Information Technology Act, 2000

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Information Technology Act, 2000
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Parliament of India
  • An Act to provide legal recognition for transactions carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as "electronic commerce", which involves the use of alternatives to paper-based methods of communication and storage of information, to facilitate electronic filing of documents with the Government agencies and further to amend the Indian Penal Code, the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1891 and the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Citation Information Technology Act, 2000
Enacted by Parliament of India
Enacted9 June 2000
Assented to9 June 2000
Signed9 May 2000
Commenced17 October 2000
Introduced by Pramod Mahajan
Minister of Communications and Information Technology
Amended by
IT (Amendment) Act 2008
Related legislation
IT Rules 2021
Status: Amended

The Information Technology Act, 2000 (also known as ITA-2000, or the IT Act) is an Act of the Indian Parliament (No 21 of 2000) notified on 17 October 2000. It is the primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce.

Contents

Secondary or subordinate legislation to the IT Act includes the Intermediary Guidelines Rules 2011 and the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.

Background

The bill was passed in the budget session of 2000 and signed by President K. R. Narayanan on 9 May 2000. The bill was finalised by a group of officials headed by the then Minister of Information Technology, Pramod Mahajan. [1]

Summary

The original Act contained 94 sections, divided into 13 chapters and 4 schedules, out of which the third and fourth schedule were omitted later. The law applies to the whole of India. If a crime involves a computer or network located in India, persons of other nationalities can also be indicted under the law. [2]

The Act provides a legal framework for electronic governance by giving recognition to electronic records and digital signatures. It also defines cyber crimes and prescribes penalties for them. The Act directed the formation of a Controller of Certifying Authorities to regulate the issuance of digital signatures. It also established a Cyber Appellate Tribunal to resolve disputes rising from this new law. [2] The Act also amended various sections of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the Banker's Books Evidence Act, 1891, and the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 to make them compliant with new technologies. [2]

Amendments

A major amendment was made in 2008. It introduced Section 66A which penalized sending "offensive messages". It also introduced Section 69, which gave authorities the power of "interception or monitoring or decryption of any information through any computer resource". Additionally, it introduced provisions addressing: pornography, child porn, cyber terrorism and voyeurism. The amendment was passed on 22 December 2008 without any debate in Lok Sabha. The next day, it was passed by the Rajya Sabha. It was signed into law by the then President Pratibha Patil, on 5 February 2009. [3] [4] [5] [6]

Offences

List of offences and the corresponding penalties: [7] [8]

SectionOffencePenalty
65Tampering with computer source documents Imprisonment up to three years, or/and with fine up to ₹2,00,000
66 Hacking with computer systemImprisonment up to three years, or/and with fine up to ₹5,00,000
66BReceiving stolen computer or communication deviceImprisonment up to three years, or/and with fine up to ₹1,00,000
66C Using password of another person Imprisonment up to three years, or/and with fine up to ₹1,00,000
66D Cheating using computer resource Imprisonment up to three years, or/and with fine up to ₹1,00,000
66EPublishing private images of othersImprisonment up to three years, or/and with fine up to ₹2,00,000
66FActs of cyberterrorism Imprisonment up to life.
67Publishing information which is obscene in electronic form.Imprisonment up to five years, or/and with fine up to ₹10,00,000
67APublishing images containing sexual acts Imprisonment up to seven years, or/and with fine up to ₹10,00,000
67CFailure to maintain recordsImprisonment up to three years, or/and with fine.
68Failure/refusal to comply with ordersImprisonment up to 2 years, or/and with fine up to ₹1,00,000
69Failure/refusal to decrypt data Imprisonment up to seven years and possible fine.
70Securing access or attempting to secure access to a protected systemImprisonment up to ten years, or/and with fine.
71 Misrepresentation Imprisonment up to 2 years, or/and with fine up to ₹1,00,000
72Breach of confidentiality and privacyImprisonment up to 2 years, or/and with fine up to ₹1,00,000
72ADisclosure of information in breach of lawful contractImprisonment up to 3 years, or/and with fine up to ₹5,00,000
73Publishing electronic signature certificate false in certain particularsImprisonment up to 2 years, or/and with fine up to ₹1,00,000
74Publication for fraudulent purposeImprisonment up to 2 years, or/and with fine up to ₹1,00,000

Notable cases

Section 66

Section 66A

Section 69A

Criticisms

Section 66A and restriction of free speech

From its establishment as an amendment to the original act in 2008, Section 66A attracted controversy over its unconstitutional nature:

SectionOffenceDescriptionPenalty
66APublishing offensive, false or threatening informationAny person who sends by any means of a computer resource any information that is grossly offensive or has a menacing character; or any information which he knows to be false, but for the purpose of causing annoyance, inconvenience, danger, obstruction, insult shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and with fine.Imprisonment up to three years, with fine.

