Masalit genocide

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Masalit genocide
Part of war crimes during the Sudanese civil war
Map of Darfur 2011.png
Darfur highlighted in Sudan
Location 13°27′N22°27′E / 13.450°N 22.450°E / 13.450; 22.450
Darfur, Sudan
Date24 April 2023 – present
Target Masalit people, Fur people, Zaghawa people, Berti people
Attack type
 Genocide, [1] [2] [3] mass killings, massacress, ethnic cleansing
DeathsAt least 17,000–145,000 [4] [ better source needed ]
PerpetratorFlag of the Rapid Support Forces (Sudan).png Rapid Support Forces (denied by RSF)
Motive Anti-Black racism, Arabization [5]

The Masalit genocide is a series of ongoing persecutions and mass killings of the Masalit people in Darfur carried out by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and its allies during the Sudanese civil war. The genocide has been recognized by Genocide Watch, [6] the government of the United States, American academic Eric Reeves, [7] Governor of West Darfur Khamis Abakar, [8] [9] and The Economist . [10]

Contents

The genocide started in 2023 when the RSF began committing organized massacres of Masalit civilians in Darfur days after the beginning of the civil war in Sudan. It has encompassed the Ardamata massacre, Misterei massacre, and Battle of Geneina, all of which targeted Masalit civilians in the area of Geneina in West Darfur, [11] [12] as well as the ongoing El Fasher massacre, which is targeting the Zaghawa people in North Darfur.

Background

This section is an excerpt from War in Darfur § Beginning.[ edit ]
The Janjaweed have been a major player in the conflict. Darfur report - Page 4 Image 2.jpg
The Janjaweed have been a major player in the conflict.
Given that the army was consistently losing, the war effort switched to emphasize three elements: military intelligence, the air force and the Janjaweed. The latter were armed Baggara herders whom the government had used to suppress a Masalit uprising from 1986 to 1999. The Janjaweed became the center of the new counter-insurgency strategy. Though the government consistently denied supporting them, military resources were poured into Darfur and the Janjaweed were outfitted as a paramilitary force, complete with communication equipment and some artillery. The military planners were aware of the probable consequences of such a strategy: similar methods undertaken in the Nuba Mountains and around the southern oil fields during the 1990s had resulted in massive human rights violations and forced displacements. [13]

In December 2020, Sudan started to deploy troops to South Darfur "in large numbers", following recent tribal violence between the Masalit and Fula. [14] On 16 January fighting between Masalit people and Arab nomads in Al Geneina District, West Darfur, left 84 dead and 160 wounded. This was two weeks after the United Nations withdrew its peacekeepers from the region. [15] Based on a statement from the Darfur Bar Association, the incident began when a member of an Arab tribe was stabbed by another member of the Masalit tribe. [16] Following the unrest, a high profile delegation authorized by Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok was sent to the region in order to assess the situation. [17]

On 17 January, a curfew was put in place by the Sudanese authorities, including a state of emergency in West Darfur region. [18]

The United Nations has urged the Sudanese government to see to the de-escalation of the violence in West Darfur and safeguard civilian lives. [19]

On 12 April, following several days of violence in West Darfur that led to the deaths of at least 144 people, chairman of the ruling Transitional Sovereignty Council, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, along with high-ranking security and military officials, visited Geneina, capital of West Darfur, where they held separate talks with the Arab Rizeigat and the non-Arab Masalit tribes. [20] [21] After the visit, the Dar Masalit Displaced People expressed their refusal to accept the result of the mediation headed by al-Burhan. They blamed the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces for the unrest in the region. [22] [23]

Massacres

Following the Battle of Geneina in 2023, more than a thousand bodies were left in mass graves in the town of El Geneina. [24]

In January 2024, it was revealed that a report to the UN Security Council estimated that 10,000–15,000 people were killed in El Geneina. [4]

According to accounts by survivors, massacres were coordinated, specifically targeting Masalit and other dark-skinned inhabitants of Darfur, as opposed to the Sudanese Arab population. The Rapid Support Forces denied involvement, characterizing the situation as a tribal conflict, while Arab tribal leaders denied being involved in ethnic cleansing and held the Masalit responsible for starting the conflict. [24]

