrant returnees and other third-country nationals, making the refugee and displacement crisis in Sudan the largest in African history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Geneina</span> Major battles and massacres of the Darfur campaign of the Sudanese civil war

The Geneina massacre, also the Battle of Geneina, was a series of major battles for control of Geneina, the capital of West Darfur in Sudan, between the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and allied militias against Masalit self-defense militias and the Sudanese Alliance. The battles primarily lasted between April 24 and June 14, 2023, with major attacks and massacres by the RSF and allied militias on Masalit civilians in the city. After the killing of West Darfur governor Khamis Abakar on June 14, thousands of Masalit civilians were slaughtered in the city between June 14 and June 22 by the RSF and allied militias.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darfur campaign</span> Ongoing military offensive in Sudan

The Darfur campaign or Darfur offensive is a theatre of operation in the war in Sudan that affects five states in Darfur: South Darfur, East Darfur, North Darfur, Central Darfur and West Darfur. The offensive mainly started on 15 April 2023 in West Darfur where the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) forces captured Geneina, the conflict came after several days of high tensions between the forces and the government.

The following is a timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023–present) in 2023.

The Battle of Nyala was a battle for control of Nyala, the capital of South Darfur in Sudan, between the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), and the Sudanese Armed Forces during the ongoing Darfur campaign. The first battle occurred between 15 and 20 April 2023, during which hundreds were reported dead. A civilian-brokered ceasefire paused the fighting by April 20. Sporadic clashes broke out between May and July. In August 2023, the RSF launched an offensive on the city. The SAF launched air campaigns against the RSF in Nyala, with many civilian casualties in Taiba and El Matar. In late September, the RSF besieged the headquarters the SAF's 16th Infantry Division headquarters, capturing it on October 26.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of El Fasher</span> 2024 military engagement during the third Sudanese civil war

The siege of El Fasher is an ongoing battle for control of the town of El Fasher in North Darfur during the Sudan conflict. The first battle for the city took place between 15 and 20 April 2023, and resulted in a ceasefire that held until 12 May. Clashes broke out again between 12 and 29 May, and ended with a more stable ceasefire that lasted until August. By September, the city had become a haven for refugees across the region, without enough food and water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Jeddah (2023)</span> 2023 two-week long treaty for peace in Sudan

The Treaty of Jeddah or Jeddah Declaration is an international agreement that was made to make peace in Sudan. The Treaty of Jeddah, which was signed by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan and representatives of both warring sides on 20 May 2023, entered into force 48 hours later on 22 May 2023. The agreement was intended to facilitate a week-long ceasefire and the distribution of humanitarian aid within the country. The agreement expired suddenly after a surge of clashes on 23 May 2023, a day after the agreement came into effect. With the actual date of expiry being 27 May 2023, the nations agreed on an extension for five days but was shortened due to the agreement's ineffectiveness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of El Obeid</span> Siege in the 2023 Sudan conflict

The siege of El Obeid was a siege in El-Obeid, North Kordofan, Sudan, during the 2023 Sudan conflict. The battle began on April 15, and saw the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) capture the El Obeid airport from the Sudanese Army contingent in the city. Throughout April and May, the Sudanese Army repelled several RSF assaults on the city, although by May 30, the RSF fully surrounded the city and laid siege to it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)</span>

The civil war in Sudan, which started on 15 April 2023, has seen widespread war crimes committed by both the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), with the RSF being singled out by the Human Rights Watch, and the United Kingdom and United States governments for committing ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.

The following lists events during 2024 in the Republic of the Sudan.

The following is a timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023–present) in 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wad An Nora massacre</span> 2024 massacre of villagers by the Rapid Support Forces

The Wad Al-Noora massacre started at around 05:00 (GMT+2) on 5 June 2024, when the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) attacked the village of Wad Al-Noora in Al-Jazira state twice, killing at least 100 civilians. The massacre followed after the RSF sieged and opened fire on the village.

Throughout 2024, the population of Sudan suffered from severe malnutrition and human-made famine conditions as a result of the Sudanese civil war beginning in 2023, primarily in Darfur, Kordofan, and neighboring refugee-taking nations such as Chad. Famine conditions were caused in part by deliberate attempts by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) to siege and loot cities with civilians trapped in them and by both sides blocking off supply routes to allow food and humanitarian aid to flow through. On 1 August, the Global Famine Review Committee released a report officially declaring that there was a high risk of IPC Phase 5 famine conditions ongoing throughout internally displaced persons (IDP) camps in Darfur near Al-Fashir. Over 900 deaths have been caused by the famine and over 9 million people have been displaced as a result of the famine and war.

