Turkish and Acehnese guns, captured after the Dutch occupation of AcehOttoman fleet in the Indian Ocean 16th century
Relations with the Ottoman Empire (Turkey's predecessor state) began with the 16th century Ottoman expedition to Aceh, in with the response to the Aceh Sultanate's request for assistance against the Portuguese in Malacca.[3] In the 16th and 17th centuries, beside Aceh Sultanate, the Ottomans also established diplomatic and military ties with the Demak and Mataram[4]
Turkey's relations with the kingdoms in Indonesia (Archipelago) formally began when the then Sultan of Aceh Alauddin Riayat Syah al-Kahhar (1539–1571) sent an envoy to sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1564. Sultan Alauddin wanted to develop this relationship, both for efforts expulsion of colonial powers such as the Portuguese in Malacca, as well as to expand their power in Sumatra.[5][6]
After the death of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1566, his son Selim II ordered ships to be sent to Aceh. A number of soldiers, gunsmiths and engineers were sent on the Ottoman fleet's expedition to Aceh, along with ample supplies of weapons and ammunition. The first fleet was sent, consisting of 15 ships equipped with artillery. However, the fleet must be diverted to fight the rebellion in Yemen. So only two ships finally arrived in Aceh in 1566–1567, but many other fleets and shipments followed. The first expedition was led by Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis. The Acehnese paid for the shipment in pearls, diamonds and rubies.[7][8][9]
The Ottomans taught the Acehnese how to forge their own cannons, some of which reached quite large sizes. The craft of making such weapons had spread throughout the other Southeast Asian kingdoms.[7]
When the Aceh sultanate was attacked by the Dutch in 1873, which sparked the Aceh War, the Aceh sultanate requested protection from a previous agreement with the Ottoman Empire. Once again Aceh asked for military assistance from the Ottoman Empire, but the Ottoman fleet assigned to assist was diverted to Yemen because there was a Zaidi rebellion there.[11]
In 1883, the Ottomans opened a consulate in Batavia, marking the first formal relations on the island of Java.[12]
Modern Era
Turkiye recognized Indonesia on 29 December 1949. Diplomatic relations were established in 1950. Turkish Embassy in Jakarta was opened on 10 April 1957.[13]
This relationship continued on 24 April 1959, where President Sukarno, the first president of Indonesia had the opportunity to visit Ankara and visit Istanbul for the first time. At that time, President Sukarno was welcomed by Turkish President Celal Bayar.[14]
After decades of ambiguous relations between Indonesia and Türkiye. In August 1996, Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan visited Indonesia and was welcomed by President Soeharto. Marking a new era of relations between Indonesia and Türkiye. During this visit, Erbakan also visited the Indonesian Aerospace technology facilities in Bandung, and was welcomed by Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie who is the Indonesian Minister of Technology and Research at that time. Previously, Habibie had been Erbakan's old friend when they both studied mechanical engineering at RWTH Aachen.[15][16]
Erbakan was amazed at the progress of Indonesia's aerospace industry at that time as a fellow modern Muslim-majority country.[17] This condition was in line with Erbakan's thoughts in Millî Görüş, which sought to improve industrial and technological relations with fellow Muslim-majority countries. Furthermore, Erbakan tried to invite the Indonesian government to establish economic alliances with fellow Muslim-majority countries, this led to the founding of D-8 in 1997 which contained eight Muslim-majority developing countries.[18]
In April 2011, Turkish Prime Minister Abdullah Gül paid a state visit to Indonesia. The welcoming ceremony for PM Abdullah Gül was carried out with a state ceremony held at the Merdeka Palace, April 5, 2011. During the visit, bilateral talks between the two countries were held. Bilateral talks between President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and PM Abdullah Gül focused on follow-up as an effort to increase bilateral cooperation in various sectors. Two countries signed a strategic partnership, with Turkish PM Abdullah Gül declaring that "a new era is beginning with Indonesia."[19][13][20]
In 2017, President Joko Widodo paid a state visit to Ankara, Turkey. Indonesia and Turkey signed two agreements during President Joko Widodo's two-day visit to Turkey. The signing ceremony of the healthcare agreement and launching of economic negotiations to establish the Indonesia-Turkey Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IT-CEPA) witnessed by Jokowi and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. President Jokowi's visit in 2017 was also to discuss the cooperation between Indonesia and Turkey in the field of strategic industrial development by carrying out joint development, both for the land and air dimensions, as well as other things. Other discussions also covered the issue of counter-terrorism which was the focus of the two countries.[21][22][21]
Entering the 2020s decade, relations between Türkiye and Indonesia are increasingly strengthening. Especially because of President Erdoğan's foreign policy towards Indonesia. The strengthening of this relationship is marked by several economic agreements such as the IT-CEPA economic agreement which has begun to be implemented. As well as increasing military and technology trade agreements between the Turkish and Indonesian governments. [23]
