Relations between Hungary and Serbia, or Serbo-Hungarian relations form a part of the wider politics of Central and Southeast Europe. The two countries have a long relationship stretching back to the Middle Ages. History of official diplomatic relations of Hungary and Serbia dates back to 21 November 1882, when they were established between the Kingdom of Serbia and Austria-Hungary. Today, Hungary has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica, while Serbia has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Szeged.
The two countries share 151 km of common border. There are around 254,000 people of Hungarian descent according to the latest census living in northern Serbia (particularly in Vojvodina) and around 7,000 people of traditional Serbian descent living in Hungary (not counting workers and refugees from Serbia to Hungary since the 1990s). In recent years, the relations between the two countries have been characterized by a strong partnership.
History
Memorial plaque at the Embassy of Serbia, Budapest in memory of Imre Nagy who found a sanctuary there during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956Foreign Ministers Aleksandar Cincar-Marković and László Bárdossy signed the Treaty of Eternal Friendship between Yugoslavia and Hungary on 14 March 1941 in Budapest.
Hungary signed a non-aggression and "Treaty of Eternal Friendship" with Yugoslavia on 12 December 1940. However, Hungary participated in the Axis invasion on Yugoslavia which prompted the then Prime Minister of Hungary Pál Teleki to commit suicide.[6] In the communist era, Yugoslavia's Josip Broz Tito was against the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and supportive of Soviet military uses against Hungarians;[7] but the suppression of Hungarian protesters by Soviet army might have influenced Tito's decision to change against the Soviets at the Prague Spring a decade later.
The relationship between Serbia and Hungary went downhill in the 1990s, when Yugoslavia started to disintegrate. Hungary was one of the earliest supporters of newly independent Croatia and allowed the Croats to supply weapons through their territory.[8] However, during the NATO-led bombing of Serbia, Hungary under Prime MinisterViktor Orbán refused the requests of the United States and Great Britain to invade the north of Serbia in order to hinder the intervention of Serbian forces in Kosovo but expressed concern about the situation of the Hungarian minority in Serbia and had to cede airspace to NATO forces because it got membership in NATO before the war.[9][10] Several protests against the bombing were also organized in Budapest.[11] Therefore, relations between the two countries slowly improved in the post-war period. During the premiership of Ferenc Gyurcsány, the relations continued to worsen, with Hungary being one of the earliest nations in the world to recognize Kosovo as an independent state.[12]
In 2015, Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić criticised the Hungarian use of tear gas against migrants on the Hungary-Serbia border as "brutal" and "non-European", calling for an EU response.[16]
Since then, relations between Serbia and Hungary progressed to the point where the two countries are extremely friendly.[17] The project of building a high-speed railway between Belgrade and Budapest was started,[18] and the Hungarian government financed many projects in the north of Serbia, such as the stadium in Bačka Topola.[19] During the energy crisis in Serbia at the end of 2021 and the beginning of 2022, the government in Budapest allowed Serbia to store gas in Hungarian warehouses due to a lack of space in the Banatski Dvor warehouse.[20] Also, although it officially recognizes Kosovo's independence, in many cases Hungary was on the Serbian side when Kosovo was discussed, for example it voted against Kosovo's membership in the Council of Europe in 2023.[21][22]
Neither Hungary nor Serbia have joined the sanctions against Russia following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, with the exception of those Hungary had to adopt as a member of the European Union. Both countries have been vocally against restricting Russian gas imports, and as a consequence have also suffered a deterioration in relations with Ukraine. On the other hand, because of their common stance, relations between the two countries have continued to improve. Recently, Serbia and Hungary started planning the construction of an oil pipeline from Hungary to refineries in Serbia.[23]
Today, Hungary strongly supports Serbia's membership in the European Union and, along with Greece, is considered Serbia's strongest ally in the EU. Along with Poland, Serbia is considered Hungary's biggest friend in foreign policy.[24][25][26]
The most complex example of Serb architectural heritage in Hungary is the old town of Szentendre (Serbian: Sentandreja), next to the Danube, with 7 Orthodox Churches (two of which have been sold), brightly coloured merchant houses and the Museum of Serb Orthodox Heritage. In Budapest, the Serb Orthodox Cathedral in the Tabán district was damaged in WWII and later demolished. There is an old Serb Orthodox Church in Serb Street, Pest and the famous Serb college, Thökölyanum (Serbian: Tekelijanum).
