| Hypoxylon fragiforme | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Xylariales |
| Family: | Hypoxylaceae |
| Genus: | Hypoxylon |
| Species: | H. fragiforme |
| Binomial name | |
| Hypoxylon fragiforme (Pers.) J.Kickx f. (1835) | |
| Synonyms | |
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Hypoxylon fragiforme is a multiperitheciate carbonaceous pyrenomycete known from Europe and North America.
It is saprobic on wood, mostly beech. The semispherical lumps are up to 15 millimetres (5⁄8 in) wide and covered with 15–25 bumps in maturity. The flesh is hard and black. [1] Specimens are reddish when young, and they produce orange pigments when mixed with KOH.
Similar species include Hypoxylon howeianum , which can be differentiated microscopically by smaller ascospores. The anamorph of H. fragiforme sits on a fuzzy green subiculum while the anamorph of H. howeianum sits on radiating hyphal cords, reminiscent of a white spiderweb-like structure. [2] [3]
Other similar species exist within Annulohypoxylon , Nemania , and Rosellinia . [1]
Ophiocordyceps sinensis, known colloquially as caterpillar fungus, is an entomopathogenic fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It is mainly found in the meadows above 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) on the Tibetan Plateau in Tibet and the Himalayan regions of Bhutan, India, and Nepal. It parasitizes larvae of ghost moths and produces a fruiting body which is valued in traditional Chinese medicine as an aphrodisiac. Caterpillar fungus contains the compound cordycepin, an adenosine derivative. However, the fruiting bodies harvested in nature usually contain high amounts of arsenic and other heavy metals, so they are potentially toxic and sales have been strictly regulated by China's State Administration for Market Regulation since 2016.
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota:
Hypoxylon is a genus of ascomycetes commonly found on dead wood, and usually one of the earliest species to colonise dead wood. A common European species is Hypoxylon fragiforme which is particular common on dead trunks of beech.
Valsa sordida is a species of fungus within the family Valsaceae. A plant pathogen, it causes dieback of small branches and twigs of broad-leaved trees, usually poplar. It is found in Africa, Australasia, Europe, and North and South America. The anamorph is Cytospora chrysosperma.
Helicobasidium purpureum is a species of fungus in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Basidiocarps are corticioid (patch-forming) and are typically violet to purple. Microscopically they have auricularioid basidia. Helicobasidium purpureum is an opportunistic plant pathogen and is one of the causes of violet root rot of crops and other plants. DNA sequencing suggests that it is a complex of more than one species. The species has a conidia-bearing anamorph in the Tuberculina persicina complex that is a parasite of rust fungi.
Phyllactinia guttata is a species of fungus in the family Erysiphaceae; the anamorph of this species is Ovulariopsis moricola. A plant pathogen distributed in temperate regions, P. guttata causes a powdery mildew on leaves and stems on a broad range of host plants; many records of infection are from Corylus species, like filbert and hazel. Once thought to be conspecific with Phyllactinia chorisiae, a 1997 study proved that they are in fact separate species.
Nemania effusa is a species of ascomycete fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It is often found living on the dead bark of willow trees. The species was originally named Hypoxylon effusum by German botanist Theodor Rudolph Joseph Nitschke in 1867; Zdeněk Pouzar transferred it to Nemania in 1985.
The Hysteriaceae are a taxonomic family of fungi and the only extant family of the order Hysteriales. Members of the Hysteriaceae are defined by the possession of a sexual structure called the hysterothecium, an elongated structure that opens by a longitudinal slit and releases sexually produced spores. The family is widely distributed, with many species found in temperate regions, and most are saprobic on wood and bark, although a few are parasitic on plants.
Xylaria hypoxylon is a species of bioluminescent fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It is known by a variety of common names, such as the candlestick fungus, the candlesnuff fungus, carbon antlers, or the stag's horn fungus. The fruit bodies, characterized by erect, elongated black branches with whitened tips, typically grow in clusters on decaying hardwood. The fungus can cause a root rot in hawthorn and gooseberry plants.