Geneina massacre

This section is an excerpt from Battle of Geneina § Allegations of genocide during the El Geneina massacre.[ edit ]

On 13 July 2023, a UN investigation discovered a mass grave of 87 individuals, all Masalit civilians, near Geneina. [25] The civilians were killed by the Rapid Support Forces between 13 and 21 June. [26] Many of the dead were from al-Madariss and al-Jamarik neighborhoods. [26] Volker Türk, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, deplored the killings and stated that the UN was not allowed access to the site until July. [26]

During an attack on 19 June 2023, emir Badawi Masri Balhredin, cousin of the Dar Masalit sultan, was killed by the RSF. [27] Several other prominent people were killed in attacks on 19 and 20 June, including Sadig Haroun, the Commissioner of Humanitarian Aid in the city, and several mayors and imams. [28] The Darfur Bar Association reported the next day that the refugee camps of Kreinik and Sirba were under siege by the RSF. All makeshift shelters and refugee camps had been burned down by 20 June. [28] Numerous villages, neighborhoods, and cultural sites in and around Geneina were destroyed, including the city's Grand Market and the palace of the Masalit Sultanate. [28]

On 22 June, the Dar Masalit Sultanate also released a statement claiming more than 5,000 civilians had been killed between 24 April and 24 June, the majority of whom were non-Arabs. [29] The Sultanate called the situation a "genocide", and footage emerged of corpses being used as barricades, and the bodies of men, women, and children strewn across the streets. [29] Refugees from West Darfur speaking to Al Jazeera in late June corroborated these claims, adding that similar situations unfolded in the West Darfur towns of Misteri, Konga Haraza, and Tendelti between April and June. [30] The RSF also attacked civilians in June on the road between Geneina and the Sudanese-Chadian border. [30] Many of these killings were at RSF checkpoints, where a pregnant woman was killed by militiamen for not having enough money for passage. [31] A Geneina refugee stated that "the road along El Geneina and Adré has a lot of bodies, nobody can count them". [32] Another source claimed over 350 people were killed on the road alone. [33]

While Masalit people were often the target of Arab militiamen, refugees claimed the militiamen shot at anyone black. [32] Prominent civil society members, including lawyers, humanitarian officials, and more, were targeted by militias and the RSF after and during the fall of the city. [34] [35] The Darfur Bar Association called the ethnic cleansing "a full-scale genocide". [34] The United Nations released a statement on 24 June deploring "wanton killings", but did not mention perpetrators. [36] An officer at the UNHCR office in Adre stated that the RSF intentionally killed men and boys to "[eliminate] future fighters as well as the line of ancestry of a specific ethnic group." [37]

Misterei massacre

This section is an excerpt from Misterei massacre § Massacre.[ edit ]

Prior to the Misterei attack, a group of 300 RSF fighters and allied tribes surrounded the town on the night of May 27, with the exceptions of the south and west, where the fighters entered the town. [38] The fighters came from the Awlad Rashid, Misseriya, and Awlad Janoob tribes, led by Mohamed Zain Taj Eldien and Hamid Yousef Mustafa. [39] Some of the assailants came from the Mima and Bargo ethnic groups. [39] The attackers arrived in twelve Land Cruisers, eight of which were RSF-owned, four of which were private. [39] Other fighters rode on around 150 horses and 140 motorcycles. Around 90 Sudanese Alliance militants, a signatory of the Juba Agreement, intervened in the town, led by Cpt. Elteybe Abdulla Ahmed. [39] Residents were fearful following the surrounding of the town, but there was "no way out". [38]

The first clashes began at Shorrong mountain right after sunrise, when Janjaweed launched an offensive from the west. Later offensives came from the north and south. [40] The Janjaweed came in waves, according to a veteran of the attacks, and many of the self-defense groups were spread out across and around the town in groups of 7 to 15. [40] The Masalit self-defense groups quickly fell to the Janjaweed. [40] Battles between the Sudanese Alliance and the Janjaweed lasted for three and a half hours, during which civilians stated the Arab fighters went house to house, killing darker-skinned Masalit and shouting "Kill the slave, kill the slave!" [39] [40]