Parts of the Vojvodina region were included into the medieval Kingdom of Hungary in the 10th century, and Hungarians then began to settle in the region. Until the 16th century, Hungarians formed the largest part of population in today's Vojvodina. After the Ottoman conquest of Hungary, the region was devastated by the conquerors, the population were killed, or fled. By the middle of the 16th century, Serbs were the majority. Hungarians started to settle back to the territory after the Ottomans were driven out in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Count Imre Csáky settled Hungarians in his possessions in Bačka in 1712. In 1745, Hungarian colonists settled in Senta, in 1750 in Topola, in 1752 in Doroslovo, in 1772 in Bogojevo, in 1760 in Stara Kanjiža, in 1764 in Iđoš, in 1767 in Petrovo Selo, in 1776 in Martonoš, in 1786 in Pačir and Ostojićevo, in 1787 in Piroš, and in 1789 in Feketić. Between 1782 and 1786, Hungarians settled in Crvenka and Stara Moravica, and in 1794 in Kula. Between 1751 and 1753, Hungarians settled in Mol and Ada (Those originated mostly from Szeged and Jászság). In 1764–1767, Hungarians settled in Subotica, Bajmok and Čantavir, and in 1770 again in Kanjiža, Mol, Ada and Petrovo Selo, as well as in Feldvarac, Sentomaš and Turija. In Banat, the settling of Hungarians started later. In 1784 Hungarians settled in Padej and Nakovo, in 1776 in Torda, in 1786 in Donji Itebej, in 1796 in Beodra and Čoka, in 1782 in Monoštor, in 1798 in Mađarska Crnja, in 1773 in Krstur and Majdan, in 1774 in Debeljača, in 1755–1760 in Bečkerek, and in 1766 in Vršac. In the 19th century, the Hungarian colonization increased. From the beginning of the century, the Hungarian individuals and small groups of settlers from Alföld constantly immigrating to Bačka. In the first half of the 19th century larger and smaller groups of the colonists settled in Mol (in 1805), as well as in Feldvarac, Temerin and Novi Sad (in 1806). In 1884, Hungarian colonists settled in Šajkaška and in Mali Stapar near Sombor. In 1889, Hungarians were settled in Svilojevo near Apatin and in 1892 in Gomboš, while another group settled in Gomboš in 1898. Many Hungarian settlers from Gomboš moved to Bačka Palanka. After the abolishment of the Military Frontier, Hungarian colonists were settled in Potisje, Čurug, Žabalj, Šajkaški Sveti Ivan, Titel and Mošorin. In 1883 around 1,000 Székely Hungarians settled in Kula, Stara Kanjiža, Stari Bečej and Titel. In 1800, smaller groups of Hungarian colonists from Dunántúl settled in Čoka, while in the same time colonists from Csanád and Csongrád counties settled in area around Itebej and Crnja, where they at first lived in scattered small settlements, and later they formed one single settlement - Mađarska Crnja. In 1824, one group of colonists from Čestereg also settled in Mađarska Crnja. In 1829 Hungarians settled in Mokrin, and in 1880 an even larger number of Hungarians settled in this municipality. In 1804, Hungarian colonists from Csongrád county settled in Firiđhaza (which was then joined with Turska Kanjiža), as well as in Sajan and Torda. Even a larger group of Hungarians from Csongrád settled in 1804 in Debeljača. In 1817–1818 Hungarians settled in Veliki Bikač, and in 1820–1840 smaller groups of Hungarians settled in Vranjevo. In 1826, colonists from Jászság and Kunság settled in Arač near Beodra. In 1830, Hungarians from Alföld settled in Veliki Lec, in 1831 in Ostojićevo, in 1832 in Malenčino Selo near Veliki Gaj, in 1839 and 1870 in Padej, in 1840 in Jermenovci and Mađarski Sentmihalj, in 1840–1841 in Dušanovac, in 1841 in Hetin, in 1859 in Sanad, in 1869 in Đurđevo (later moved to Skorenovac), and in 1890 in Gornja Mužlja. In 1883–1886, Székely Hungarians from Bukovina were settled in Vojlovica, Skorenovac, Ivanovo and Đurđevo. Total number of Székely colonists was 3,520.
A mutual trade plays an important role in the economy of both countries. In 2015, Serbia was the 18th most important trading partner of Hungary. Serbia was among the most important countries for Hungary (export: the 18th place, import: the 26th place). [27]
Export and import from Hungary to Serbia
Million (€)
2012
2013
2014
2015
Export
1,244.019
1,190.983
1,300.511
1,264.637
Import
356.102
469,352
433.110
538.397
Balance
887.917
721.631
867.401
726.240
Most important Hungarian investors in Serbia: OTP Bank, MOL and Masterplast.
Resident diplomatic missions
Hungary has an embassy in Belgrade(Belgrád)[28] and a general consulate in Subotica(Szabadka).[29] Ambassador of Hungary in Serbia is dr. Attila Pintér as of 22 November 2021.
Serbia has an embassy in Budapest(Будимпешта)[30] and an honorary consulate in Szeged(Сегедин). Ambassador of Serbia, in Hungary is dr. Ivan Todorov as of 22 November 2021.