Chorioactis is a genus of fungi that contains the single species Chorioactis geaster. The mushroom is commonly known as the devil's cigar or the Texas star in the United States, while in Japan it is called kirinomitake (キリノミタケ). This extremely rare mushroom is notable for its unusual appearance and disjunct distribution; it is found only in select locales in Texas and Japan. The fruit body, which grows on the stumps or dead roots of cedar elms or dead oaks, somewhat resembles a dark brown or black cigar before it splits open radially into a starlike arrangement of four to seven leathery rays. The interior surface of the fruit body bears the spore-bearing tissue known as the hymenium, and is colored white to brown, depending on its age. The fruit body opening can be accompanied by a distinct hissing sound and the release of a smoky cloud of spores.
Paraphaeosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the Didymosphaeriaceae family. The genus has 23 species found in Europe and North America. Anamorph forms are found in the genus Paraconiothyrium. The genus was circumscribed by O.E. Eriksson in 1967.
Laemophloeidae, "lined flat bark beetles," is a family in the superfamily Cucujoidea characterized by predominantly dorso-ventrally compressed bodies, head and pronotal discs bordered by ridges or grooves, and inverted male genitalia. Size range of adults is 1–5 mm (0.04–0.2 in) in length. Currently, it contains 40 genera and about 450 species, and is represented on all continents except Antarctica; species richness is greatest in the tropics.
Clark Thomas Rogerson,, was an American mycologist. He was known for his work in the Hypocreales (Ascomycota), particularly Hypomyces, a genus of fungi that parasitize other fungi. After receiving his doctorate from Cornell University in 1950, he went on to join the faculty of Kansas State University. In 1958, he became a curator at The New York Botanical Garden, and served as editor for various academic journals published by the Garden. Rogerson was involved with the Mycological Society of America, serving in various positions, including president in 1969. He was managing editor (1958–89) and editor-in-chief (1960–65) of the scientific journal Mycologia.
Hubertus Antonius van der Aa was a Dutch mycologist who described several genera and species of fungi. He studied at Utrecht University where he received his PhD in 1973 with the dissertation Studies in phyllosticta I.
Hypoxylon canker of shade trees is a weak ascomycete fungus that negatively affects growth and can eventually lead to the death of already dying or diseased host trees. There are many different species that affect different trees. For example, Hypoxylon atropunctatum, a common species, is found on oak trees, Hypoxylon tinctor affects sycamore trees, and Hypoxylon mammatum infests aspen trees.
Xylaria longipes, commonly known as dead moll's fingers, is a species of fungus in the family Xylariaceae.
Anders Munk was a Danish mycologist. He was an expert of the fungal group colloquially known as the Pyrenomycetes, and best known for his 1957 work "Danish Pyrenomycetes".
Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum is a species of ascomycete fungus.
Biscogniauxia atropunctata, the hypoxylon canker, is a species of sac fungus in the family Graphostromataceae. Like many other fungi in the genus, it is a plant pathogen; specifically this species can cause Biscogniauxia (Hypoxylon) canker and dieback disease in host trees.
Annulohypoxylon annulatum is a pyrenomycete, a carbonaceous fungus that produces its ascospores in perithecia, and then shoots them out through an opening called the ostiole. Annulohypoxylon was derived from the original genus Hypoxylon in 2005 and is distinguished by their flat, disk-like rings encircling the ostioles. The stromata of A. annulatum are semi-globose to cushion-like and are black in color. They are covered in ostioles surrounded by a flat disc area. A hand lens may be needed in order to see this. This species commonly grows on oak and when crushed and mixed with potassium hydroxide will produce an olive green pigment. Microscopically, "ascospores brown to dark brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, 7.5-12 × 3.5-5 µm, with straight germ slit spore-length".