Wounded civilians were brought to the Atik mosque, although Janjaweed stormed the place and shot at the wounded and those attending to them. [38] [40] After killing several people, Arab fighters cheered "We killed the zorga! (a slur for black people)." [40] The Janjaweed also looted houses, farms, and shops, before burning down many neighborhoods. [40] The Misterei market was completely looted and torched. [39] Satellite imagery taken on June 3 showed the entire town burnt down. [40]

Ardamata massacre

This section is an excerpt from Ardamata massacre.[ edit ]
On 8 November 2023, the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and Janjaweed [41] massacred between 800 [42] [43] and 2,000 [44] [45] in Ardamata, Geneina, West Darfur, Sudan – although estimates vary. [46] [47] The attack came after the Sudanese Armed Forces's 15th Infantry Division camp retreated to Chad between during 6-8 November. [48] About 20,000 fled to Chad following the violence. [45] Reports indicated ethnic targeting, mostly the Masalit community, [49] [50] but also members of other non-Arab groups, notably Tama and Erenga people. [51]

El Fasher massacre

This section is an excerpt from El Fasher massacre § Massacre.[ edit ]

Once the RSF took hold of the city on 27 October, multiple sources, including local organizations, international NGOs, the United Nations, and independent monitoring groups, reported a wave of executions targeting unarmed civilians. [52] According to reports, more than 2,000 people had been executed, many of them women, children, and the elderly. [53] This included house to house raids during which civilians were killed, committed by RSF fighters on foot, camels, or vehicles. [54] [55] [56] Civilians were killed in and around shelters for displaced families, hospitals, and homes. Witnesses and medical staff reported that drones, artillery, guns and whips were used in attacks that deliberately targeted civilians. [55] Videos show militants shooting civilians at point-blank range and mutilating them, including shattering their skulls. [57] They have also reportedly engaged in sexual violence against women and girls. [58] [56] [59] [60]

Reports from El Fasher described people being burned alive, extrajudicial executions, and planned attacks on certain ethnic groups. [59] [61] Several centers for displaced people, including the Dar al-Arqam displacement center at Omdurman Islamic University, were attacked. Reports further claim that in a single incident, more than 60 people were killed, including 22 women and 17 children. [53]

Witnesses and aid workers told Reuters that men were separated from women, [62] tortured, and executed on the grounds that they declined forced conscription into the RSF. They have additionally reported the executions of POWs. [63] [64] Images and videos posted to social media by RSF soldiers shows them posing with the dead bodies of civilians, often doing a "V for Victory" sign. [65] On 31 October, one of four witnesses recounted camel-riding fighters reportedly having brought hundreds of hostages from El Fasher to a nearby reservoir before executing them. [a] [62]

It has been estimated that many of the 260,000 people are still captured within the city. [66] Refugees which managed to escape and other family members of those captured in the city reportedly received phone calls from RSF soldiers through their relatives' phone demanding ransom money in exchange for their release, ranging from $20 to $20,000 USD. It is believed that many have already "desperately" wired money to the RSF. [66] [67]

Saudi maternity hospital massacre

At least 460 to 500 doctors, patients and companions of the patients were reportedly killed at Saudi Maternity Hospital, [68] [69] [70] the last functioning hospital in the city. [71] [72] The World Health Organization has confirmed the killings, accusing the RSF of taking four doctors, a pharmacist and a nurse hostage and demanding ransoms of more than $150,000 USD for their release. [73] Videos from inside the hospital show soldiers killing scores of civilians. The Sudan Doctors Union said that approximately 1,200 other civilians were killed in other medical facilities. [57]

Mass graves

Satellite images and open source evidence support reports of mass graves and widespread destruction, showing human sized "objects" and what are believed to be body bags and pools of blood. [58] [53] [74] On 4 November, more reports emerged of mass graves being dug. An investigator from the Yale HRL said more people could have died in the 10 days since the massacre began than the 68,000 people killed during the entire length of the Gaza War, adding "that's not hyperbole." [75]