Following the 2004 Banda Aceh Tsunami, ties between the two countries strengthened, as Turkey provided extensive humanitarian aid, including building the Gampong Atjeh Istanbul settlement that gave shelter to disaster victims.[37][20] During the 2011 Van Earthquake, the Indonesian government provided humanitarian aid worth US$1 million to the Turkish government to help earthquake victims in the country. Assistance comes from ready-to-use funds managed by the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB).[38]
At the time of the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami, the Istanbul-based Humanitarian Relief Foundation (IHH) said in a statement that its team rushed to Indonesia immediately after the earthquake occurred and provided emergency assistance to people affected by the disaster in Palu, Dongala and surrounding areas. The aid agency also provided food for 400 people and shelter for 500 people. IHH, which has continued to carry out relief operations in the area since the earthquake hit the island, sent food packages containing rice, cooking oil, flour, canned fish, sauce and sugar to 2,900 earthquake victims.[39][40]
During the 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake, General Chair of the Indonesian Red Cross and former Vice President Jusuf Kalla said he was ready to send Indonesian Red Cross volunteers to Turkey to help evacuate earthquake victims if needed.[41] After the earthquake, the Indonesian Islamic organization Muhammadiyah with its volunteer wing collaborated with the Indonesian Student Association in the Bursa and Izmir regions, went directly to the Aşık Veysel Park area, the largest refugee camp to observe and provide moral support and financial assistance to victims affected by the earthquake. For 3 days from Monday, November 2 to Wednesday, November 4, 2020, 20 Indonesian youths attended to help the victims.[42]
Indonesian government also ordered the lending of the Hercules C-130 transport plane and its crew to help with logistics in Turkey. The aircraft with a carrying capacity of 10 tons will continue to help with logistics transportation in Turkiye until March 2023. Making Indonesia the only country that lends planes for transportation and logistics in Turkey after the earthquake.[49][50] Further assistance from the Indonesian government departed on 21 February, with four planes carrying 78 tonnes of food, medicine, clothing and logistical equipment to Turkey.[51]
Defense cooperation
Second prototype Kaplan Medium Tank in February 2022
In the defense industry sector, Indonesia and Türkiye have begun to collaborate in developing a joint defense industry. This defense cooperation was realized by the joint development of the Kaplan medium tank, which was developed jointly between the defense companies of the two countries, FNSS from Turkey and Pindad from Indonesia.[52]
Turkish aerospace company, Turkish Aerospace Inc, often cooperates with the Assessment and Application of Technology Research Organization (BPPT) to conduct aerodynamics research. Turkish Aerospace Corporate Marketing and Communication Vice President, Tamer Ozmen said, the cooperation between the two parties had been going on since 2008. The collaboration began when developing the Anka unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) program. At that time, Turkish aerospace conducted an Anka UAV wind tunnel trial at the Indonesian Low Speed Tunnel (ILST) facility belonging to the BPPT Center for Aerodynamics, Aeroelastic and Aeroacoustic Technology (BBTA3).[53]
The National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure, abbreviated as BNPB, is the Indonesian board for natural disaster affairs. It was established in 2008 to replace the National Coordinating Board for Disaster Management. BNPB is directly responsible to the President of Indonesia and the chairman is directly appointed by the President.
Algerian-Turkish relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Turkey and Algeria. Algeria has an embassy in Ankara and a general consulate in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Algiers. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
Finland–Turkey relations are foreign relations between Finland and Turkey. Finland has an embassy in Ankara and an honorary consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Helsinki. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Union for the Mediterranean. Also Finland is an EU member and Turkey is an EU candidate. Turkey did not support Finland's accession to NATO until March 2023, but accepted its participation.
Lebanon–Turkey are the bilateral relations between Lebanon and Turkey. Lebanon has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Beirut. The two nations are connected through history as Lebanon gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Turkey has been a big provider of aid to Lebanon.
The Ottoman expedition to Aceh started from around 1565 when the Ottoman Empire endeavoured to support the Aceh Sultanate in its fight against the Portuguese Empire in Malacca. The expedition followed an envoy sent by the Acehnese Sultan Alauddin Riayat Syah al-Kahhar (1539–71) to Suleiman the Magnificent in 1564, and possibly as early as 1562, requesting Ottoman support against the Portuguese.