References

  1. ↑ Dahir, Abdi Latif (17 April 2023). "As New Wave of Violence Hits Sudan's Capital, Civilians Feel the Strain". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  2. ↑ "Sudan crisis: Civilians facing 'catastrophe' as 100,000 flee fighting - UN". BBC . 2 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  3. ↑ "More than 60% of hospitals out of service". Aljazeera . 22 April 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  4. ↑ Uras, Umut (25 April 2023). "Supply shortages becoming 'extremely acute' – UN". Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  5. ↑ "Sudan residents face cash shortage as sources dry up". Al Jazeera . 28 April 2023.
  6. ↑ "President Biden authorises sanctions against Sudan". BBC . 4 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  7. ↑ "As Sudan war rages, rival sides accused of looting, diverting aid". Al Jazeera . 16 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  8. ↑ "Sudan civil war: UN receiving reports of starvation deaths". BBC News. 2024-02-02. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  9. ↑ "Crisis in Sudan: What is happening and how to help". www.rescue.org. 2024-03-25. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  10. ↑ "CDonors raise more than 2 billion euros for Sudan aid a year into war". Reuters. 2024-04-15. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
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  12. ↑ "Sudan war: 500 days of a failing humanitarian response as medical needs soar | Doctors Without Borders - USA". www.doctorswithoutborders.org. August 27, 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
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  14. ↑ Picheta, Rob; Salem, Mostafa; Akbarza, Sahar (20 April 2023). "People scramble to leave Sudan's capital after attempted ceasefires fail to stop violence". CNN . Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  15. ↑ "Only five out of 59 hospitals open in Khartoum – doctor". BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  16. ↑ "Sudan's RSF 'occupying 12 hospitals' – ministry". BBC News . Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  17. ↑ "Sudan residents describe raids, evictions by RSF soldiers". Aljazeera . Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  18. ↑ "Sudan fighting: Khartoum violence mapped as civilians flee city". BBC News . Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  19. ↑ "Sudan crisis: 'I thought we'd die' – hospital patients cry for help". BBC News . 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  20. ↑ "Warring sides seized ambulances: WHO". Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  21. ↑ "Doctors sound alarm over health crisis". Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  22. ↑ "Power cuts and looting impact daily life across Khartoum". Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  23. ↑ "Red Cross cautions against Sudan evacuation". BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  24. ↑ "Desperate Khartoum residents go to the Nile for water". BBC News . Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  25. ↑ "Sudan fighting: The unsung heroes keeping Khartoum residents alive". BBC News . 21 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  26. ↑ "Lion reserve warns it is running low on food, fighting nearby". Aljazeera . 21 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  27. ↑ "Sudan's RSF set up 'humanitarian' call centre". BBC News . 20 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  28. ↑ "UN accuses RSF of removing people from their homes". Aljazeera . 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  29. ↑ "How conflict is jeopardizing Sudan's museums and cultural heritage". Arab News . 6 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  30. ↑ "Sudan's cultural treasures destroyed in conflict". DW News . 15 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  31. ↑ "Sudan's National Museum Reportedly Raided by Paramilitary". Hyperallergic . 6 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  32. ↑ "Sudan conflict: pro-democracy artists under attack and museums at risk of looting, sources say". The Art Newspaper . 27 April 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  33. ↑ السودان.. اشتباكات عنيفة بين الجيش وقوات الدعم السريع (لحظة بلحظة). Al Jazeera (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  34. ↑ "Students trapped, hospitals shelled and diplomats assaulted as Sudan fighting intensifies". CNN. 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  35. 1 2 3 "Fierce battles for army headquarters and airport are underway in Sudan". CNN . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  36. ↑ "Medical supplies have been looted – Save the Children". BBC News. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  37. ↑ "Islamic Relief unable to provide aid, offices looted, staff told to hibernate". Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  38. 1 2 3 "WFP temporarily halts operations in Sudan". BBC . 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  39. ↑ "UN: Reports of attacks, sexual violence against aid workers". Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  40. 1 2 "Sudan fighting forces aid groups to halt, spreading suffering". Al Jazeera . Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  41. ↑ "Situation in el-Geneina, capital of West Darfur, is dire". Al Jazeera . Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  42. ↑ "Sudan updates: UN admits failure to avert war as aid looted". DW . 4 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  43. ↑ "More than 3,000 people killed, 6,000 injured in Sudan conflict". The Jerusalem Post. 17 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  44. ↑ "'Almost impossible' to provide aid in Sudanese capital: IFRC". Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  45. ↑ "UN humanitarian program in 'total shutdown'". Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  46. ↑ "Armed groups loot medical supplies from Save the Children: Organisation". Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  47. ↑ "Sudanese and foreign aid workers arrive in Chad from Sudan". Al Jazeera . Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  48. ↑ "First Red Cross aid flight lands in Sudan as fighting rages". France 24 . Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  49. ↑ "World Food Programme resumes operations in Sudan". Al Jazeera . Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  50. ↑ "Fighting Shakes Khartoum As Displaced Battle Disease". Barron's. AFP. 2 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  51. ↑ "Sudan fighting sparks communications blackout in Khartoum, disease outbreaks". France 24. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  52. ↑ Topchi, Ali. "Sudan's cholera and flood death toll reaches 390 — official data". Sudan's cholera and flood death toll reaches 390 — official data. Retrieved 2024-09-11. This brings the total number of cholera cases in the seven affected states to 5,692, including 185 deaths. On August 12, the authorities declared cholera an epidemic in the country.
  53. ↑ Barber, Harriet (2023-08-08). "Thousands of decomposing corpses on Khartoum's streets lead to outbreak fears". The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  54. ↑ "War in Sudan: more than 7 million displaced - UN". Africanews. 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  55. ↑ "Sudan conflict displaces more than 5 million people: OCHA". Sudan Tribune. 7 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  56. ↑ "Sudan's raging war forces more than two million from their homes". Al Jazeera . 14 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  57. ↑ "7 million people internally displaced in Sudan: IOM". Sudan Tribune. 5 September 2023.
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