Reactions

Khamis Abakar, then governor of West Darfur, denounced the killings as "genocide". [76] He was soon after executed by RSF militants for his statements on 14 June 2023. [8] [9]

As of August 2023, there is an increasing amount of proof suggesting that the RSF is initiating a systematic purge based on ethnicity in Darfur. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has issued a warning about the potential escalation into a full-scale genocide. [77] On 10 November 2023, Filippo Grandi, the U.N. High Commissioner, drew parallels between the ongoing violence and the genocide in Darfur recognised by the U.S., where it is estimated that 300,000 people lost their lives from 2003 to 2005. He cautioned that a "similar dynamic might be unfolding." [78]

In October, Genocide Watch issued an alert concerning the situation in Sudan, explicitly characterizing the massacres performed by the Rapid Support Forces against the Masalit people as genocide. [6] This characterization was also shared by US academic Eric Reeves, specialized in Sudan's human rights record, [7] and The Economist . [79] [10]

Josep Borrell, the chief of foreign policy for the European Union, expressed his strong condemnation of the killing of more than 1,000 individuals in Ardamata. He has urgently appealed to the international community to take immediate action to avert a potential "genocide" in the area. [80]

The UK government, [81] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide, with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [82] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [83] The US government also condemned the atrocities, which Secretary of State Antony Blinken described as genocide, and imposed sanctions against RSF leader Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo for his alleged role in the campaign. [84]

International Court of Justice

On March 6, 2025, the Sudanese government filed a case against the United Arab Emirates at the International Court of Justice accusing the United Arab Emirates of violating the Genocide Convention and being complicit in genocide and other crimes committed by the RSF on the Masalit. [85] [86] Sudan accused the UAE of enabling the RSF's attacks on Masalit communities by providing them with political, military and financial support, and asked the court to halt the UAE's supply of arms to the militia. [87] The UAE denied the accusations. [88] In an official statement, the UAE described the case as "a cynical publicity stunt". [85] On 5 May 2025 the ICJ threw out the case, stating that it "manifestly lacked" jurisdiction to rule on the merits because the UAE had rejected its jurisdiction despite signing the Genocide Convention. [89]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The surviving witness, Alkheir Ismail, told a local journalist in Tawila that he had survived after an RSF fighter recognized him "from his school days".

References

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  2. ↑ "Sudan's Civilians Deserve Better | Council on Foreign Relations". www.cfr.org. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
  3. ↑ Assaly, Jeremy (14 April 2024). "Breaches of the Genocide Convention in Darfur, Sudan (April 2023—April 2024): An Independent Inquiry - Raoul Wallenberg Centre". Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
  4. 1 2 Nichols, Michelle (20 January 2024). "Ethnic killings in one Sudan city left up to 15,000 dead, UN report says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  5. ↑ Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (10 January 2025). "'If you are black, you are finished': the ethnically targeted violence raging in Sudan". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 29 March 2025.
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  82. ↑ "New killings reported in Darfur on second day of Sudan ceasefire". CNN . 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  83. ↑ "Horrifying testimonies on West Darfur ethnic targeting as other Masalit Sultan relative is killed". Radio Dabanga . 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  84. ↑ Rukanga, Basillioh; Hashim, Mohanad (8 January 2025). "US accuses RSF of Sudan genocide and sanctions its leader". BBC News.
  85. 1 2 Corder, Mike (6 March 2025). "Sudan files case to UN court alleging UAE is breaching genocide convention by funding rebels". AP News. Associated Press.
  86. ↑ "Sudan accuses UAE of 'complicity in genocide' at ICJ". BBC News. 10 April 2025. Retrieved 10 April 2025.
  87. ↑ Mutambo, Aggrey (6 March 2025). "Sudan sues UAE for 'enabling genocide'". Daily Nation.
  88. ↑ "UAE denies Sudan's accusations of 'complicity in genocide' at the ICJ". Al Jazeera. 6 March 2025.
  89. ↑ "International Court of Justice throws out Sudan genocide case against UAE". Radio France Internationale. 5 May 2025.

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