National Hero of Indonesia is the highest-level title awarded in Indonesia. It is posthumously given by the Government of Indonesia for actions which are deemed to be heroic, defined as "actual deeds which can be remembered and exemplified for all time by other citizens" or "extraordinary service furthering the interests of the state and people". The Ministry of Social Affairs gives seven criteria which an individual must fulfill, as follows:
Have been an Indonesian citizen who is deceased and, during his or her lifetime, led an armed struggle or produced a concept or product useful to the state;
Have continued the struggle throughout his or her life and performed above and beyond the call of duty;
Have had a wide-reaching impact through his or her actions;
Have shown a high degree of nationalism;
Have been of good moral standing and respectable character;
Never surrendered to his or her enemies; and
Never committed an act which taints his or her legacy.
Events in the year 1998 in Turkey.
The 2016 Aceh earthquake struck the Indonesian island of Sumatra with a Mw of 6.5 in Aceh province on 7 December 2016, at 05:03 WIB. The shock was reported to be at a depth of 13 km, categorized as a strong, shallow earthquake. The epicentre was located near the village of Reuleut in Pidie Jaya Regency, 164 km (102 mi) southeast of the province's capital, Banda Aceh. 104 people died in the quake, with at least 1,000 people injured. It was the deadliest earthquake in Aceh since the 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake and the deadliest in Sumatra since the 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami.
A Mw 6.4 earthquake struck the island of Lombok on the morning of 29 July 2018 at a shallow depth of 14 km (8.7 mi). Widespread damage was reported in the area, and authorities confirmed that 20 people were killed in the earthquake while hundreds were injured.
On 5 August 2018, a destructive and shallow earthquake measuring Mw 6.9 struck the island of Lombok, Indonesia. It was the main shock following its foreshock, a nearby Mw 6.4 earthquake on 29 July. It was followed by a nearby 6.9 earthquake on 19 August 2018.
Turkey and Yemen have very long and deep historical ties, spanned from the Ottoman Empire to the modern era. However, their relationship is mostly very complicated with both the Ottoman occupation and Yemeni rebellion against the Turks. Turkey has an embassy in Sana'a, but it closed down in 2015, after the outbreak of Yemeni Civil War. Yemen has an embassy in Ankara.
On 26 September 2019, a strong magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Seram Island in Maluku, Indonesia, near the provincial capital of Ambon. The earthquake struck at 07:46:44 Eastern Indonesia Time with a shallow depth of 18 km. The tremor could be felt throughout the island, with an intensity of very strong (VII) reportedly felt in the provincial capital of Ambon.
Colombia–Turkey relations are foreign relations between Colombia and Turkey. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1959. Turkey has an embassy in Bogotá while Colombia has an embassy in Ankara.
Corona Rintawan is an Indonesian physician specializing in emergency medicine. Active in the field since 2003, he has led the NGO Muhammadiyah's medical response team in multiple disasters, most recently the COVID-19 pandemic.
Tanzania–Turkey relations are the foreign relations between Tanzania and Turkey. The Turkish embassy in Dar es Salaam first opened in 1979, although the Ottoman Empire had previously opened a consulate in Zanzibar, now a part of Tanzania, on March 17, 1837.
A moment magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck Majene Regency in West Sulawesi, Indonesia, on 15 January 2021, at 02:28 WITA. The reverse faulting shock initiated at 18.0 km (11.2 mi) depth with an epicenter inland, located 32 km (20 mi) south of Mamuju. It was preceded by a Mw 5.7 foreshock several hours prior. Shaking from the mainshock was assigned a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong) in Majene and Mamuju. Four of the five regencies in West Sulawesi were affected. More than 6,000 structures were damaged or destroyed; damage was estimated at Rp829.1 billion rupiah. At least 105 people were confirmed dead; nearly 6,500 were injured and thousands were displaced.
On 25 February 2022 at 08:39 WIB, a moment magnitude (Mw ) 6.2 earthquake struck West Sumatra, Indonesia at a depth of 4.0 km (2.5 mi). Preceded by one foreshock and followed by over 200 aftershocks, the mainshock had an epicenter at the foot of Mount Talakmau in Pasaman Regency. The mainshock was the result of strike-slip faulting along a previously unidentified segment of the Great Sumatran Fault. At least 27 people died, 457 were injured, and 19,221 others were displaced. It inflicted 780 million Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) worth of damage. The heaviest damage was recorded at three villages around Mount Talakmau. Landslides and flash floods caused additional damage and casualties.
On 21 November 2022, at 13:21 WIB (UTC+07:00), a Mww 5.6 earthquake struck near Cianjur in West Java, Indonesia. The strike-slip earthquake occurred with a focal depth of 11 km (6.8 mi). Between 335 and 635 people died, 7,729 were injured and five remain missing. More than 62,628 homes were damaged across 16 districts in Cianjur Regency and the surrounding region. It is the deadliest earthquake to affect Indonesia since the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake. Damage evaluated after the event earned it a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe).
2023 (MMXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2023rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 23rd year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 4th year of the 2020s decade.
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