Vojvodina, officially the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, is an autonomous province that occupies the northernmost part of Serbia, located in Central Europe. It lies within the Pannonian Basin, bordered to the south by the national capital Belgrade and the Sava and Danube Rivers. The administrative centre, Novi Sad, is the second-largest city in Serbia.
Subotica is a city and the administrative center of the North Bačka District in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Formerly the largest city of Vojvodina region, contemporary Subotica is now the second largest city in the province, following the city of Novi Sad. According to the 2022 census, the city itself has a population of 94,228, and the population of metro area stands at 123,952 people.
Bačka or Bácska is a geographical and historical area within the Pannonian Plain bordered by the river Danube to the west and south, and by the river Tisza to the east. It is divided between Serbia and Hungary. Most of the area is located within the Vojvodina region in Serbia and Novi Sad, the capital of Vojvodina, lies on the border between Bačka and Syrmia. The smaller northern part of the geographical area is located within Bács-Kiskun County in Hungary.
The North Banat District is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It lies in the geographical regions of Banat and Bačka. According to the 2022 census, the district has a population of 117,896 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Kikinda.
Srpska Crnja is a village in Serbia, situated in central-east Banat alongside the border with Romania. It is located in Nova Crnja municipality, Central Banat District, Province of Vojvodina. It is about 120 km away from the capital city of Belgrade, 113 km from Novi Sad, 9 km south-east of Kikinda and 6 km south-west of Jimbolia, Romania. The village has a population of 3753 people and most of its inhabitants are ethnic Serbs (83.77%).
Vojvodina's demographic history reflects its rich history and its former location at the border of the Ottoman and Habsburg empires and at the confluence of various peoples, making it a hotbed of invasion, colonization, and assimilation processes. Currently there are more than 25 ethnic groups living in Vojvodina and six official languages.
Vojvodina is a province in Republic of Serbia and one of the most ethnically diverse regions in Europe, home to 25 different ethnicities.
Srbobran is a town and municipality located in the South Bačka District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The town is located on the north bank of the Danube-Tisa-Danube canal. The town has a population of 12,009, and the municipality of 16,317.
Potisje is the name of the Tisa river basin parts located in Serbia, in the autonomous province of Vojvodina. The river Tisa flow between Banat and Bačka regions.
Vojvodina is an autonomous province located in northern Serbia. It consists of the Pannonian Plain in the south, and the Danube and Sava rivers in the north.
The Hungarian Regional Autonomy is the name of a proposed new administrative unit in the northern part of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in Serbia.
Hungarians in Serbia are a recognized national minority in Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the population of ethnic Hungarians in Serbia is 184,442, constituting 2.8% of the total population, which makes them the second-largest ethnic group in the country behind Serbs and the largest minority group. The vast majority of them live in the northern autonomous province of Vojvodina, where they number 182,321 and make up 10.5% of the province's population. Almost 99% of all Hungarians in Serbia live in the province of Vojvodina. Most Hungarians in Serbia are Roman Catholics, while smaller numbers of them are Protestant. Their cultural center is located in Subotica.
Serbia has been traditionally a Christian country since the Christianization of Serbs by Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum in the 9th century. The dominant confession is Eastern Orthodoxy in the fold of Serbian Orthodox Church.
Molin was a village in Banat, Serbia. The village was founded in 1832 and existed until 1961. It was located in the Nova Crnja Municipality, Central Banat District, Vojvodina Province. The village was abandoned because of groundwater. Today the location of the former village is Molin Forest, which is used as a hunting ground.
The Hungarian Coalition was a political coalition composed of 3 ethnic Hungarian political parties in Serbia: the Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, the Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians, and the Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians. The leader of the Hungarian Coalition was István Pásztor.
Romania–Serbia relations are the bilateral relations between Romania and Serbia. Both Eastern European countries sharing a border, Romania and Serbia established diplomatic relations on April 19, 1841. Both countries are members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
Kanjiža formerly Stara Kanjiža is a town and municipality located in the North Banat District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Kanjiža town has a population of 9,871, while the Kanjiža municipality has 25,343 inhabitants.
Protestants are the 4th largest religious group in Serbia, after Eastern Orthodox Christians, Roman Catholics and Muslims. In the 2011 census, there were 71,284 Protestants in Serbia and they comprised 1% of the population of the country. Ethnic Slovaks constitute majority of Serbia's Protestant community. Some members of other ethnic groups are also adherents of various forms of Protestant Christianity.
↑ Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN9781405142915.
↑ Rudić, Srđan; Aslantaş, Selim; Istorijski institut Beograd; Yunus Emre Enstitüsü, eds. (2017). State and society in the Balkans before and after establishment of Ottoman rule. Collection of works / The Institute of History Belgrade. Belgrade: The Institute of history Belgrade. ISBN978-86-7743-125-9.
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