In December 2012, P Rajeev, a Rajya Sabha member from Kerala, tried to pass a resolution seeking to amend Section 66A. He was supported by D. Bandyopadhyay, Gyan Prakash Pilania, Basavaraj Patil Sedam, Narendra Kumar Kashyap, Rama Chandra Khuntia and Baishnab Charan Parida. P Rajeev pointed out that the cartoons and editorials allowed in the traditional media were being censored in the new media. He also said that the law was barely debated before being passed in December 2008. [27]

Rajeev Chandrasekhar suggested that 66A should only apply to person-to-person communication pointing to a similar section under the Indian Post Office Act, 1898. Shantaram Naik opposed any changes, saying that the misuse of law was insufficient to warrant changes. The then Minister for Communications and Information Technology, Mr Kapil Sibal, defended the existing law, saying that similar laws existed in the US and the UK. He also said that a similar provision existed under the Indian Post Office Act, 1898. However, P Rajeev said that the UK law dealt only with communication from person to person. [27]

Petitions challenging constitutionality

In November 2012, IPS officer Amitabh Thakur and his wife, social activist Nutan Thakur, filed a petition in the Lucknow bench of the Allahabad High Court claiming that Section 66A violated the freedom of speech guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India. They said that the section was vaguely worded and frequently misused. [28]

Also in November 2012, a Delhi-based law student, Shreya Singhal, filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court of India. She argued that Section 66A was vaguely phrased, and as a result, it violated Article 14, 19 (1)(a) and Article 21 of the Constitution. The PIL was accepted on 29 November 2012. [29] [30]

In August 2014, the Supreme Court asked the central government to respond to petitions filed by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) which claimed that the IT Act gave the government power to arbitrarily remove user-generated content. [31]

Revocation by the Supreme Court

On 24 March 2015, the Supreme Court of India gave the verdict that Section 66A is unconstitutional in entirety. [32] The court said that Section 66A of IT Act 2000 "arbitrarily, excessively and disproportionately invades the right of free speech" provided under Article 19(1) of the Constitution of India. But the Court turned down a plea to strike down sections 69A and 79 of the Act, which deal with the procedure and safeguards for blocking certain websites. [33] [34] Despite this, as per a research paper by Abhinav Sekhri and Apar Gupta, Section 66A of the Information Technology Act 2000 continues to be used by police departments across India in prosecutions. [35]

Strict data privacy rules

The data privacy rules introduced in the Act in 2011 have been described as too strict by some Indian and US firms. The rules require firms to obtain written permission from customers before collecting and using their personal data. This has affected US firms which outsource to Indian companies. However, some companies have welcomed the strict rules, saying it will remove fears of outsourcing to Indian companies. [36]

Section 69 and mandatory decryption

Section 69 allows intercepting any information and ask for information decryption. To refuse decryption is an offence. The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 allows the government to tap phones. But according to a 1996 Supreme Court verdict, the government can tap phones only in case of a "public emergency". But there is no such restriction on Section 69. [4] On 20 December 2018, the Ministry of Home Affairs cited Section 69 in the issue of an order authorising ten central agencies to intercept, monitor, and decrypt “any information generated, transmitted, received or stored in any computer.” [37] While some claim this to be a violation of the fundamental right to privacy, the Ministry of Home Affairs has claimed its validity on the grounds of national security. [38] [39]

Section 69A and banning of mobile apps

The bans on Chinese apps based on Section 69A has been criticized for possibly being in conflict with Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India ensuring freedom of speech and expression to all, as well as possibly in conflict with WTO agreements. [40] [41] The Internet Freedom Foundation has criticized the ban for not following the required protocols and thus lacking transparency and disclosure. [42]

Future changes

On 2 April 2015, the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Devendra Fadnavis revealed to the state assembly that a new law was being framed to replace the repealed Section 66A. Fadnavis was replying to a query by Shiv Sena leader Neelam Gorhe. Gorhe had said that the repeal of the law would encourage online miscreants and asked whether the state government would frame a law in this regard. Fadnavis said that the previous law had resulted in no convictions, so the law would be framed such that it would be strong and result in convictions. [43]

On 13 April 2015, it was announced that the Ministry of Home Affairs would form a committee of officials from the Intelligence Bureau, Central Bureau of Investigation, National Investigation Agency, Delhi Police and the ministry itself to produce a new legal framework. This step was reportedly taken after complaints from intelligence agencies that they were no longer able to counter online posts that involved national security matter or incited people to commit an offence, such as online recruitment for ISIS. [44] [45] Former Minister of State with the Ministry of Information Technology, Milind Deora has supported a new "unambiguous section to replace 66A". [46]

In 2022, it was reported [47] that there has been a proposal to replace the Information Technology Act with a more comprehensive and updated Digital India Act, which would cover a wider range of information technology issues and concerns. This law could ostensibly have focal areas around privacy, social media regulation, regulation of over-the-top platforms, internet intermediaries, introducing additional contraventions or offences, and governance of new technologies. [48]

Importance of the Information Technology Act

The Indian government closely connects data to citizens' privacy and this is demonstrated when Shiv Shankar Singh states, "Each person must be able to exercise a substantial degree of control over that data and its use. Data protection is legal safeguard to prevent misuse of information about individual person on a medium including computers." [49]

Secondary legislation

The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 suppresses India's Intermediary Guidelines Rules 2011. [50]

See also

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References

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  27. 1 2 "Section 66A of IT Act undemocratic: RS MPs". The Times of India . 15 December 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
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  47. ↑ "Comprehensive legal framework is in the works: Ashwini Vaishnaw". LiveMint. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  48. ↑ Avasarala, Sameer. "Advent of a new-era Digital India Act – Key aspects to look out". Lakshmikumaran & Sridharan Attorneys. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  49. ↑ Shankar Singh, Shiv (2011). Accessed 13 Mar. 2021. "PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT". Journal of the Indian Law Institute. 53: 671.{{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
  50. ↑ Dalmia, Vijay Pal (4 March 2021). "Information Technology (Guidelines For Intermediaries And Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021". www.mondaq.com. Retrieved 5 March 2021.

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